Este trabalho foi apoiado pela Fundação Alexander von Humboldt (5090371), a Kühne Centro de Christine de Alergia Pesquisa e Educação (CK-CARE), eo Bayerischen Staatsministerium (para KD).

1. Isolamento SKP de culturas primárias de fibroblastos <ol><li> Culturas de fibroblastos quer a partir de bancos de células ou directamente obtidos a partir de biópsias de pele são mantidas em cultura em meio de crescimento de fibroblastos DMEM contendo 15% de soro fetal de vitelo, glutamina 2 mM, 10 mg / ml de penicilina e 10 mg / ml de estreptomicina. </li></ol> Fibroblastos humanos e GMO3349C GMO8398A foram obtidos a partir da Coriell Institute for Medical Research (Camden, NJ) e foram usadas neste estudo. <ol start="2"><li> Culturas de duplicações da população (PPV) de 20 a 35 foram utilizados para culturas de SKP numa confluência de 80%. Um 10 centímetros de tecido prato de cultura (BD Falcon) contém cerca de 1.5x10 6 células. </li><li> Lavar as células com PBS e incubar com 2 ml de solução de tripsina (0,25%, Invitrogen) durante 1 hora a 37 ° C. </li><li> Recolha de células a partir da placa com 5 ml de PBS e transferir a suspensão de células para um tubo Falcon de 15 ml. </li><li> Incubar as células a 4 ° C durante 24 horas. </li><li> Prepara meio de crescimento SKP consistindo de DMEM-F12, 3:1 (v / v) e 40 ng / mL de FGF2 (BD Biosciences, 20 ng / ml de EGF (BD Biosciences), suplemento B27 livre de soro a 2% (Invitrogen), 1 ug / ml de Fungizone (Invitrogen) e 25 mM / ml de gentamicina (Invitrogen). </li><li> Agregar as células a 1.200 rpm durante 5 min e ressuspender o sedimento de células directamente em 4 ml de meio de crescimento SKP. Transferir a suspensão celular para cm a 25 garrafa de cultura de tecidos 2 (BD Falcon). </li><li> Incubar o balão a 37 ° C e monitorar a cultura para a formação da esfera por dia durante 3 a 4 semanas. </li></ol> 2. Esfera Cultura Condições <ol><li> Culturas de células em um balão de 2 25 cm (BD Falcon) a 37 ° C, 5% de CO 2. </li><li> Agitar o frasco vigorosamente diariamente para evitar as células a aderir ao fundo do frasco. Se necessário, pipetar para cima e para baixo com uma pipeta de 2 ml estéril para separar as células aderentes e transferir a cultura para um novo frasco. </li><li> Primeiras esferas começar a construir dentro de 3 tØ 4 dias. </li><li> Deixe esferas sedimento no fundo do frasco e a mudança de metade do meio a cada 3 dias. Para manter a mesma concentração final de factores de crescimento 2X adicionar factores de crescimento ao meio de crescimento SKP preparados. </li><li> Manter o volume constante máximo de 4 ml. </li><li> Quando esferas atingir um tamanho de ~ 200 milímetros devem ser passadas por quebrar as esferas de tamanho menor por vigorosa pipetando para cima e para baixo com uma pipeta 2 ml. </li><li> A cultura é dividida em duas 25 centímetros dois frascos (BD Falcon) e as esferas são culturas de alimentação, tal como descrito na etapa 2.4.) </li><li> Spheres são coletadas para marcadores de células-tronco de triagem por dia 16 a 21. </li></ol> O procedimento de 2,6) e 2,7) descrevem a propagação das esferas para (1) permite que os nutrientes e factores de crescimento em meio de SKP incluídos para aceder a todas as células dentro de cada esfera e (2) a expansão da cultura esfera SKP antes da utilização. Normalmente culturas Esfera sob os nossos cucondições LTURE manter a capacidade de crescer durante um período de três meses, e são passadas entre 3 a 4 vezes. 3. Imunocitoquímica para marcadores de células-tronco <ol><li> Esfera culturas são colhidas em PBS por dia 16 a 21. As culturas são sedimentados a 1000 rpm durante 5 min. </li><li> As esferas são ressuspensas num pequeno volume de PBS. </li><li> Desenhe dois círculos com uma caneta DAKO de cerca de 0,5 m de diâmetro em lâminas de microscópio (marca Fisher). </li><li> Adicionar 50 ml de suspensão esfera para os círculos. </li><li> Verificar por microscopia de luz para a presença de esferas em cada gota. </li><li> Deixe as gotas seca sob o capô. </li><li> Ou congelar as lâminas a -80 ° C, ou continuar com o protocolo de coloração de imunofluorescência. </li><li> Para coloração por imunofluorescência, fixar as lâminas com metanol pré-arrefecido (100%) a -20 ° C durante 10 min. </li><li> Lavar as lâminas com PBS. </li><li> Bloquear os slides com PBS/10% de soro fetal bovino / 0,02% Triton X100durante pelo menos 1 hr. </li><li> Incubar com anticorpo primário (por exemplo, anti-nestina, anti-Oct4, anti-TG30, os anticorpos anti-Nanog, Tabela 3) diluídos em tampão de bloqueio: PBS/10% de SFB durante 2 horas à temperatura ambiente ou durante a noite a 4 ° C. </li><li> Lavar 3 vezes com tampão de bloqueio e incubar com o anticorpo secundário durante 1 h à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Lavar 3 vezes com tampão de bloqueio e 3 vezes com PBS. </li><li> Monte slides com Vectashield meio de montagem (Vector Inc.). </li><li> Analisar amostras para a expressão de marcadores de células-tronco por meio de microscopia de imunofluorescência. </li></ol> 4. Análise de PCR em tempo real dos níveis de expressão de marcadores de células-tronco <ol><li> Tome cerca de 2-3 ml culturas Esfera do dia 18 a 21. </li><li> Pelota das esferas a 1.200 rpm por 5 min e aspirar todas as médias. </li><li> Isolar RNA a partir das esferas usando o Minikit RNeasy (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). </li><li> Avaliar a pureza por espectrometria