O trabalho foi suportado em parte pelo Instituto Nacional de Abuso de Drogas Center (P50 DA 011.806) e Exército dos Estados Unidos Departamento de Defesa (W81XWH-07-1-0183).

1. Impressão de microarrays miRNA personalizado <ol><li> Imprimir o microarray slides usando o microarray serviços instalação do núcleo de uma universidade ou uma empresa. A qualidade de microarray de fabricação é um dos fatores mais críticos para o sucesso de um experimento de microarray. Tente alguns serviços, se possível. Idealmente, seria imprimir 5-10 slides de cada vez, e todos os slides parecem idênticos, com bem separados, os pontos individuais. </li><li> Para suporte microarray, usamos as lâminas GAPS II revestido. </li><li> Para sondas de miRNA, usamos o nCode Multi-Species miRNA Microarray Probe Set V2. </li><li> Dissolver todos os oligonucleotídeos em 3 x SSC, 10 mM e quadruply imprimi-los nos slides. Corrigir os slides por irradiação ultravioleta acordo com as instruções para os slides GAAP II. Deslize o rótulo com uma caneta de diamante para marcar a área e laterais com as pontas de prova impressa. Loja em 22 ° C. </li></ol> 2. Preparação de amostras <ol><li> Qualquer métodoou reagente pode ser usado para isolar RNA, enquanto preserva pequenos RNAs. Geralmente usamos Trizol (Invitrogen) para extrair RNA total, com quantidade satisfatória e qualidade das preparações de RNA, medido por A 260nm e A 280nm leituras. </li><li> RNA para rotulagem, mix ~ 25 mg de RNA total com 0,5 mg de 5&#39;-PCU-DY547-3 &#39;6 em 1 x tampão (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.8, 20 mM MgCl 2, 10 mg / ml BSA, 10% DMSO), contendo ~ 20 unidades T4 RNA Ligase 1, suplementado com 10 mM DTT ~ e volume ~ 0,02-0,03 final do T4 10 x RNA Ligase um buffer para ATP. </li><li> Permitir a rotulagem para prosseguir no gelo dentro de uma geladeira por 2-24 horas. RNA precipitado com acetato de sódio 0,3 M e 3 volumes de etanol. Para ligação eficiente e precipitação, dissolver RNA total em mais de 2 mg / ml, e manter o volume total de ligadura em ~ 20 mL. <ol><li> Se RNA menos está disponível, a quantidade de entrada de RNA e 5&#39;-PCU-DY547-3 &#39;pode ser reduzida. &lt;/ Li&gt; <li> Se o RNA é muito diluída, adicione portador tal como o tRNA de levedura para ajudar na precipitação. </li></ol></li><li> Combinar e rótulo em mg um total de oligonucleotídeos de referência DNA correspondente a um subconjunto de miRNAs em mamíferos usando o Ulysis Alexa Fluor 647 Kit Rotulagem de Ácido Nucleico 6 como um controle para o processo de hibridização. Purificar o DNA rotulados com uma coluna CentriSep e salvar no escuro a -20 ° C. </li></ol> 3. Hibridação de microarrays <ol><li> Para utilizar os slides, pela primeira vez, pré-hibridizar os slides em uma solução filtrada de 3 x SSC, 0,1% SDS, BSA 0,2% por 30-60 min a 37 ° C. Submergir em água algumas vezes, então, em isopropanol. Secar as lâminas usando uma centrífuga com um adaptador de slide de 100 g por 5 min a 22 ° C. </li></ol> Nota: Nós usamos câmaras Corning hibridização microarray e mSeries Erie Científico de Lifterslips para realizar a hibridação microarray. <ol start="2"><li> Lavar o lifterslips em água, em seguida, em etanol, antes da secagem ao ar. Coloque um slide dentro de uma base da câmara de hibridização de microarrays, e um lifterslip em cima do slide. O lifterslip vai cobrir a área da sonda, com o seu contato com a tiras brancas slide. </li><li> No escuro, girar o precipitado, RNA marcados. Lavá-lo uma vez com etanol 70%, eo ar seco do sedimento. O pellet deve ser avermelhada. </li><li> Prepare uma solução de hibridização contendo 400 mM Na 2 HPO 4 pH 7,0, 0,8% BSA, 5% SDS, 12% formamida 6 com 1/15-1/100 mL do purificado, rotulados de referência DNA (2,4) por amostra de RNA. A quantidade de DNA de referência adicionada depende de quantos diferentes oligonucleotídeos são rotulados (2.4). Se houver mais de 100, em seguida, menos de diluição é necessária. </li><li> Dissolver o sedimento RNA bem com ~ 60 mL da solução de hibridização. </li><li> Adicionar 20 l de água para cada um dos poços de umidificação na base da câmara Corning microarray de hibridização. </li><li> Adicionar tele mistura de RNA e DNA rotulados de referência para o slide. Use a ponta da pipeta fina, suave toque na borda da lifterslip, e permitir que a solução para entrar no espaço entre o lifterslip e deslize através de sucção. </li><li> Coloque a câmara de hibridação tampa sobre a base, em seguida, selar a câmara com clipes de metal. </li><li> Coloque toda a câmara dentro do saco plástico que vem com a cassete da câmara de Corning. </li><li> Coloque a cassete da câmara (s) dentro de um recipiente com papel toalha molhada; cobrir o recipiente com filme plástico e coloque-o dentro de um 37 ° C úmido, cultura de células incubadora para ~ 24 horas. Estas precauções (3.6, 3.9, 3.10) garantir que a solução de hibridização não seca durante a incubação. </li></ol> 4. Pós-processamento de hibridização <ol><li> Desmonte a câmara de cassetes, um por um. Slides submergir e na sua lifterslip em 2 x SSC a 22 ° C. O lifterslip caberá naturalmente fora do slide. Coloque-o em 0,8 x SSC. Lavaros slides em 0,8 x SSC duas, três vezes em 0,4 x SSC, 1-2 min no total. Secar as lâminas usando uma centrífuga com um adaptador de slide. Lave o lifterslips com água e guarde para reutilização posterior. </li><li> Digitalizar os slides com qualquer scanner apropriado, por exemplo, a Perkin Elmer 5000 ou ScanArray Molecular Devices Axon GenePix 4000B scanner microarray. Varredura em comprimentos de onda próximo a 547 nm e 647 nm para obter os arquivos de imagem correspondente. </li><li> Use programas como o BlueFuse para quantificar intensidade dos pixels na entrada, arquivos de imagem de 4.2). Inspecionar os pontos individuais com o programa para excluir manchas anormais na microarrays de análise mais aprofundada. Essas manchas anormais geralmente surgem a partir de impressão de slides pobres ou deslize após a manipulação de hibridização. </li><li> Utilizar programas como Excel e GeneSpring para análise de dados e apresentação. Considerações gerais para normalização de dados microarray aplicar, o que está além do escopo deste artigo. </li><li> Uma vez que os sinais satisfatórios são obtidos after 4.3), tira as lâminas de microarrays para reutilização 7. Enxágüe as lâminas em água, em seguida, mergulhar na pré-aquecido, 1 mM NaOH e 0,1 x SSC em um prato de coloração a 62 ° C por 10-20 minutos. Repita a incubação uma vez. Lave o C. slides algumas vezes em água por até 60 minutos com agitação suave a 22 ° Secar as lâminas usando uma centrífuga, e armazenar a 22 ° C. </li><li> Para utilizar os slides regenerados, não é necessário pré-hibridizar-los novamente. Basta lavá-los em água seguido de isopropanol, seco e as lâminas direita antes de hibridização. </li></ol> 5. Resultados representativos: Temos em grande parte seguido os procedimentos descritos para perfil de expressão de miRNA mundial em milhares de amostras, ou seja, RNAs isolados de zebrafish a espécime humana sob diversas condições. A Figura 1 mostra uma imagem digitalizada de um microarray de demonstrar sinais de hibridação muito precisa e forte na slide. O Relacionados Pearsonsobre os coeficientes técnicos entre réplicas de hibridização de microarrays são ~ 0.99 7, indicando excelente reprodutibilidade. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3250/3250fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1 Imagem composta de uma lâmina de microarray miRNA digitalizados após hibridização. Manchas vermelhas resultou de hibridizações pelo DNA de referência, pontos verdes a partir da amostra de RNA DY547-rotulados, enquanto as manchas amarelas eram de hibridizações por ambos DNA e RNA para as mesmas sondas.

