Este trabalho foi financiado pela subvenção NIH P01 AI 068.730 (SNC, NS), o NIH conceder CA016520 / TAPITMAT (NS), o financiamento privado da Fundação Claneil (NS), eo de ovário SPORE conceder a FCCC e da Universidade da Pensilvânia ( P50 CA83638) ea Fox Chase Cancer Center Núcleo Grant (P30 CA06927) (DCC). Os autores agradecem o apoio técnico excelente da Facilidade núcleo óptico / Bioluminescência dirigido pelo Dr. EJ Delikatny da Universidade da Pensilvânia, Anthony Secreto da Célula-Tronco e Core Xenoenxerto dirigido pelo Dr. G. Danet-Desnoyers da Universidade da Pensilvânia Cancer centro de treinamento para SNC técnica de injeção ortotópico e Dangaj Denada da Universidade de Pennsylvania / OCRC para auxiliar na cirurgia.

1. Cultura de células <ol><li> Antes da injeção ortotópico, cultura MOV1 Kat células, derivadas de tumores DR26, em um frasco T175 até que sejam 90% confluentes. Planeja usar 1-5000000 células por injeção, o que exigirá um ou dois frascos T175. </li><li> No dia da injeção, a colheita das células e determinar o número de células usando um hemocitômetro. </li><li> Uma vez que a concentração celular foi determinada, agregar as células por centrifugação por 5 minutos a 300 X g à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Após a rodada, ressuspender as células de ter 1 milhão em 10 microlitros de PBS estéril com EDTA 0,002 M </li></ol> 2. Pré-operatório <ol><li> Antes da cirurgia, encher uma seringa de insulina 3/10cc com 1 milhão de MOV1-Kat células em 10 microlitros de PBS EDTA. </li><li> Transferência de um rato anestesiado com isofluorano uma almofada de aquecimento. Adicionar pomada para evitar a desidratação olho. Então, imediatamente inserir a cabeça do animal em um sistema de cone do nariz ligado a um vaporizador isoflurano para entregar toda a anestesia da cirurgia. </li><li> Após a desinfecção do local de injecção com álcool, por via subcutânea injetar 5 mg / kg de cetoprofeno, um analgésico pré-cirúrgico, com uma seringa de insulina 3/10cc. </li><li> Usando tosquiadeiras, raspar a parte esquerda caudal do dorso da junção tóraco-lombar à base da cauda dos animais. Aplique o creme de depilação para remover completamente o cabelo. Em seguida, retire o excesso com uma toalha de papel molhado. </li><li> Uma vez que o cabelo tenha sido removido, esterilizar a área depilada com iodopovidona e compressas com álcool. Em seguida, coloque uma cortina cirúrgica ao redor da área de incisão. </li></ol> 3. Cirurgia <ol><li> Pouco antes da cirurgia, ajustar os níveis de vaporizador isoflurano para 1,5%. </li><li> Verifique se o animal está completamente anestesiado por beliscar a almofada de pé. </li><li> Em seguida, localize o baço sob a pele. Em seguida, usando uma tesoura cirúrgica, faça uma incisão dorsolateral 1-2 cm de comprimento na parte superior direita do baço. </li><li> Dissecar o retroperitônio. A almofada em torno do ovário do mouse será observado. Use uma pinça curva de compreender e expor a almofada de gordura ao redor do ovário mouse. </li><li> Órgão o hidrato com algumas gotas de PBS estéril. </li><li> Use uma pinça curva de captar, recolher ... posição ... e depois prenda o ovário para injecção </li><li> Enquanto segurando firmemente o ovário com a pinça, injectar 10 microlitros de MOV1 células tumorais Kat no ovário. Um aperto firme irá impedir a regurgitação ou vazamento de fluido. </li><li> Imediatamente após a injeção, liberar a tensão exercida pelo fórceps. A perfuração no ovário deve retrair-se espontaneamente e fechar. </li><li> Usando um fio absorvível de ácido poliglicólico ligado a uma agulha, fechar a ferida retro-peritônio. </li><li> Solte o animal do cone do nariz. </li><li> Esticar a pele e selar as bordas da ferida dorsolateral com algumas gotas