ML é apoiado pela NIA (R00AG033176 e R01AG040081) e pelo Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Dirigido, EUA Departamento de contrato de Energia # DE-AC02-05CH11231.

<ol>
	<li>Bissell, M. J., Labarge, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Context,+tissue+plasticity,+and+cancer:+are+tumor+stem+cells+also+regulated+by+the+microenvironment.">Context, tissue plasticity, and cancer: are tumor stem cells also regulated by the microenvironment.</a> Cancer Cell. 7, 17-23 (2005).</li><li>Engler, A. J., Sen, S., Sweeney, H. L., Discher, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix+elasticity+directs+stem+cell+lineage+specification.">Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification.</a> Cell. 126, 677-689 (2006).</li><li>McBeath, R., Pirone, D. M., Nelson, C. M., Bhadriraju, K., Chen, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+shape,+cytoskeletal+tension,+and+RhoA+regulate+stem+cell+lineage+commitment.">Cell shape, cytoskeletal tension, and RhoA regulate stem cell lineage commitment.</a> Dev. Cell. 6, 483-495 (2004).</li><li>LaBarge, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+mammary+progenitor+cell+fate+decsions+are+products+of+interactions+with+combinatorial+microenvironments.">Human mammary progenitor cell fate decsions are products of interactions with combinatorial microenvironments.</a> Integrative Biology. 1, 70-79 (2009).</li><li>Kim, H. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterning+Methods+for+Polymers+in+Cell+and+Tissue+Engineering.">Patterning Methods for Polymers in Cell and Tissue Engineering.</a> Annals of biomedical engineering. , (2012).</li><li>Boudou, T., Ohayon, J., Picart, C., Pettigrew, R. I., Tracqui, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+elastic+properties+of+polyacrylamide+gels:+implications+for+quantification+of+cellular+forces.">Nonlinear elastic properties of polyacrylamide gels: implications for quantification of cellular forces.</a> Biorheology. 46, 191-205 (2009).</li><li>Tse, J. R., Engler, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+hydrogel+substrates+with+tunable+mechanical+properties.">Preparation of hydrogel substrates with tunable mechanical properties.</a> Current protocols in cell biology. Chapter 10, Unit 10 (2010).</li><li>Flaim, C. J., Chien, S., Bhatia, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+extracellular+matrix+microarray+for+probing+cellular+differentiation.">An extracellular matrix microarray for probing cellular differentiation.</a> Nat. Methods. 2, 119-125 (2005).</li><li>Soen, Y., Mori, A., Palmer, T. D., Brown, P. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+the+regulation+of+human+neural+precursor+cell+differentiation+using+arrays+of+signaling+microenvironments.">Exploring the regulation of human neural precursor cell differentiation using arrays of signaling microenvironments.</a> Mol. Syst. Biol. 2, 37 (2006).</li></ol>

Não há conflitos de interesse declarados.