<ol>
	<li>Ambros, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+functions+of+animal+microRNAs.">The functions of animal microRNAs.</a> Nature. 431, 350-355 (2004).</li><li>Friedman, R. C., Farh, K. K., Burge, C. B., Bartel, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Most+mammalian+mRNAs+are+conserved+targets+of+microRNAs.">Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs.</a> Genome Res. 19, 92-105 (2009).</li><li>Chekulaeva, M., Filipowicz, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+miRNA-mediated+post-transcriptional+regulation+in+animal+cells.">Mechanisms of miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation in animal cells.</a> Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 21, 452-460 (2009).</li><li>Farazi, T. A., Spitzer, J. I., Morozov, P., Tuschl, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miRNAs+in+human+cancer.">miRNAs in human cancer.</a> J. Pathol. 223, 102-115 (2011).</li><li>Small, E. M., Olson, E. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pervasive+roles+of+microRNAs+in+cardiovascular+biology.">Pervasive roles of microRNAs in cardiovascular biology.</a> Nature. 469, 336-342 (2011).</li><li>Thomson, J. M., Parker, J., Perou, C. M., Hammond, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+custom+microarray+platform+for+analysis+of+microRNA+gene+expression.">A custom microarray platform for analysis of microRNA gene expression.</a> Nat. Methods. 1, 47-53 (2004).</li><li>Zhang, X., Xu, W., Tan, J., Zeng, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stripping+custom+microRNA+microarrays+and+the+lessons+learned+about+probe:slide+interactions.">Stripping custom microRNA microarrays and the lessons learned about probe:slide interactions.</a> Anal. Biochem. 386, 222-227 (2009).</li><li>Griffiths-Jones, S., Saini, H. K., van Dongen, S., Enright, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miRBase:+tools+for+microRNA+genomics.">miRBase: tools for microRNA genomics.</a> Nucl. Acids. Res. 36, D154-D158 (2008).</li><li>Landgraf, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mammalian+microRNA+expression+atlas+based+on+small+RNA+library+sequencing.">A mammalian microRNA expression atlas based on small RNA library sequencing.</a> Cell. 129, 1401-1414 (2007).</li><li>Chiang, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammalian+microRNAs:+experimental+evaluation+of+novel+and+previously+annotated+genes.">Mammalian microRNAs: experimental evaluation of novel and previously annotated genes.</a> Genes. Dev. 24, 992-1009 (2010).</li></ol>