de cola de tecido. </li><li> Finalmente, por via oral, administrar 100 microlitros de antibióticos para o animal. Em seguida, coloque-o de volta em sua gaiola e monitor para recuperação. Manter o animal em uso de antibióticos na água de beber por uma semana. </li></ol> 4. In vivo de imagens <ol><li> Uma semana após a injeção ortotópico de MOV1 células tumorais Kat, executar em imagem in vivo. Comece por transferir um mouse isofluorano anestesiados para a câmara de imagem. </li><li> Por sua vez o nível de vaporizador isoflurano até 2%. </li><li> Realizar in vivo de imagens de acordo com as instruções do fabricante do sistema de imagem. Neste vídeo, o sistema será usado Lumina. </li><li> A imagem, clique na imagem viva ícone no desktop software. Em seguida, no Painel de Controle Aquisição IVIS, selecione &quot;Inicializar&quot;. As configurações são instrumento análogo a uma as configurações da câmera </li><li> No Painel de Controle aquisição configurar os parâmetros do instrumento de aquisição. Para fluorescência, marque &quot;Fluorescent&quot;. Clique na caixa de Fotografia para adquirir uma fotografia com cada imagem. </li><li> Em seguida, defina o tempo de exposição como Auto. Em &quot;binning Pixel CCD ou resolução&quot;, marque &quot;Medium&quot;. Então Sob F / stop ou abertura, verifique o valor de 2. Em seguida, selecione o filtro de excitação 535 e do filtro de emissão DsRed. </li><li> Sob campo de visão, clique em View B para a imagem de um rato. </li><li> Em seguida, clique em adquirir para iniciar a aquisição da imagem. </li><li> Uma vez que a aquisição da imagem está completa, use a região de interesse, ou ROI, ferramenta para medir do sinal. Clique no ícone de medição para liberar os valores do sinal e área. </li><li> Por fim, clique em &quot;save&quot; para salvar a imagem na pasta de usuário </li><li> Depois que as imagens foram salvas, interrompa a administração de isoflurano e retornar o mouse para sua gaiola. O mouse deve acordar imediatamente. </li></ol> 5. Resultados representante -Usando este protocolo, O crescimento in vivo de um câncer de ovário ortotópico pode ser monitorado por pelo menos 3 semanas usando um procedimento não-invasivo. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2146/2146fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. MOV1 células Kat, ou PBS como controle negativo, foram ortotopicamente injetado no ovário de não-tumor ratos propensos (animal direita e esquerda e animais, respectivamente). In vivo de imagem foi realizado duas semanas mais tarde. A emissão de fluorescência gerada por células MOV1 Kat enxertada no ovário foi medida e comparada com a de rato controle negativo. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2146/2146fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2. Seções congeladas de MOV1 tumores ovarianos Kat foram coradas com biotinilado anti-CD4 mAb seguido pelo substrato DAB (marrom escuro) para detectar tumor infiltrando linfócitos (seta preta). As células foram contracorados com metil-verde para visualizar núcleos celulares (azul). Células tumorais (setas vermelhas) foram morfologicamente distintas de células T. O slide aparece ampliado 40x.

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Não há conflitos de interesse declarados.

Cirurgia e injeções ortotópico Injeção ortotópico em bursa ovariana demandas de treinamento e precisão. Assim <ol><li> Em caso de pobres cirúrgica experiência prática, com cadáveres em primeiro lugar. </li><li> Use preferencialmente mulheres multíparas (um ou dois litros) como elas se desenvolvem ovários maiores ao longo do tempo que facilita a injeção e no aumento de sobrevida para comparar com as fêmeas nulíparas. </li><li> Devido ao pequeno tamanho da bursa ovariana mou...