de RNA e de gel de agarose. &lt;/ Li&gt; <li> Sintetizar cDNA (Omniscript transcriptase reversa (Qiagen)) usando o RNA total de celulares como modelo. </li><li> Validar os marcadores de células estaminais por-PCR em tempo real utilizando iniciadores para os marcadores de células estaminais (mostrados na Tabela 1) numa energia Mastermix SYBR Green PCR (Applied Biosystems), com uma concentração de 375 nM de cada iniciador e 50 ng de modelo em 20 ul volume de reacção. GAPDH é usada como controle endógeno. </li><li> Para a amplificação utilizar uma desnaturação inicial a 95 ° C durante 2,5 min, seguido de 40 ciclos a 95 ° C durante 5 sec e 60 ° C durante 20 seg. </li><li> Analisar a corrida com o método 2 8 (ΔΔCt). </li></ol> 5. Diferenciação direcionado para as células musculares lisas <ol><li> Esferas do dia 21-26 foram semeadas em placas de cultura de 6 poços (BD Falcon) em meio SKP. </li><li> As células foram deixadas aderir e de superar as esferas SKP em meio durante 72 horas. </li><li> As células musculares lisas (CML) difeião iniciado iniciada por substituiu o meio com meio de diferenciação SMC consistindo de alta concentração de glicose de Eagle Modificado por Dulbecco (Invitrogen) contendo 5% de FBS, 5 ng / ml de PDGF-BB (Invitrogen), e 2,5 ng / ml de TGF-b1 (Invitrogen) . </li><li> O meio foi mudado a cada 3 dias com meio recém-preparado diferenciação SMC durante um período de 3 a 4 semanas de cultura. </li><li> Rastreio de marcadores SMC foi realizada após 3 a 4 semanas de imuno-histoquímica. </li><li> As células foram fixadas com uma solução de paraformaldeído a 4% em PBS durante 10 min. </li><li> As células foram permeabilizadas com PBS contendo 0,3% de Triton X-100 durante 30 min. </li><li> As células foram incubadas com anticorpos contra αSMA (MO851, Dako, 1:100), ou calponina (M3556, Dako, 1:100) durante 1 hora à temperatura ambiente e ainda processados ​​como descrito no 3,12) a 3,15). </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Jahoda, C. A., Whitehouse, J., Reynolds, A. J., Hole, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hair+follicle+dermal+cells+differentiate+into+adipogenic+and+osteogenic+lineages.">Hair follicle dermal cells differentiate into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages.</a> Exp. Dermatol. 12, 849 (2003).</li><li>Watt, F. M., Celso, L. o., C, V., Silva-Vargas, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+stem+cells:+an+update.">Epidermal stem cells: an update.</a> Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 16, 518 (2006).</li><li>Blanpain, C., Horsley, V., Fuchs, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial+stem+cells:+turning+over+new+leaves.">Epithelial stem cells: turning over new leaves.</a> Cell. 128, 445 (2007).</li><li>Hunt, D. P., Jahoda, C., Chandran, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multipotent+skin-derived+precursors:+from+biology+to+clinical+translation.">Multipotent skin-derived precursors: from biology to clinical translation.</a> Vurr. Opin. Biotechnol. 20, 522 (2009).</li><li>Toma, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+multipotent+adult+stem+cells+from+the+dermis+of+mammalian+skin.">Isolation of multipotent adult stem cells from the dermis of mammalian skin.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 3, 778 (2001).</li><li>Fernandes, K. J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+dermal+niche+for+multipotent+adult+skin-derived+precursor+cells.">A dermal niche for multipotent adult skin-derived precursor cells.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 6, 1082 (2004).</li><li>Wenzel, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Na&#239;ve+adult+stem+cells+from+patients+with+Hutchinson-Gilford+progeria+syndrome+express+low+levels+of+progerin+in+vivo.">Na&#239;ve adult stem cells from patients with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome express low levels of progerin in vivo.</a> Bio. Open. 1, (2012).</li><li>Livak, K. J., Schmittgen, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+relative+gene+expression+data+using+real-time+quantitative+PCR+and+the+2(-Delta+Delta+C(T))+Method.">Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.</a> Methods. 25, 402 (2001).</li><li>Biernaskie, J. A., McKenzie, I. A., Toma, J. T., Miller, F. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+skin-derived+precursors+(SKPs)+and+differentiation+and+enrichment+of+their+Schwann+cell+progeny.">Isolation of skin-derived precursors (SKPs) and differentiation and enrichment of their Schwann cell progeny.</a> Nature Protocol. 1, 2803 (2006).</li><li>Toma, J. G., McKenzie, I., Bagli, D., Miller, F. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+multipotent+skin-derived+precursors+from+human+skin.">Isolation and characterization of multipotent skin-derived precursors from human skin.</a> Stem Cells. 23, 727 (2005).</li><li>Fernandes, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+neurogenic+potential+of+multipotent+skin-derived+precursors.">Analysis of the neurogenic potential of multipotent skin-derived precursors.</a> Electrophoresis. 201, 32 (2006).</li><li>Hill, l. K. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+vascular+progenitor+cells+capable+of+endothelial+and+smooth+muscle+cell+function.">Human embryonic stem cell-derived vascular progenitor cells capable of endothelial and smooth muscle cell function.</a> Exp. Hematol. 38, 246 (2010).</li></ol>