O método aqui apresentado permite MEArray análises funcionais da célula e interacções microambiente combinatórias 4. Análise MEArray combina o uso de tecnologias micropatterning básicos, biologia celular, e robôs de microarranjos de impressão e dispositivos de análise que estão disponíveis em instalações multiusuários muitos. MEArray telas são compatíveis com tipos de células mais aderentes, embora formulações meios isentos de soro podem necessitar de ser ajustado em alguns casos, de modo...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome do reagente </td><td> Companhia </td><td> Número de catálogo </td><td> Comentários (opcional) </td></tr><tr><td> Lâminas de vidro 25 mm x 75 mm </td><td> VWR </td><td> 48311-600 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Lamínulas de vidro (no.1) 24 mm x 50 mm </td><td> VWR </td><td> 48393-241 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Prato de coloração (ou frasco Coplan) </td><td> VWR </td><td> 25461-003 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Placas de petri (15 cm) </td><td> BD Falcon </td><td> 351058 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NaOH (1,0 N) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> S2567 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> APES (&gt; 98% de (3-aminopropil) trietoxissilano) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> A3648 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Glutaraldeído </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> G7651 </td><td> 50% em água </td></tr><tr><td> APS (&gt; Persulfato de amónio 98%) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> A3678 </td><td> Preparar uma solução de trabalho de 10% com DDQ 2 O </td></tr><tr><td> TEMED (N, N, N &#39;, N&#39;-tetrametiletilenodiamina) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> T9281 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Acrilamida (40%) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> A4058 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Bis-acrilamida (2% w / v) </td><td> Fisher biorreagentes </td><td> BP1404-250 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 0,45 um filtro de seringa de nylon de 4 mm </td><td> Nalgene </td><td> 176-0045 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> FITC </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> F4274 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PDMS (polidimetilsiloxano) </td><td> Dow Corning </td><td> 3097358-1004 </td><td> Sylgard kit Elastômero 184 via Adesivos Ellsworth </td></tr><tr><td> 2-lâminas de câmara </td><td> NUNC </td><td> 177380 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Pluronic F108 </td><td> BASF </td><td> 30089186 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Aquselante arium </td><td> Dow Corning </td><td> DAP 00688 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fluormount-G </td><td> Southern Biotech </td><td> 0100-01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Copos plásticos descartáveis </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Abaixadores de língua </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Luvas de borracha nitrílica </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Caixas de plástico de slides de microscópio </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Spin-coater </td><td> WS-400B-6NPP/LITE </td><td> Laurell Technologies Corporation </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Forno </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hotplate Digital </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 384 poços </td><td></td><td></td><td> Uma marca adequada para o robô microarray </td></tr><tr><td> Microarray robô impressão </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fase invertido e microscópio de fluorescência </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Axon microarray scanners </td><td> Molecular Devices </td><td></td><td> Existem várias configurações </td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication and use of microenvironment microarrays (mearrays)

As interações entre as células e seu microambiente circundante tem consequências funcionais para o comportamento celular. No nível de célula única, microambientes distintos podem impor diferenciação, migração, proliferação e fenótipos, e sobre o nível do tecido processa o microambiente complexo como a morfogénese e tumorigénese 1. Não só o celular e molecular conteúdo de microambientes impacto que as células dentro, mas assim como a elasticidade 2 e 3 geometria do tecido. Definido como a soma total de célula-célula,-ECM, e solúveis em interacções dos factores, para além das características físicas, o microambiente é complexa. Os fenótipos de células dentro de um tecido são parcialmente devido ao seu conteúdo genómico e em parte devido às interacções com o microbiota combinatórias. Um grande desafio é unir combinações específicas de componentes microambientais com comportamentos distintos. ent &quot;&gt; Aqui, nós apresentamos o microambiente microarray plataforma (MEArray) para a célula baseada em triagem funcional de interacções com microambientes combinatórias 4. O método permite um controlo simultâneo da composição molecular e o módulo de elasticidade, e combina a utilização de microarray amplamente disponíveis tecnologias e micropatterning. telas MEArray requerem tão pouco quanto 10.000 células por matriz, o que facilita estudos funcionais de tipos de células raras, tais como as células progenitoras adultas. Uma limitação da tecnologia é que microambientes tecidos inteiros não pode ser completamente recapitulado em MEArrays. No entanto, a comparação das respostas no mesmo tipo de célula a numerosas microambientes relacionados, por exemplo, combinações de pares de proteínas de ECM que caracterizam um dado tecido, irá fornecer informações sobre a forma como os componentes do microambiente eliciar tecido-específicos fenótipos funcionais. MEArrays podem ser impressos usando uma grande variedade de recombinante grofactores wth, citoquinas, e proteínas purificadas de ECM, e suas combinações. A plataforma é limitado apenas pela disponibilidade de reagentes específicos. MEArrays são passíveis de tempo caduco análise, mas na maioria das vezes são usados ​​para análises de ponto final de funções celulares que são mensuráveis ​​com sondas fluorescentes. Por exemplo, a síntese do DNA, a apoptose, a aquisição de estados diferenciados, ou a produção de produtos de genes específicos são normalmente medidos. Resumidamente, o fluxo de base de um experimento MEArray é preparar as lâminas revestidas com substratos de impressão e para preparar a placa mestre de proteínas que estão a ser impressa. Em seguida, as matrizes são impressas com um robô microarray, as células são deixadas a ligar, crescer em cultura, e, em seguida, são quimicamente fixados ao atingir o ponto de extremidade experimental. Ensaios fluorescentes ou colorimétricas, fotografados com microscópios tradicionais ou scanners microarray, são utilizados para revelar relevantes fenótipos celulares e moleculares (Figura 1).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication and Use of MicroEnvironment microArrays MEArrays at JoVE.com