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an orthotopic model of serous ovarian cancer in immunocompetent mice for in vivo tumor imaging and monitoring of tumor immune responses

Antecedentes: O câncer de ovário é geralmente diagnosticada em fase avançada, onde a relação caso / fatalidade é alta e assim continua a ser o mais letal de todas as neoplasias malignas ginecológicas entre os EUA as mulheres 1,2,3. Tumores serosos são as formas mais generalizadas de câncer de ovário e de 4,5 a transgênicos Tg-MISIIR-Tag representa o modelo do rato só que espontaneamente se desenvolve este tipo de tumores. Tg-MISIIR-Tag ratos expressar SV40 região transformando sob o controle do mülleriano Substância Inibidora tipo II Receptor (MISIIR) promotor do gene 6. Adicionais linhagens transgênicas foram identificadas que expressam o transgene TAG SV40, mas não desenvolvem tumores de ovário. Não-tumor ratos propensos apresentam vida útil típica de camundongos C57BL / 6 e são férteis. Estes ratos pode ser usado como destinatários aloenxerto singeneicos para células tumorais isoladas de Tg-MISIIR-Tag-DR26 camundongos. Objetivo: Apesar de imagem do tumor é possível 7, a detecção precoce de tumores profundos é um desafio em animais vivos de pequeno porte. Para habilitar estudos pré-clínicos em modelos animais imunologicamente intacto para o câncer de ovário seroso, descrevemos um modelo de camundongo singeneicos para este tipo de câncer de ovário que permite in vivo de imagens, os estudos do microambiente do tumor e tumor respostas imunes. Métodos: Nós primeiro derivou uma Tag + mouse linha de células de câncer (MOV1) a partir de um tumor de ovário espontâneas colhidas num 26 semanas de idade, do sexo feminino Tg-DR26 MISIIR-TAG. Então, nós estável transduzidas MOV1 células com TurboFP635 vector Lentivirus mamíferos que codifica Katushka, um mutante vermelho-distante da proteína fluorescente vermelha do mar anemone Entacmaea quadricolor com excitação / emissão em 588/635 nm maxima 8,9,10. Nós ortotopicamente implantado MOV1 Kat no ovário 11,12,13,14 de não-tumor propensas Tg-MISIIR-Tag feminino ratos. Progressão do tumor foi seguido por em imagens ópticas vivo e microambiente do tumor foi analisado por imunohistoquímica. Resultados: ortotopicamente implantado MOV1 células Kat desenvolveram tumores de ovário seroso. Tumores MOV1 Kat pode ser visualizado por in vivo de imagens até três semanas após o implante (fig. 1) e foram infiltradas com leucócitos, como observado nos cânceres de ovário humano 15 (fig. 2). Conclusões: Descrevemos um modelo ortotópico de câncer de ovário adequado para a imagem in vivo de tumores no início devido ao alto pH de estabilidade e fotoestabilidade de Katushka em tecidos profundos. Propomos o uso deste novo modelo singeneicos de câncer de ovário seroso para estudos de imagem in vivo e monitoramento de tumor respostas imunes e imunoterapias.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses at JoVE.com

An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses

Para estudar<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Crescimento do tumor e microambiente do tumor, foi utilizado um modelo de camundongo e singênico ortotópico de câncer de ovário em animais imunocompetentes. Nós transduzidas um rato linhagem de células tumorais (MOV1) com Katushka proteína fluorescente (MOV1<sup&gt; KAT</sup&gt;) E aqui vamos mostrar a sua implantação ortotópico no ovário e<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Imagem.

Um modelo ortotópico de câncer de ovário seroso em camundongos imunocompetentes para In vivo Imaging Tumor e Monitoramento de Tumor respostas imunes

Background: Ovarian cancer is generally diagnosed at an advanced stage where the case/fatality ratio is high and thus remains the most lethal of all ...