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Usando o método aqui descrito, células estaminais dérmicos virgens podem ser isolados a partir de culturas de fibroblastos dérmicos primários. Usando essa abordagem, que informou recentemente o isolamento e caracterização de células-tronco adultas a partir de culturas de fibroblastos derivados de pacientes com uma síndrome genética rara, Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Síndrome 7. Como mostrar aqui as precursoras células expressam marcadores de células-tronco são capazes de auto-renovação e pode s...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM high glucose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>31966-047</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM low glucose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>21885-108</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10270-106</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
			<td>Final conc.: 200 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/ Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>Final conc.: 10 mg/ml /10 mg /ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trypsin solution (0.25%)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F-12 Nutrient Mixture (Ham)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>21765-029</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF2</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>4114-TC-01M</td>
			<td>Final conc.: 40 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>236-EG-200</td>
			<td>Final conc.: 20 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDGFBB</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>PHG0043</td>
			<td>Final conc.: 5 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TGF-b1</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>PHG9204</td>
			<td>Final conc.: 2.5 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 cm2 flask</td>
			<td>Omnilab</td>
			<td>FALC353109</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS w/o CaMg</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14190-169</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>8388.2</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield mounting medium</td>
			<td>Vector Inc.</td>
			<td>H-1200</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Minikit</td>
			<td>Qiagen, Valencia, CA</td>
			<td>74104</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omniscript Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>205113</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SsoFast EvaGreen Supermix</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>172-5201</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fungizone</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15290-018</td>
			<td>Final conc.:1 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Table 2. Specific reagents and equipment.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