Não há conflitos de interesse declarados.

Apesar dos avanços recentes nas tecnologias de seqüenciamento de profundidade, microarray continua a ser uma opção viável para high-throughput análise de DNA e RNA. Comparado ao seqüenciamento de profundidade, as experiências microarray são mais baratos, e um laboratório de biologia molecular típico pode executar a maioria dos experimentos e análise de dados in-house, o que permite flexibilidade e economiza tempo. No futuro, é provável microarrays adequado para interrogar intensamente conjuntos de genes, p...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Itens </th><th> Vendedor </th><th> Número de catálogo </th><th> Comentários </th></tr><tr><td> NCode Multi-Species miRNA Microarray Probe Set V2 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> MIRMPS201 </td><td> Desenhado com base nos miRBase Release 9.0 (Outubro de 2006). Ele contém ~ 1140 sem modificações, 34-44 nt oligonucleotídeos longos como sondas para voar worm,, peixe-zebra, rato, rato, e miRNAs humanos, e um número de sondas de controle interno, como snoRNAs. As sondas de miRNA são doublets das seqüências complementares de miRNAs maduros, daí o tamanho de ~ 44 nt. Para a análise de um pode se concentrar em miRNAs de um genoma particular (s) de interesse. </td></tr><tr><td> Trizol </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 15596018 </td><td> Temos também utilizado enriquecido, fração de RNA pequeno de rotulagem, embora total de amostras de RNA são mais rápidos e mais fáceis de preparar e de quantificar e adequado para aplicações a jusante como a análise de mRNA. </td></tr><tr><td> T4 RNA Ligase 1 </td><td> New England Biolabs </td><td> M0204L </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Ulysis Alexa Fluor 647 Kit Rotulagem de Ácido Nucleico </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> U21660 </td><td> Este kit ou produtos similares podem ser usados ​​para rotular amostras experimentais RNA ou um RNA de controlo (em vez de DNA de controle) também. </td></tr><tr><td> 5&#39;-PCU-DY547-3 &#39; </td><td> Dharmacon </td><td> Feitos </td><td> Fração pequena do RNA pode ser igualmente marcada pela ligadura. </td></tr><tr><td> Colunas CentriSep </td><td> Separações Princeton </td><td> CS-901 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> GAPSII corrediça revestida </td><td> Corning </td><td> 40004 </td><td> Outros tipos de slides podem ser usados ​​também. </td></tr><tr><td> Hibridização câmaras de microarray </td><td> Corning </td><td> 2551 ou 40080 </td><td> Outros tipos de câmaras de hibridação e lamínulas também deve funcionar. Utilização de máquinas de hibridização comercialmente disponíveis podem reduzir o tempo de hibridização significativamente, por exemplo, a ~ 2 horas. </td></tr><tr><td> Lifterslips </td><td> ThErmo / Erie Scientific </td><td> 25X60I-M5439-001-LS </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> BlueFuse </td><td> BlueGenome </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> GeneSpring </td><td> Agilent </td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