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses

18.1K visualizações.  University of Pennsylvania-School of Medicine. Para estudar In vivo Crescimento do tumor e microambiente do tumor, foi utilizado um modelo de camundongo e singênico ortotópico de câncer de ovário em animais imunocompetentes. Nós transduzidas um rato linhagem de células tumorais (MOV1) com Katushka proteína fluorescente (MOV1 KAT) E aqui vamos mostrar a sua implantação ortotópico no ovário e In vivo Imagem.

Vídeo: An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. Although understanding the disease dynamics for each of these pathogens independently is vital, it is also important that the interactions between these pathogens are investigated and understood. 
We have developed a versatile in vitro model of HIV-malaria co-infection to study host immune responses to malaria in the context of HIV infection. Our model allows the study of secreted factors in cellular supernatants, cell surface and intracellular protein markers, as well as RNA expression levels. The experimental design and methods used limit variability and promote data reliability and reproducibility. 
All pathogens used in this model are natural human pathogens (Plasmodium falciparum and HIV-1), and all infected cells are naturally infected and used fresh. We use human erythrocytes parasitized with P. falciparum and maintained in continuous in vitro culture. We obtain freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically HIV-infected volunteers. Every condition used has an appropriate control (P. falciparum parasitized vs. normal erythrocytes), and every HIV-infected donor has an HIV uninfected control, from which cells are harvested on the same day. This model provides a realistic environment to study the interactions between malaria parasites and human immune cells in the context of HIV infection.

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Human co-infection is difficult to replicate in vitro. However, human malaria parasites can readily be cultured in vitro, as can freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells naturally infected with HIV. This provides an excellent model for studying early immune responses to malaria parasites in the context of HIV co-infection.

Um<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Modelo para medição de respostas imunes a Malária no Contexto do HIV co-infecção

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. ...

Imunologia e Infecção

An IL-8 Transiently Transgenized Mouse Model for the In Vivo Long-term Monitoring of Inflammatory Responses

Airway inflammation is often associated with bacterial infections and represents a major determinant of lung disease. The in vivo determination of the pro-inflammatory capabilities of various factors is challenging and requires terminal procedures, such as bronchoalveolar lavage and the removal of lungs for in situ analysis, precluding longitudinal visualization in the same mouse. Here, lung inflammation is induced through the intratracheal instillation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture supernatant (SN) in transiently transgenized mice expressing the luciferase reporter gene under the control of a heterologous IL-8 bovine promoter. Luciferase expression in the lung is monitored by in vivo bioluminescent image (BLI) analysis over a 2.5- to 48-h timeframe following the instillation. The procedure can be repeated multiple times within 2 - 3 months, thus permitting the evaluation of the inflammatory response in the same mice without the need to terminate the animals. This approach permits the monitoring of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors acting in the lung in real time and appears suitable for functional and pharmacological studies.

An IL-8 Transiently Transgenized Mouse Model for the In Vivo Long-term Monitoring of Inflammatory Responses

The method described here allows for the visualization of IL-8 promoter-dependent inflammation activation in the lungs of mice through non-invasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI). The same animal can be subjected to BLI multiple times for up to two months from the time of delivery of the luciferase reporter construct.

Um modelo de mouse transiente Transientized IL-8 para o<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Monitoramento de Longo Prazo de Respostas Inflamatórias

Airway inflammation is often associated with bacterial infections and represents a major determinant of lung disease. The in vivo determination of the ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