Fabrication and Use of MicroEnvironment microArrays MEArrays

Um método de triagem combinatória funcional para obtenção de conhecimentos sobre os impactos da composição molecular de microambientes sobre as funções celulares é descrito. O método tira partido de microarray existentes baseados em tecnologias para gerar matrizes de microambientes definidos combinatórias que suportam a adesão de células e análise funcional.

Fabricação e uso de microarranjos microambiente (MEArrays)

The interactions between cells and their surrounding microenvironment have functional consequences for cellular behaviour. On the single cell level, ...

fabrication-and-use-of-microenvironment-microarrays-mearrays

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Biology

Fabrication and Use of MicroEnvironment microArrays (MEArrays)

9.9K visualizações.  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Um método de triagem combinatória funcional para obtenção de conhecimentos sobre os impactos da composição molecular de microambientes sobre as funções celulares é descrito. O método tira partido de microarray existentes baseados em tecnologias para gerar matrizes de microambientes definidos combinatórias que suportam a adesão de células e análise funcional.

Vídeo: Fabrication and Use of MicroEnvironment microArrays MEArrays

Bacterial Gene Expression Analysis Using Microarrays

Análise de Expressão Gênica Utilizando bacteriana Microarrays

Biologia

PDMS Device Fabrication and Surface Modification

PDMS Fabricação de dispositivos e modificação da superfície

Fabrication of Amperometric Electrodes

Carbon fiber electrodes are crucial for the detection of catecholamine release from vesicles in single cells for amperometry measurements.  Here, we describe the techniques needed to generate low noise (&lt;0.5 pA) electrodes.  The techniques have been modified from published descriptions by previous researchers (1,2).  Electrodes are made by preparing carbon fibers and threading them individually into each capillary tube by using a vacuum with a filter to aspirate the fiber.  Next, the capillary tube with fiber is pulled by an electrode puller, creating two halves, each with a fine-pointed tip.  The electrodes are dipped in hot, liquid epoxy mixed with hardener to create an epoxy-glass seal.  Lastly, the electrodes are placed in an oven to cure the epoxy.  Careful handling of the electrodes is critical to ensure that they are made consistently and without damage.  This protocol shows how to fabricate and cut amperometric electrodes for recording from single cells.

This protocol describes how to generate carbon fiber electrodes. The electrodes are subsequently used to detect catecholamine release from vesicles with carbon fiber amperometry.

Fabricação de eletrodos amperométrica

Carbon fiber electrodes are crucial for the detection of catecholamine release from vesicles in single cells for amperometry measurements.  Here, we ...

Fabrication of Myogenic Engineered Tissue Constructs

Despite the fact that electronic pacemakers are life-saving medical devices, their long-term performance in pediatric patients can be problematic owing to the restrictions imposed by a child's small size and their inevitable growth. Consequently, there is a genuine need for innovative therapies designed specifically for pediatric patients with cardiac rhythm disorders. We propose that a conductive biological alternative consisting of a collagen-based matrix containing autologously-derived cells could better adapt to growth, reduce the need for recurrent surgeries, and greatly improve the quality of life for these patients. In the present study, we describe a procedure for incorporating primary skeletal myoblast cell cultures within a hydrogel matrix to fashion a surgically-implantable tissue construct that will serve as an electrical conduit between the upper and lower chambers of the heart. Ultimately, we anticipate using this type of engineered tissue to restore atrioventricular electrical conduction in children with complete heart block. In view of that, we isolate myoblasts from the skeletal muscles of neonatal Lewis rats and plate them onto laminin-coated tissue culture dishes using a modified version of established protocols[2, 3]. After one to two days, cultured cells are collected and mixed with antibiotics, type 1 collagen, Matrigel&trade;, and NaHCO3. The result is a viscous, uniform solution that can be cast into a mold of nearly any shape and size[1, 4, 5]. For our tissue constructs, we employ type 1 collagen isolated from fetal lamb skin using standard procedures[6]. Once the tissue has solidified at 37&deg;C, culture media is carefully added to the plate until the construct is submerged. The engineered tissue is then allowed to further condense through dehydration for 2 more days, at which point it is ready for in vitro assessment or surgical-implantation.