performing custom microrna microarray experiments

microRNAs (miRNAs) são uma grande família de ~ 22 nucleotídeos (nt) longas moléculas de RNA, que são amplamente expressos em eucariotos 1. Genomas complexos codificam pelo menos centenas de miRNAs, que principalmente inibir a expressão de um vasto número de genes-alvo pós-transcricionalmente 2, 3. miRNAs controlam uma ampla gama de processos biológicos 1. Além disso, a expressão de miRNA alterados tem sido associado com doenças humanas como câncer e miRNAs podem servir como biomarcadores para doenças e prognóstico 4, 5. É importante, portanto, entender a expressão de miRNAs e funções sob diversas condições. Três abordagens principais têm sido empregadas para expressão perfil de miRNA: real-time PCR, microarranjos, seqüenciamento e profunda. A técnica de microarray miRNA tem a vantagem de ser de alto rendimento, geralmente menos caro, ea maioria das etapas experimentais e análise pode ser carried em um laboratório de biologia molecular na maioria das universidades, as escolas médicas e hospitais associados. Aqui, nós descrevemos um método para a realização de experimentos de microarray miRNA personalizado. Um conjunto de sonda de miRNA serão impressas em lâminas de vidro para produzir microarrays miRNA. RNA é isolado usando um método ou reagente que preserva espécies de pequenos RNA, e então marcadas com um corante fluorescente. Como controle, oligonucleotídeos referência DNA correspondente a um subconjunto de miRNAs também estão marcadas com um corante fluorescente diferente. O DNA de referência servirá para demonstrar a qualidade do slide e hibridação e também será utilizado para a normalização de dados. O RNA e DNA são misturados e hibridizado com uma lâmina de microarray contendo sondas para a maioria dos miRNAs na base de dados. Após a lavagem, o slide é digitalizada para obter imagens e intensidades dos pontos individuais quantificadas. Esses sinais-prima será processada e analisada como os dados da expressão do miRNAs correspondente. Microaslides rray pode ser descascado e regenerado para reduzir o custo de microarrays e para reforçar a coerência das experiências microarray. Os mesmos princípios e procedimentos são aplicáveis ​​a outros tipos de experimentos de microarray personalizado.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Performing Custom MicroRNA Microarray Experiments at JoVE.com

Performing Custom MicroRNA Microarray Experiments

Um procedimento simples de realizar experimentos de microarray personalizado microRNA é descrito. As etapas incluem isolar RNA, rotulagem RNA e DNA de referência, hibridação as amostras para microarrays, a digitalização da microarrays, quantificar e analisar os sinais de hibridização.

A realização de experimentos de Microarray personalizado MicroRNA

microRNAs (miRNAs) are a large family of &tilde; 22 nucleotides (nt) long RNA molecules that are widely expressed in eukaryotes 1.  Complex genomes encode ...

performing-custom-microrna-microarray-experiments

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

19.4K visualizações.  University of Minnesota. Um procedimento simples de realizar experimentos de microarray personalizado microRNA é descrito. As etapas incluem isolar RNA, rotulagem RNA e DNA de referência, hibridação as amostras para microarrays, a digitalização da microarrays, quantificar e analisar os sinais de hibridização.

Vídeo: Performing Custom MicroRNA Microarray Experiments

Gibberella zeae Ascospore Production and Collection for Microarray Experiments.

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is a plant pathogen causing scab disease on wheat and barley that reduces crop yield and grain quality. F. graminearum also causes stalk and ear rots of maize and is a producer of mycotoxins such as the trichothecenes that contaminate grain and are harmful to humans and livestock (Goswami and Kistler, 2004).