Isolamento de Salmonella typhimurium-contendo Phagosomes de macrófagos

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-based in vivo cytotoxicity assays enable sensitive and accurate quantitation of CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses elicited against tumor- and pathogen-derived peptides. They offer several advantages over traditional killing assays. First, they permit the monitoring of CTL-mediated cytotoxicity within architecturally intact secondary lymphoid organs, typically in the spleen. Second, they allow for mechanistic studies during the priming, effector and recall phases of CTL responses. Third, they provide useful platforms for vaccine/drug efficacy testing in a truly in vivo setting. Here, we provide an optimized protocol for the examination of concomitant CTL responses against more than one peptide epitope of a model tumor antigen (Ag), namely, simian virus 40 (SV40)-encoded large T Ag (T Ag). Like most other clinically relevant tumor proteins, T Ag harbors many potentially immunogenic peptides. However, only four such peptides induce detectable CTL responses in C57BL/6 mice. These responses are consistently arranged in a hierarchical order based on their magnitude, which forms the basis for TCD8 &#8220;immunodominance&#8221; in this powerful system. Accordingly, the bulk of the T Ag-specific TCD8 response is focused against a single immunodominant epitope while the other three epitopes are recognized and responded to only weakly. Immunodominance compromises the breadth of antitumor TCD8 responses and is, as such, considered by many as an impediment to successful vaccination against cancer. Therefore, it is important to understand the cellular and molecular factors and mechanisms that dictate or shape TCD8 immunodominance. The protocol we describe here is tailored to the investigation of this phenomenon in the T Ag immunization model, but can be readily modified and extended to similar studies in other tumor models. We provide examples of how the impact of experimental immunotherapeutic interventions can be measured using in vivo cytotoxicity assays.

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

We describe here a flow cytometry-based in vivo killing assay that enables examination of immunodominance in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to a model tumor antigen. We provide examples of how this elegant assay may be employed for mechanistic studies and for drug efficacy testing.

Adaptando os ensaios de citotoxicidade in vivo para estudar Imunodominância em respostas de células T CD8+ específicas do tumor

Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-based in vivo cytotoxicity assays enable sensitive and accurate quantitation of CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocyte ...

Implantation and Monitoring by PET/CT of an Orthotopic Model of Human Pleural Mesothelioma in Athymic Mice

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor arising in the mesothelium that covers the lungs, the heart, and the thoracic cavity. MPM development is mainly associated with asbestos. Treatments provide only modest survival since the median survival average is 9&#8211;18 months from the time of diagnosis. Therefore, more effective treatments must be identified. Most data describing new therapeutic targets were obtained from in vitro experiments and need to be validated in reliable in vivo preclinical models. This article describes one such reliable MPM orthotopic model obtained after injection of a human MPM cell line H2052/484 into the pleural cavity of immunodeficient athymic mice. Transplantation in the orthotopic site allows studying the progression of tumor in the natural in vivo environment. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) molecular imaging using the clinical [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) radiotracer is the diagnosis method of choice for examining patients with MPM. Accordingly, [18F]FDG-PET/CT was used to longitudinally monitor the disease progression of the H2052/484 orthotopic model. This technique has a high 3R potential (Reduce the number of animals, Refine to lessen pain and discomfort, and Replace animal experimentation with alternatives) since the tumor development can be monitored non-invasively and the number of animals required could be significantly reduced.
This model displays a high development rate, a rapid tumor growth, is cost-efficient and allows for rapid clinical translation. By using this orthotopic xenograft MPM model, researchers can assess biological responses of a reliable MPM model following therapeutic interventions.

This article describes the generation of an orthotopic mouse model of human pleural mesothelioma by implantation of H2052/484 mesothelioma cells into the pleural cavity of immunocompromised athymic mice. The longitudinal monitoring of the development of intrapleural tumors was assessed by non-invasive multimodal [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography imaging.

Implantação e monitoramento por PET/CT de um modelo ortotópico de mesotelioma pleural humano em camundongos atímicos

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor arising in the mesothelium that covers the lungs, the heart, and the thoracic cavity. ...