na&iuml;ve adult stem cells isolation from primary human fibroblast cultures

Ao longo da última década, várias populações de células estaminais adultas foram identificadas na pele humana 1-4. O isolamento de precursores dérmicos adultas multipotentes foi primeiramente relatada por F. Miller D laboratório 5, 6. Estes estudos iniciais descreveu uma população de células multipotentes precursor do adulto derme mamíferos 5. Estas células - SKPs denominados precursores, para a pele derivadas - foram isoladas e expandidas do roedor e a pele humana e diferenciar-se em progenitura tanto neural e mesodérmica, incluindo os tipos de células nunca encontradas na pele, tais como os neurónios 5. Estudos imunocitoquímicos sobre SKPs revelou que as células cultivadas expressaram vimentina e nestina, uma proteína de filamento intermédia expresso em precursores neurais do músculo esquelético e, em adição à fibronectina e marcadores de células estaminais multipotentes 6. Até agora, as células estaminais adultas SKPs população têm sido isoladas de recém-coletadas biópsias de pele de mamíferos. ve_content &quot;&gt; Recentemente, nós estabelecemos e informou que uma população de células precursoras derivadas da pele pode permanecer presente em culturas de fibroblastos primários estabelecidos a partir de biópsias de pele 7. A suposição de que algumas células-tronco somáticas pode residir em culturas de fibroblastos primários em duplicações da população início era baseada nas seguintes observações: (1) SKPs e culturas de fibroblastos primários são derivados a partir da derme, e, por conseguinte, um pequeno número de células SKP podem permanecer presentes em culturas de fibroblastos dérmicos primários e (2) culturas de fibroblastos primários cultivados a partir de alíquotas congeladas que foram submetida à temperatura desfavoráveis ​​durante o armazenamento ou transferência continha um pequeno número de células que permaneceram viáveis ​​7. Estas raras células foram capazes de se expandir e podem ser passadas várias vezes. Tal observação sugeriu que uma pequena quantidade de células com elevada potência a proliferação e a resistência ao stress Encontravam-se presentes em culturas de fibroblastos humanos 7. Aproveitamos estes resultados para estabelecer um protocolo para o rápido isolamento de células-tronco adultas a partir de culturas de fibroblastos primários que estão prontamente disponíveis a partir de bancos de tecidos ao redor do mundo (Figura 1). Este método tem um significado importante, uma vez que permite o isolamento de células precursoras da pele quando as amostras não estão acessíveis ao culturas de fibroblastos podem estar disponíveis a partir de bancos de tecidos, deste modo, abrindo novas possibilidades para dissecar os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes a doenças genéticas raras, bem como doenças de modelação numa prato.

Mostramos que uma população de células que se expandem para selectivamente gerar esferas SKP sob condição de crescimento controlada constituídos por EGF e FGF2 estão presentes em culturas de fibroblastos dérmicos primários (Figura 1), que relatou recentemente 7. Culturas de fibroblastos de PPV 15-25 que tipicamente correspondem às estirpes de fibroblastos primários disponíveis em bancos de células foram usadas neste estudo. Culturas de fibroblastos su...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about NaÃ¯ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures at JoVE.com

Na&amp;#239;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

Apresentamos um método para isolar as células multipotentes ingênuos precursoras da pele derivada (SKP) de culturas de fibroblastos humanos primários. Mostra-se que estas SKPs derivados a partir de culturas de fibroblastos de células estaminais partilham propriedades semelhantes às derivadas directamente a partir de biópsias de pele humana. Estas células expressam o marcador da crista neural, nestina, para além dos marcadores, tais como OCT4 multipotentes e Nanog.