The fungus produces two types of spores. Ascospores, the propagules resulting from sexual reproduction, are the main source of primary infection.  These spores are forcibly discharged from mature perithecia and dispersed by wind (Francl et al 1999). Secondary infections are mainly caused by macroconidia which are produced by asexual means on the plant surface. To study the developmental processes of ascospores in this fungus, a procedure for their collection in large quantity under sterile conditions was required. Our protocol was filmed in order to generate the highest level of information for understanding and reproducibility; crucial aspects when full genome gene expression profiles are generated and interpreted. In particular, the variability of ascospore germination and biological activity are dependent on the prior manipulation of the material. The use of video for documenting every step in ascospore production is proposed in order to increase standardization, complying with the increasingly stringent requirements for microarray analysis. The procedure requires only standard laboratory equipment. Steps are shown to prevent contamination and favor time synchronization of ascospores.

To study the developmental processes of ascospores in Gibberella zeae, a procedure for collection under sterile conditions is filmed in order to generate the highest level of information for protocol description. This should facilitate the reproducibility of the experiment, a crucial aspect when full genome expression profile tests are implemented.

Gibberella zeae produção de ascósporos e Coleta de Experimentos de Microarray.

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is a plant pathogen causing scab disease on wheat and barley that reduces crop yield and grain ...

Biologia

Preparation of Artificial Bilayers for Electrophysiology Experiments

Planar lipid bilayers, also called artificial lipid bilayers, allow you to study ion-conducting channels in a well-defined environment. These bilayers can be used for many different studies, such as the characterization of membrane-active peptides, the reconstitution of ion channels or investigations on how changes in lipid bilayer properties alter the function of bilayer-spanning channels.  Here, we show how to form a planar bilayer and how to isolate small patches from the bilayer, and in a second video  will also demonstrate a procedure for using gramicidin channels to determine changes in lipid bilayer elastic properties.   We also demonstrate the individual steps needed to prepare the bilayer chamber, the electrodes and how to test that the bilayer is suitable for single-channel measurements.

Planar lipid bilayers, also called artificial lipid bilayers, allow you to study ion-conducting channels in a well-defined environment. Here, we demonstrate the individual steps needed to prepare the bilayer chamber, the electrodes and how to test that the bilayer is suitable for single-channel measurements.

Preparação de Bicamadas Artificial para Experimentos Eletrofisiologia

Planar lipid bilayers, also called artificial lipid bilayers, allow you to study ion-conducting channels in a well-defined environment. These bilayers can ...

Processing the Loblolly Pine PtGen2 cDNA Microarray

PtGen2 is a 26,496 feature cDNA microarray containing amplified loblolly pine ESTs. The array is produced in our laboratory for use by researchers studying gene expression in pine and other conifer species. PtGen2 was developed as a result of our gene discovery efforts in loblolly pine, and is comprised of sequences identified primarily from root tissues, but also from needle and stem.1,2 PtGen2 has been tested by hybridizing different Cy-dye labeled conifer target cDNAs, using both amplified and non-amplified indirect labeling methods, and also tested with a number of hybridization and washing conditions. This video focuses on the handling and processing of slides before and after pre-hybridization, as well as after hybridization, using some modifications to procedures developed previously.3,4 Also included, in text form only, are the protocols used for the generation, labeling and clean up of target cDNA s, as well as information on software used for downstream data processing. 
PtGen2 is printed with a proprietary print buffer that contains high concentrations of salt that can be difficult to remove completely. The slides are washed first in a warm SDS solution prior to pre-hybridization. After pre-hybridization, the slides are washed vigorously in several changes of water to complete removal of remaining salts. LifterSlips&trade; are then cleaned and positioned on the slides and labeled cDNA is carefully loaded onto the microarray by way of capillary action which provides for even distribution of the sample across the slide, and reduces the chance of bubble incorporation. Hybridization of targets to the array is done at 48&deg;C in high humidity conditions. After hybridization, a series of standard washes are done at 53&deg;C and room temperature for extended times. Processing PtGen2 slides using this technique reduces salt and SDS-derived artifacts often seen when the array is processed less rigorously. Hybridizing targets derived from several different conifer RNA sources, this processing protocol yielded fewer artifacts, reduced background, and provided better consistency among different experimental groups of arrays.

The cDNA microarray PtGen2 was developed for gene expression studies in loblolly pine, P. taeda, and other conifer species. Here, we show pre- and post-hybridization handling and washing techniques that can be used with this array to yield better consistency, reduced artifacts, and lower backgrounds.

Processamento do Loblolly Pine PtGen2 cDNA Microarray

PtGen2 is a 26,496 feature cDNA microarray containing amplified loblolly pine ESTs.  The array is produced in our laboratory for use by researchers ...