Here, we demonstrate fabrication of collagen-based, tissue constructs containing skeletal myoblasts. These 3-D engineered constructs may be used to replace or repair tissues in vivo. For our purposes, we have designed these as an atrioventricular electrical conduit for the repair of complete heart block[1].

Fabricação de Miogênica Constrói engenharia de tecidos

Despite the fact that electronic pacemakers are life-saving medical devices, their long-term performance in pediatric patients can be problematic owing to ...

Genome-wide Analysis of Aminoacylation (Charging) Levels of tRNA Using Microarrays

tRNA aminoacylation, or charging, levels can rapidly change within a cell in response to the environment[1]. Changes in tRNA charging levels in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells lead to translational regulation which is a major cellular mechanism of stress response. Familiar examples are the stringent response in E. coli and the Gcn2 stress response pathway in yeast ([2-6]). Recent work in E. coli and S. cerevisiae have shown that tRNA charging patterns are highly dynamic and depends on the type of stress experienced by cells [1, 6, 7]. The highly dynamic, variable nature of tRNA charging makes it essential to determine changes in tRNA charging levels at the genomic scale, in order to fully elucidate cellular response to environmental variations. In this review we present a method for simultaneously measuring the relative charging levels of all tRNAs in S. cerevisiae . While the protocol presented here is for yeast, this protocol has been successfully applied for determining relative charging levels in a wide variety of organisms including E. coli and human cell cultures[7, 8].

Genome-wide Analysis of Aminoacylation Charging Levels of tRNA Using Microarrays

We describe a method for microarray analysis to determine relative aminoacylation levels of all tRNAs from S. cerivisiae.

Análise do genoma de Aminoacylation (carregamento) Níveis de tRNA Usando Microarrays

tRNA aminoacylation, or charging, levels can rapidly change within a cell in response to the environment[1]. Changes in tRNA charging levels in both ...

DNA Microarrays: Sample Quality Control, Array Hybridization and Scanning

Microarray expression profiling of the nervous system provides a powerful approach to identifying gene activities in different stages of development, different physiological or pathological states, response to therapy, and, in general, any condition that is being experimentally tested1. Expression profiling of neural tissues requires isolation of high quality RNA, amplification of the isolated RNA and hybridization to DNA microarrays. In this article we describe protocols for reproducible microarray experiments from brain tumor tissue2. We will start by performing a quality control analysis of isolated RNA samples with Agilent's 2100 Bioanalyzer "lab-on-a-chip" technology. High quality RNA samples are critical for the success of any microarray experiment, and the 2100 Bioanalyzer provides a quick, quantitative measurement of the sample quality. RNA samples are then amplified and labeled by performing reverse transcription to obtain cDNA, followed by in vitro transcription in the presence of labeled nucleotides to produce labeled cRNA. By using a dual-color labeling kit, we will label our experimental sample with Cy3 and a reference sample with Cy5. Both samples will then be combined and hybridized to Agilent's 4x44 K arrays. Dual-color arrays offer the advantage of a direct comparison between two RNA samples, thereby increasing the accuracy of the measurements, in particular for small changes in expression levels, because the two RNA samples are hybridized competitively to a single microarray. The arrays will be scanned at the two corresponding wavelengths, and the ratio of Cy3 to Cy5 signal for each feature will be used as a direct measurement of the relative abundance of the corresponding mRNA. This analysis identifies genes that are differentially expressed in response to the experimental conditions being tested.

We demonstrate the use of DNA microarrays for expression profiling of the nervous system. We describe RNA quality control, sample labeling, and array hybridization and scanning.