Naïve Adult Stem Cells isolamento de culturas primárias de fibroblastos humanos

Over the last decade, several adult stem cell  populations have been identified in human skin 1-4.  The isolation of multipotent adult dermal precursors ...

nave-adult-stem-cells-isolation-from-primary-human-fibroblast-cultures

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Na&iuml;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

14.0K visualizações.  Technische Universität München. Apresentamos um método para isolar as células multipotentes ingênuos precursoras da pele derivada (SKP) de culturas de fibroblastos humanos primários. Mostra-se que estas SKPs derivados a partir de culturas de fibroblastos de células estaminais partilham propriedades semelhantes às derivadas directamente a partir de biópsias de pele humana. Estas células expressam o marcador da crista neural, nestina, para além dos marcadores, tais como OCT4 multipotentes e Nanog...

Vídeo: Na&#239;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

Isolation and Large Scale Expansion of Adult Human Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells

This paper introduces a novel recovery strategy for endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) from heparinized but otherwise unmanipulated adult human peripheral blood within a mean of 12 days. After large scale expansion &gt;1x108 ECFCs can be obtained for further tests. Advantageously by using pHPL the contact of human cells with bovine serum antigens can be excluded. By flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry the isolated cells can be characterized as ECFC and their in vitro functionality to form vascular like structures can be tested in a matrigel assay. Further these cells can be subcutaneously injected in a mouse model to form functional, perfused vessels in vivo. After long term expansion and cryopreservation proliferation, function and genomic stability appear to be preserved. 3,4
This animal-protein free isolation and expansion method is easily applicable to generate a large quantity of ECFCs.

Endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) are a promising tool to study vascular homeostasis and repair.1,2 This paper introduces a novel animal-serum free method for isolation and expansion of ECFC from heparinised adult human peripheral blood with pooled human platelet lysate (pHPL) diminishing the risk of anti-bovine immunisation.

Isolamento e expansão em grande escala de Adulto Humanos endotelial Colony Células Progenitoras Forming

This paper introduces a novel recovery strategy for endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) from heparinized but otherwise unmanipulated adult ...

Biologia

Establishing Primary Adult Fibroblast Cultures From Rodents

The importance of using primary cells, rather than cancer cell lines, for biological studies is becoming widely recognized. Primary cells are preferred in studies of cell cycle control, apoptosis, and DNA repair, as cancer cells carry mutations in genes involved in these processes. Primary cells cannot be cultured indefinitely due to the onset of replicative senescence or aneuploidization. Hence, new cultures need to be established regularly. The procedure for isolation of rodent embryonic fibroblasts is well established, but isolating adult fibroblast cultures often presents a challenge. Adult rodent fibroblasts isolated from mouse models of human disease may be a preferred control when comparing them to fibroblasts from human patients. Furthermore, adult fibroblasts are the only available material when working with wild rodents where pregnant females cannot be easily obtained. Here we provide a protocol for isolation and culture of adult fibroblasts from rodent skin and lungs. We used this procedure successfully to isolate fibroblasts from over twenty rodent species from laboratory mice and rats to wild rodents such as beaver, porcupine, and squirrel.

This article describes a protocol for isolation and maintenance of primary fibroblast cultures from skin and lung tissue of wild rodents.

Estabelecer culturas de fibroblastos adultos primária de roedores

The importance of using primary cells, rather than cancer cell lines, for biological studies is becoming widely recognized.  Primary cells are preferred ...