Visualization, Quantification, and Mapping of Immune Cell Populations in the Tumor Microenvironment

The immune landscape of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a determining factor in cancer progression and response to therapy. Specifically, the density and the location of immune cells in the TME have important diagnostic and prognostic values. Multiomic profiling of the TME has exponentially increased our understanding of the numerous cellular and molecular networks regulating tumor initiation and progression. However, these techniques do not provide information about the spatial organization of cells or cell-cell interactions. Affordable, accessible, and easy to execute multiplexing techniques that allow spatial resolution of immune cells in tissue sections are needed to complement single cell-based high-throughput technologies. Here, we describe a strategy that integrates serial imaging, sequential labeling, and image alignment to generate virtual multiparameter slides of whole tissue sections. Virtual slides are subsequently analyzed in an automated fashion using user-defined protocols that enable identification, quantification, and mapping of cell populations of interest. The image analysis is done, in this case using the analysis modules Tissuealign, Author, and HISTOmap. We present an example where we applied this strategy successfully to one clinical specimen, maximizing the information that can be obtained from limited tissue samples and providing an unbiased view of the TME in the entire tissue section.

Here, we describe a simple and accessible strategy for visualizing, quantifying, and mapping immune cells in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue sections. This methodology combines existing imaging and digital analysis techniques with the purpose of expanding the multiplexing capability and multiparameter analysis of imaging assays.

Visualização, Quantificação e Mapeamento de Populações de Células Imunes no Microambiente tumoral

The immune landscape of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a determining factor in cancer progression and response to therapy. Specifically, the density ...

Precise Brain Mapping to Perform Repetitive In Vivo Imaging of Neuro-Immune Dynamics in Mice

The central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by a complex interplay of neuronal, glial, stromal, and vascular cells that facilitate its proper function. Although studying these cells in isolation in vitro or together ex vivo provides useful physiological information; salient features of neural cell physiology will be missed in such contexts. Therefore, there is a need for studying neural cells in their native in vivo environment. The protocol detailed here describes repetitive in vivo two-photon imaging of neural cells in the rodent cortex as a tool to visualize and study specific cells over extended periods of time from hours to months. We describe in detail the use of the grossly stable brain vasculature as a coarse map or fluorescently labeled dendrites as a fine map of select brain regions of interest. Using these maps as a visual key, we show how neural cells can be precisely relocated for subsequent repetitive in vivo imaging. Using examples of in vivo imaging of fluorescently-labeled microglia, neurons, and NG2+ cells, this protocol demonstrates the ability of this technique to allow repetitive visualization of cellular dynamics in the same brain location over extended time periods, that can further aid in understanding the structural and functional responses of these cells in normal physiology or following pathological insults. Where necessary, this approach can be coupled to functional imaging of neural cells, e.g., with calcium imaging. This approach is especially a powerful technique to visualize the physical interaction between different cell types of the CNS in vivo when genetic mouse models or specific dyes with distinct fluorescent tags to label the cells of interest are available.

This protocol describes a chronic cranial window implantation technique that can be used for longitudinal imaging of neuro-glio-vascular structures, interactions, and function in both healthy and diseased conditions. It serves as a complementary alternative to the transcranial imaging approach that, while often preferred, possesses some critical limitations.

Mapeamento cerebral preciso para realizar imagens repetitivas in vivo da dinâmica neuro-imune em camundongos

The central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by a complex interplay of neuronal, glial, stromal, and vascular cells that facilitate its proper function. ...

Microfluidic Co-Culture Models for Dissecting the Immune Response in in vitro Tumor Microenvironments