Microarrays de DNA: Controle de Qualidade da amostra, Hibridação Array e Digitalização

Microarray expression profiling of the nervous system provides a powerful approach to identifying gene activities in different stages of development, ...

Production of Tissue Microarrays, Immunohistochemistry Staining and Digitalization Within the Human Protein Atlas

The tissue microarray (TMA) technology provides the means for high-throughput analysis of multiple tissues and cells. The technique is used within the Human Protein Atlas project for global analysis of protein expression patterns in normal human tissues, cancer and cell lines. Here we present the assembly of 1 mm cores, retrieved from microscopically selected representative tissues, into a single recipient TMA block. The number and size of cores in a TMA block can be varied from approximately forty 2 mm cores to hundreds of 0.6 mm cores. The advantage of using TMA technology is that large amount of data can rapidly be obtained using a single immunostaining protocol to avoid experimental variability. Importantly, only limited amount of scarce tissue is needed, which allows for the analysis of large patient cohorts 1 2. Approximately 250 consecutive sections (4 &mu;m thick) can be cut from a TMA block and used for immunohistochemical staining to determine specific protein expression patterns for 250 different antibodies. In the Human Protein Atlas project, antibodies are generated towards all human proteins and used to acquire corresponding protein profiles in both normal human tissues from 144 individuals and cancer tissues from 216 different patients, representing the 20 most common forms of human cancer. Immunohistochemically stained TMA sections on glass slides are scanned to create high-resolution images from which pathologists can interpret and annotate the outcome of immunohistochemistry. Images together with corresponding pathology-based annotation data are made publically available for the research community through the Human Protein Atlas portal (<a href="http://www.proteinatlas.org" target="_blank">www.proteinatlas.org</a>) (Figure 1) 3 4. The Human Protein Atlas provides a map showing the distribution and relative abundance of proteins in the human body. The current version contains over 11 million images with protein expression data for 12.238 unique proteins, corresponding to more than 61% of all proteins encoded by the human genome.

Tissue microarrays allows for an efficient method to gain concurrent information from a multitude of tissues. Representative parts of tissues are assembled into a single paraffin block. Sections from the block are used for immunohistochemistry and analysis of protein expression patterns. Digital scanning generates corresponding images for distribution of data.

Produção de Microarrays Tecido, de coloração imuno-histoquímica e de digitalização Dentro do Atlas proteína humana

The  tissue microarray (TMA) technology provides the means for high-throughput  analysis of multiple tissues and cells. The technique is used within the ...

Glycan Profiling of Plant Cell Wall Polymers using Microarrays

Plant cell walls are complex matrixes of heterogeneous glycans which play an important role in the physiology and development of plants and provide the raw materials for human societies (e.g. wood, paper, textile and biofuel industries)1,2. However, understanding the biosynthesis and function of these components remains challenging.
Cell wall glycans are chemically and conformationally diverse due to the complexity of their building blocks, the glycosyl residues. These form linkages at multiple positions and differ in ring structure, isomeric or anomeric configuration, and in addition, are substituted with an array of non-sugar residues. Glycan composition varies in different cell and/or tissue types or even sub-domains of a single cell wall3. Furthermore, their composition is also modified during development1, or in response to environmental cues4.
In excess of 2,000 genes have Plant cell walls are complex matrixes of heterogeneous glycans been predicted to be involved in cell wall glycan biosynthesis and modification in Arabidopsis5. However, relatively few of the biosynthetic genes have been functionally characterized 4,5. Reverse genetics approaches are difficult because the genes are often differentially expressed, often at low levels, between cell types6. Also, mutant studies are often hindered by gene redundancy or compensatory mechanisms to ensure appropriate cell wall function is maintained7. Thus novel approaches are needed to rapidly characterise the diverse range of glycan structures and to facilitate functional genomics approaches to understanding cell wall biosynthesis and modification.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)8,9 have emerged as an important tool for determining glycan structure and distribution in plants. These recognise distinct epitopes present within major classes of plant cell wall glycans, including pectins, xyloglucans, xylans, mannans, glucans and arabinogalactans. Recently their use has been extended to large-scale screening experiments to determine the relative abundance of glycans in a broad range of plant and tissue types simultaneously9,10,11.
Here we present a microarray-based glycan screening method called Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) (Figures 1 &amp; 2)10,11 that enables multiple samples (100 sec) to be screened using a miniaturised microarray platform with reduced reagent and sample volumes. The spot signals on the microarray can be formally quantified to give semi-quantitative data about glycan epitope occurrence. This approach is well suited to tracking glycan changes in complex biological systems12 and providing a global overview of cell wall composition particularly when prior knowledge of this is unavailable.