Global Gene Expression Analysis Using a Zebrafish Oligonucleotide Microarray Platform

Gene microarray technology permits quantitative measurement and gene expression profiling of transcript levels on a genome-wide basis. Gene microarray technology is used in numerous biological disciplines in a variety of applications including global gene expression analysis in relation to developmental stage, to a disease state, and in toxic responses. Herein, we include a demonstration of global gene expression analysis using a comprehensive zebrafish-specific oligonucleotide microarray platform. The zebrafish expression microarray platform contains 385,000 probes, 60 base pairs in length, interrogating 37,157 targets with up to 12 probes per target. For this platform, all cDNA and genomic information available for the zebrafish was collected from various genomic databases including Ensembl (http://www.ensembl.org), VEGA (http://vega.sanger.ac.uk), UCSC (http://genome.ucsc.edu), and ZFIN (http://www.zfin.org). As a result this expression array provides complete coverage of the current zebrafish transcriptome. The zebrafish expression microarray was printed by Roche NimbleGen (Madison, WI). This technical demonstration includes the fluorescent labeling of a cDNA product, hybridization of the labeled cDNA product to the microarray platform, and array scanning for signal acquisition using the one color analysis strategy.  

Gene microarrays are powerful tools in gene expression profiling at a genome-wide level. This technology has application in a variety of biological disciplines including developmental biology and toxicology. In this video, we detail a protocol for global gene expression analysis using a comprehensive oligonucleotide microarray platform for the zebrafish.

Análise da expressão global de Gene usando uma plataforma Microarray Zebrafish Oligonucleotide

Gene microarray technology permits quantitative measurement and gene expression profiling of transcript levels on a genome-wide basis. Gene microarray ...

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidizing agent. In the experiment, yeast is grown for 48 hours in 1/2X YPD broth containing 3X glucose. The culture is split into a control and treated group. The experiment culture is treated with 0.5 mM H2O2 in Hanks Buffered Saline (HBSS) for 1 hour. The control culture is treated with HBSS only. Total RNA is extracted from both cultures and is converted to a biotin-labeled cRNA product through a multistep process. The final synthesis product is taken back to the UVM Microarray Core Facility and hybridized to the Affymetrix yeast GeneChips. The resulting gene expression data are uploaded into bioinformatics data analysis software.

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidizing agent.

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen ...

Genome Editing with CompoZr Custom Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs)

Genome editing is a powerful technique that can be used to elucidate gene function and the genetic basis of disease. Traditional gene editing methods such as chemical-based mutagenesis or random integration of DNA sequences confer indiscriminate genetic changes in an overall inefficient manner and require incorporation of undesirable synthetic sequences or use of aberrant culture conditions, potentially confusing biological study. By contrast, transient ZFN expression in a cell can facilitate precise, heritable gene editing in a highly efficient manner without the need for administration of chemicals or integration of synthetic transgenes.
Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) are enzymes which bind and cut distinct sequences of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). A functional CompoZr ZFN unit consists of two individual monomeric proteins that bind a DNA "half-site" of approximately 15-18 nucleotides (see Figure 1). When two ZFN monomers "home" to their adjacent target sites the DNA-cleavage domains dimerize and create a double-strand break (DSB) in the DNA.1 Introduction of ZFN-mediated DSBs in the genome lays a foundation for highly efficient genome editing. Imperfect repair of DSBs in a cell via the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway can result in small insertions and deletions (indels). Creation of indels within the gene coding sequence of a cell can result in frameshift and subsequent functional knockout of a gene locus at high efficiency.2 While this protocol describes the use of ZFNs to create a gene knockout, integration of transgenes may also be conducted via homology-directed repair at the ZFN cut site.
The CompoZr Custom ZFN Service represents a systematic, comprehensive, and well-characterized approach to targeted gene editing for the scientific community with ZFN technology. Sigma scientists work closely with investigators to 1) perform due diligence analysis including analysis of relevant gene structure, biology, and model system pursuant to the project goals, 2) apply this knowledge to develop a sound targeting strategy, 3) then design, build, and functionally validate ZFNs for activity in a relevant cell line. The investigator receives positive control genomic DNA and primers, and ready-to-use ZFN reagents supplied in both plasmid DNA and in-vitro transcribed mRNA format. These reagents may then be delivered for transient expression in the investigator&#x2019;s cell line or cell type of choice. Samples are then tested for gene editing at the locus of interest by standard molecular biology techniques including PCR amplification, enzymatic digest, and electrophoresis. After positive signal for gene editing is detected in the initial population, cells are single-cell cloned and genotyped for identification of mutant clones/alleles.