Complex disease models demand cutting-edge tools able to deliver physiologically and pathologically relevant, actionable insights, and unveil otherwise invisible processes. Advanced cell assays closely mimicking in vivo scenery are establishing themselves as novel ways to visualize and measure the bidirectional tumor-host interplay influencing the progression of cancer. Here we describe two versatile protocols to recreate highly controllable 2D and 3D co-cultures in microdevices, mimicking the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), under natural and therapy-induced immunosurveillance. In section 1, an experimental setting is provided to monitor crosstalk between adherent tumor cells and floating immune populations, by bright field time-lapse microscopy. As an applicative scenario, we analyze the effects of anti-cancer treatments, such as the so-called immunogenic cancer cell death inducers on the recruitment and activation of immune cells. In section 2, 3D tumor-immune microenvironments are assembled in a competitive layout. Differential immune infiltration is monitored by fluorescence snapshots up to 72 h, to evaluate combination therapeutic strategies. In both settings, image processing steps are illustrated to extract a plethora of immune cell parameters (e.g., immune cell migration and interaction, response to therapeutic agents). These simple and powerful methods can be further tailored to simulate the complexity of the TME encompassing the heterogeneity and plasticity of cancer, stromal and immune cells subtypes, as well as their reciprocal interactions as drivers of cancer evolution. The compliance of these rapidly evolving technologies with live-cell high-content imaging can lead to the generation of large informative datasets, bringing forth new challenges. Indeed, the triangle &#39;&#39;co-cultures/microscopy/advanced data analysis&#34; sets the path towards a precise problem parametrization that may assist tailor-made therapeutic protocols. We expect that future integration of cancer-immune on-a-chip with artificial intelligence for high-throughput processing will synergize a large step forward in leveraging the capabilities as predictive and preclinical tools for precision and personalized oncology.

In the age of immunotherapy and single-cell genomic profiling, cancer biology requires novel in vitro and computational tools for investigating the tumor-immune interface in a proper spatiotemporal context. We describe protocols to exploit tumor-immune microfluidic co-cultures in 2D and 3D settings, compatible with dynamic, multiparametric monitoring of cellular functions.

Modelos de Co-Cultura Microfluídica para Dissecar a Resposta Imune em Microambientes Tumorais in vitro

Complex disease models demand cutting-edge tools able to deliver physiologically and pathologically relevant, actionable insights, and unveil otherwise ...

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice

Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are common and costly. Previous articles describing models of UTI in male and female mice have illustrated the procedures for bacterial inoculation and enumeration in urine and tissues. During an initial bladder infection in C57BL/6 mice, UPEC establish latent reservoirs inside bladder epithelial cells that persist following clearance of UPEC bacteriuria. This model builds on these studies to examine rUTI caused by the emergence of UPEC from within latent bladder reservoirs. The urogenital bacterium Gardnerella vaginalis is used as the trigger of rUTI in this model because it is frequently present in the urogenital tracts of women, especially in the context of vaginal dysbiosis that has been associated with UTI. In addition, a method for in situ bladder fixation followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of bladder tissue is also described, with potential application to other studies involving the bladder.

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice

A mouse model of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) transurethral inoculation to establish latent intracellular bladder reservoirs and subsequent bladder exposure to G. vaginalis to induce recurrent UPEC UTI is demonstrated. Also demonstrated are the enumeration of bacteria, urine cytology, and in situ bladder fixation and processing for scanning electron microscopy.

Infecção recorrente do trato urinário de Escherichia coli desencadeada por gardnerella vaginalis exposição bexiga em camundongos

Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are common and costly. Previous articles describing models of ...

Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells

During activation, the metabolism of T cells adapts to changes that impact their fate. An increase in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is indispensable for T cell activation, and the survival of memory T cells is dependent on mitochondrial remodeling. Consequently, this affects the long-term clinical outcome of cancer immunotherapies. Changes in T cell quality are often studied by flow cytometry using well-known surface markers and not directly by their metabolic state. This is an optimized protocol for measuring real-time mitochondrial respiration of primary human T cells using an Extracellular Flux Analyzer and the cytokines IL-2 and IL-15, which differently affect T cell metabolism. It is shown that the metabolic state of T cells can clearly be distinguished by measuring the oxygen consumption when inhibiting key complexes in the metabolic pathway and that the accuracy of these measurements is highly dependent on optimal inhibitor concentration and inhibitor injection strategy. This standardized protocol will help implement mitochondrial respiration as a standard for T cell fitness in monitoring and studying cancer immunotherapies.

Metabolic adaptation is fundamental for T cells as it dictates differentiation, persistence, and cytotoxicity. Here, an optimized protocol for monitoring mitochondrial respiration in ex vivo cytokine-differentiated human primary T cells is presented.