Isolation of Stem Cells from Human Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing number of malignancies and are functionally defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal and produce differentiated progeny1. These properties allow CSCs to recapitulate the original tumor when injected into immunocompromised mice. CSCs within an epithelial malignancy were first described in breast cancer and found to display specific cell surface antigen expression (CD44+CD24low/-)2. Since then, CSCs have been identified in an increasing number of other human malignancies using CD44 and CD24 as well as a number of other surface antigens. Physiologic properties, including aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, have also been used to isolate CSCs from malignant tissues3-5.
Recently, we and others identified CSCs from pancreatic adenocarcinoma based on
ALDH activity and the expression of the cell surface antigens CD44 and CD24, and CD1336-8. These highly tumorigenic populations may or may not be overlapping and display other functions. We found that ALDH+ and CD44+CD24+ pancreatic CSCs are similarly tumorigenic, but ALDH+ cells are relatively more invasive8. In this protocol we describe a method to isolate viable pancreatic CSCs from low-passage human
xenografts9. Xenografted tumors are harvested from mice and made into a single-cell suspension. Tissue debris and dead cells are separated from live cells and then stained using antibodies against CD44 and CD24 and using the ALDEFLUOR reagent,
a fluorescent substrate of ALDH10. CSCs are then isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Isolated CSCs can then be used for analytical or functional assays requiring viable cells.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a number of malignancies. In this protocol we describe a flow cytometric method utilizing aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and CD44 and CD24 expression to isolate CSCs from human pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts. These viable cells can then be used in functional and analytical studies.

Isolamento de células-tronco de xenoenxertos Humano do Câncer de pâncreas

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing number of malignancies and are functionally defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Epithelial Stem Cells from Human Skin

The homeostasis of all self-renewing tissues is dependent on adult stem cells. As undifferentiated stem cells undergo asymmetric divisions, they generate daughter cells that retain the stem cell phenotype and transit-amplifying cells (TA cells) that migrate from the stem cell niche, undergo rapid proliferation and terminally differentiate to repopulate the tissue.
Epithelial stem cells have been identified in the epidermis, hair follicle, and intestine as cells with a high in vitro proliferative potential and as slow-cycling label-retaining cells in vivo 1-3. Adult, tissue-specific stem cells are responsible for the regeneration of the tissues in which they reside during normal physiologic turnover as well as during times of stress 4-5. Moreover, stem cells are generally considered to be multi-potent, possessing the capacity to give rise to multiple cell types within the tissue 6. For example, rodent hair follicle stem cells can generate epidermis, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles 7-9. We have shown that stem cells from the human hair follicle bulge region exhibit multi-potentiality 10.
Stem cells have become a valuable tool in biomedical research, due to their utility as an in vitro system for studying developmental biology, differentiation, tumorigenesis and for their possible therapeutic utility. It is likely that adult epithelial stem cells will be useful in the treatment of diseases such as ectodermal dysplasias, monilethrix, Netherton syndrome, Menkes disease, hereditary epidermolysis bullosa and alopecias 11-13. Additionally, other skin problems such as burn wounds, chronic wounds and ulcers will benefit from stem cell related therapies 14,15. Given the potential for reprogramming of adult cells into a pluripotent state (iPS cells)16,17, the readily accessible and expandable adult stem cells in human skin may provide a valuable source of cells for induction and downstream therapy for a wide range of disease including diabetes and Parkinson's disease.

A rapid, robust way of isolating viable adult epithelial stem cells from human skin is described. The method utilizes enzymatic digestion of skin collagen matrix , followed by plucking of hair follicles and isolation of single cell suspensions or tissue fragments for cell culture.

Isolamento e Cultura de Células-Tronco Adultas epitelial da pele humana

The homeostasis of all self-renewing tissues is dependent on adult stem cells. As undifferentiated stem cells undergo asymmetric divisions, they generate ...

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) in the presence of sodium butyrate 1-3. We used this method to reprogram late passage (&gt;p10) human adult fibroblasts derived from Friedreich's ataxia patient (GM03665, Coriell Repository). The reprogramming approach includes highly efficient transduction protocol using repetitive centrifugation of fibroblasts in the presence of virus-containing media. The reprogrammed hiPSC colonies were identified using live immunostaining for Tra-1-81, a surface marker of pluripotent cells, separated from non-reprogrammed fibroblasts and manually passaged 4,5. These hiPSC were then transferred to Matrigel plates and grown in feeder-free conditions, directly from the reprogramming plate. Starting from the first passage, hiPSC colonies demonstrate characteristic hES-like morphology. Using this protocol more than 70% of selected colonies can be successfully expanded and established into cell lines. The established hiPSC lines displayed characteristic pluripotency markers including surface markers TRA-1-60 and SSEA-4, as well as nuclear markers Oct3/4, Sox2 and Nanog. 
The protocol presented here has been established and tested using adult fibroblasts obtained from Friedreich's ataxia patients and control individuals 6, human newborn fibroblasts, as well as human keratinocytes.