Genome Editing with CompoZr Custom Zinc Finger Nucleases ZFNs

The CompoZr Custom Zinc-Finger Nuclease (ZFN) Service enables precise genome editing in any organism or cell line at any locus defined by the user. This article describes the process for the design, manufacture, validation and implementation of the CompoZr Custom ZFN Service.

Genoma Edição com CompoZr personalizados Nucleases dedo de zinco (ZFNs)

Genome editing is a powerful technique that can be used to elucidate gene function and the genetic basis of disease. Traditional gene editing methods such ...

MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues

In this article we describe a method for colorimetric detection of miRNA in the kidney through in situ hybridization with digoxigenin tagged microRNA probes. This protocol, originally developed by Kloosterman and colleagues for broad use with Exiqon miRNA probes1, has been modified to overcome challenges inherent in miRNA analysis in kidney tissues. These include issues such as structure identification and hard to remove residual probe and antibody. Use of relatively thin, 5 mm thick, tissue sections allowed for clear visualization of kidney structures, while a strong probe signal was retained in cells. Additionally, probe concentration and incubation conditions were optimized to facilitate visualization of microRNA expression with low background and nonspecific signal. Here, the optimized protocol is described, covering the initial tissue collection and preparation through the mounting of slides at the end of the procedure. The basic components of this protocol can be altered for application to other tissues and cell culture models.

MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues

This article describes an in situ hybridization protocol optimized for colormetric detection of microRNA expression in formalin fixed kidney sections.

MicroRNA<em&gt; Em situ</em&gt; Hibridização de tecidos de rim fixadas em formalina

In this article we describe a method for colorimetric detection of miRNA in the kidney through in situ hybridization with digoxigenin tagged microRNA ...

In Vivo Nanovector Delivery of a Heart-specific MicroRNA-sponge

MicroRNA (miRNA) is small non-coding RNA which inhibits post-transcriptional messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Human diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, have been shown to activate tissue and/or cell-specific miRNA expression associated with disease progression. The inhibition of miRNA expression offers the potential for a therapeutic intervention. However, traditional approaches to inhibit miRNAs, employing antagomir oligonucleotides, affect specific miRNA functions upon global delivery. Herein, we present a protocol for the in vivo cardio-specific inhibition of the miR-181 family in a rat model. A miRNA-sponge construct is designed to include 10 repeated anti-miR-181 binding sequences. The cardio-specific &#945;-MHC promoter is cloned into the pEGFP backbone to drive the cardio-specific miR-181 miRNA-sponge expression. To create a stable cell line expressing the miR-181-sponge, myoblast H9c2 cells are transfected with the &#945;-MHC-EGFP-miR-181-sponge construct and sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACs) into GFP positive H9c2 cells which are cultured with neomycin (G418). Following stable growth in neomycin, monoclonal cell populations are established by additional FACs and single cell cloning. The resulting myoblast H9c2-miR-181-sponge-GFP cells exhibit a loss of function of miR-181 family members as assessed through the increased expression of miR-181 target proteins and compared to H9c2 cells expressing a scramble non-functional sponge. In addition, we develop a nanovector for the systemic delivery of the miR-181-sponge construct by complexing positively charged liposomal nanoparticles and negatively charged miR-181-sponge plasmids. In vivo imaging of GFP reveals that multiple tail vein injections of a nanovector over a three-week period are able to promote a significant expression of the miR-181-sponge in a cardio-specific manner. Importantly, a loss of miR-181 function is observed in the heart tissue but not in the kidney or the liver. The miRNA-sponge is a powerful method to inhibit tissue-specific miRNA expression. Driving the miRNA-sponge expression from a tissue-specific promoter provides specificity for the miRNA inhibition, which can be confined to a targeted organ or tissue. Furthermore, combining nanovector and miRNA-sponge technologies permits an effective delivery and tissue-specific miRNA inhibition in vivo.

In Vivo Nanovector Delivery of a Heart-specific MicroRNA-sponge

Tissue-specific microRNA inhibition is a technology that is underdeveloped in the microRNA field. Herein, we describe a protocol to successfully inhibit the miR-181 microRNA family in myoblast cells from the heart. Nanovector technology is used to deliver a microRNA sponge that demonstrates significant in vivo cardio-specific miR-181 family inhibition.