A technique called Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) for the characterisation of plant cell wall glycans is described. This method combines the specificity of monoclonal antibodies directed to defined glycan-epitopes with a miniature microarray analytical platform allowing screening of glycan occurrence in a broad range of biological contexts.

Profiling glicana de Polímeros da planta da parede celular usando Microarrays

Plant cell walls are complex matrixes of heterogeneous glycans which play an important role in the physiology and development of plants and provide the ...

Design and Use of Multiplexed Chemostat Arrays

Chemostats are continuous culture systems in which cells are grown in a tightly controlled, chemically constant environment where culture density is constrained by limiting specific nutrients.1,2 Data from chemostats are highly reproducible for the measurement of quantitative phenotypes as they provide a constant growth rate and environment at steady state. For these reasons, chemostats have become useful tools for fine-scale characterization of physiology through analysis of gene expression3-6 and other characteristics of cultures at steady-state equilibrium.7 Long-term experiments in chemostats can highlight specific trajectories that microbial populations adopt during adaptive evolution in a controlled environment. In fact, chemostats have been used for experimental evolution since their invention.8 A common result in evolution experiments is for each biological replicate to acquire a unique repertoire of mutations.9-13 This diversity suggests that there is much left to be discovered by performing evolution experiments with far greater throughput. 
We present here the design and operation of a relatively simple, low cost array of miniature chemostats&mdash;or ministats&mdash;and validate their use in determination of physiology and in evolution experiments with yeast. This approach entails growth of tens of chemostats run off a single multiplexed peristaltic pump. The cultures are maintained at a 20 ml working volume, which is practical for a variety of applications. It is our hope that increasing throughput, decreasing expense, and providing detailed building and operation instructions may also motivate research and industrial application of this design as a general platform for functionally characterizing large numbers of strains, species, and growth parameters, as well as genetic or drug libraries.

We developed and validated a small-footprint array of miniature chemostats built from readily available parts for low cost. Physiological and experimental evolution results were similar to larger volume chemostats. The ministat array provides a compact, inexpensive, and accessible platform for traditional chemostat experiments, functional genomics, and chemical screening applications.

Concepção e utilização de matrizes quemostato Multiplexados

Chemostats are continuous culture systems in which cells are grown in a tightly controlled, chemically constant environment where culture density is ...

Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an affinity purified yeast kinase fusion protein containing a V5-epitope tag for read-out. Purified kinase is obtained through culture of a yeast strain optimized for high copy protein production harboring a plasmid containing a Kinase-V5 fusion construct under a GAL inducible promoter. The yeast is grown in restrictive media with a neutral carbon source for 6 hr followed by induction with 2% galactose. Next, the culture is harvested and kinase is purified using standard affinity chromatographic techniques to obtain a highly purified protein kinase for use in the assay. The purified kinase is diluted with kinase buffer to an appropriate range for the assay and the protein microarrays are blocked prior to hybridization with the protein microarray. After the hybridization, the arrays are probed with monoclonal V5 antibody to identify proteins bound by the kinase-V5 protein. Finally, the arrays are scanned using a standard microarray scanner, and data is extracted for downstream informatics analysis1,2 to determine a high confidence set of protein interactions for downstream validation in vivo.

Using protein microarrays containing nearly the entire S. cerevisiae proteome is probed for rapid unbiased interrogation of thousands of protein-protein interactions in parallel. This method can be utilized for protein-small molecule, posttranslational modification, and other assays in high-throughput.

Sondagem de alta densidade microarrays proteína funcional para detectar interacções proteína-proteína

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an ...