Na Vivo Entrega de nanovector de uma coração-específicas do MicroRNA-esponja

MicroRNA (miRNA) is small non-coding RNA which inhibits post-transcriptional messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Human diseases, such as cancer and ...

CRISPR Gene Editing Tool for MicroRNA Cluster Network Analysis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important cellular regulators (tumor suppressors, pro-oncogenic factors) of cancer and metastasis. Most published studies focus on a single miRNA when characterizing the role of small RNAs in cancer. However, ~30%&#160;of human miRNA genes are organized in clustered units that are often co-expressed, indicating a complex and coordinated system of noncoding RNA regulation. A clearer understating of how clustered miRNA networks function cooperatively to regulate tumor growth, cancer aggressiveness, and drug resistance is required before translating noncoding small RNAs to the clinic.
The use of a high-throughput clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-mediated gene editing procedure has been employed to study the oncogenic role of a genomic cluster of seven miRNA genes located within a locus spanning ~35,000 bp in length in the context of prostate cancer. For this approach, human cancer cell lines were infected with a lentivirus vector for doxycycline (DOX)-inducible Cas9 nuclease grown in DOX-containing medium for 48 h. The cells were subsequently co-transfected with synthetic trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA) complexed with genomic site-specific CRISPR RNA (crRNA) oligonucleotides to allow the rapid generation of cancer cell lines carrying the entire miRNA cluster deletion and individual or combination miRNA gene cluster deletions within a single experiment.
The advantages of this high-throughput gene editing system are the ability to avoid time-consuming DNA vector subcloning, the flexibility in transfecting cells with unique guide RNA combinations in a 24-well format, and the lower-cost PCR genotyping using crude cell lysates. Studies using this streamlined approach promise to uncover functional redundancies and synergistic/antagonistic interactions between miRNA cluster members, which will aid in characterizing the complex small noncoding RNA networks involved in human disease and better inform future therapeutic design.

This protocol describes a high-throughput clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) gene editing workflow for microRNA cluster network analysis that allows the rapid generation of a panel of genetically modified cell lines carrying unique miRNA cluster member deletion combinations as large as 35 kb within a single experiment.

Ferramenta de edição de genes CRISPR para análise de rede de cluster microrna

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important cellular regulators (tumor suppressors, pro-oncogenic factors) of cancer and metastasis. Most published ...

Performing Muscle Cryoinjury on a Zebrafish

For performing the myomere cryoinjury on zebrafish, use a custom manufactured stainless steel cryoprobe. To avoid frostbite while handling the probe during the procedure, insert the probe handle into a pipette tip and secure it by wrapping it with tape. Before beginning with the cryoinjury procedure, prepare a beaker for the anesthesia working solution, a spoon for handling the fish, a moist sponge, and a tank with system water for post-procedure recovery of the fish.Prepare the anesthesia stock solution following the steps shown on the screen. Then add four milliliters of the prepared stock solution to 100 milliliters of system water in a beaker to prepare the tricaine working solution. To begin the cryoinjury procedure, immerse the probe in liquid nitrogen for a minimum of three minutes.Wet the sponge in system water and place it on a flat surface. Then one to two minutes after transferring a single adult zebrafish into the tricaine working solution, confirm its unresponsiveness by touching the fish gently with the spoon. Place the anesthetized fish onto the wet sponge.Locate the caudal peduncle posterior to the anal fin and anterior to the caudal fin. At this stage, remove the cryoprobe from the liquid nitrogen. Shake the probe gently to ensure no residual liquid nitrogen remains on the tip.Place the edge of the spatula perpendicular to the body on the caudal peduncle. Keep the probe in this position for six seconds without applying pressure, before releasing the cryoprobe from the tissue. Then transfer the fish into the system water in the recovery tank.Monitor the fish while it resumes breathing and swimming after waking up from the anesthesia. If opercular movements do not occur after 30 seconds, stimulate the fish by pipetting system water into the gills until the animal initiates respiration by itself. Video recording of control and cryoinjured fish at one day post-injury or DPCI revealed that although the cryoinjured fish swam less actively, they did not display any abnormal movements, such as swirling, convolution, or reduced equilibrium.In the husbandry system, their position in the tank and food intake was similar to those of the uninjured fish. As observed at 5 DPCI, normal behavior was still persistent indicating the cryoinjury procedure did not severely affect the wellbeing of the animals.