We present a protocol for efficient reprogramming of human somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) and identification of correctly reprogrammed hiPSC by live staining with Tra-1-81 antibody.

Seleção e isolamento de colônias de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas a partir de fibroblastos adultos reprogramado

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding ...

Preparation of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cells Suitable for Culturing Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In general, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)1 can be cultured under variable conditions. However, it is not easy to establish an effective system for culturing these cells. Since the culture conditions can influence gene expression that confers pluripotency in hESCs and hiPSCs, the optimization and standardization of the culture method is crucial.
The establishment of hESC lines was first described by using MEFs as feeder cells and fetal bovine serum (FBS)-containing culture medium2. Next, FBS was replaced with knockout serum replacement (KSR) and FGF2, which enhances proliferation of hESCs3. Finally, feeder-free culture systems enable culturing cells on Matrigel-coated plates in KSR-containing conditioned medium (medium conditioned by MEFs)4. Subsequently, hESCs culture conditions have moved towards feeder-free culture in chemically defined conditions5-7. Moreover, to avoid the potential contamination by pathogens and animal proteins culture methods using xeno-free components have been established8.
To obtain improved conditions mouse feeder cells have been replaced with human cell lines (e.g. fetal muscle and skin cells9, adult skin cells10, foreskin fibroblasts11-12, amniotic mesenchymal cells13). However, the efficiency of maintaining undifferentiated hESCs using human foreskin fibroblast-derived feeder layers is not as high as that from mouse feeder cells due to the lower level of secretion of Activin A14. Obviously, there is an evident difference in growth factor production by mouse and human feeder cells.
Analyses of the transcriptomes of mouse and human feeder cells revealed significant differences between supportive and non-supportive cells. Exogenous FGF2 is crucial for maintaining self-renewal of hESCs and hiPSCs, and has been identified as a key factor regulating the expression of Tgf&beta;1, Activin A and Gremlin (a BMP antagonist) in feeder cells. Activin A has been shown to induce the expression of OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG in hESCs15-16.
For long-term culture, hESCs and hiPSCs can be grown on mitotically inactivated MEFs or under feeder-free conditions in MEF-CM (MEF-Conditioned Medium) on Matrigel-coated plates to maintain their undifferentiated state. Success of both culture conditions fully depends on the quality of the feeder cells, since they directly affect the growth of hESCs.
Here, we present an optimized method for the isolation and culture of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), preparation of conditioned medium (CM) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the levels of Activin A within the media.

The quality of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) is dictated by the right strain of mouse such as CF-1. Pluripotency-supportive MEFs and conditioned media (CM) obtained from these should contain optimal concentrations of Activin A, Gremlin and Tgf&beta;1 needed for the Activin/Nodal and FGF pathways to co-operatively maintain self-renewal and pluripotency.

Preparação de células embrionárias de camundongos Fibroblastos adequados para a cultura de células-tronco embrionárias humanas e pluripotentes induzidas

In general, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)1 can be cultured under variable conditions. However, it ...

Rapid Fibroblast Removal from High Density Human Embryonic Stem Cell Cultures

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were used to establish human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) cultures after blastocyst isolation1. This feeder system maintains hESCs from undergoing spontaneous differentiation during cell expansion. However, this co-culture method is labor intensive, requires highly trained personnel, and yields low hESC purity4. Many laboratories have attempted to minimize the number of feeder cells in hESC cultures (i.e. incorporating matrix-coated dishes or other feeder cell types5-8). These modified culture systems have shown some promise, but have not supplanted the standard method for culturing hESCs with mitomycin C-treated mouse embyronic fibroblasts in order to retard unwanted spontaneous differentiation of the hESC cultures. Therefore, the feeder cells used in hESC expansion should be removed during differentiation experiments. Although several techniques are available for purifying the hESC colonies (FACS, MACS, or use of drug resistant vectors) from feeders, these techniques are labor intensive, costly and/or destructive to the hESC. The aim of this project was to invent a method of purification that enables the harvesting of a purer population of hESCs. We have observed that in a confluent hESC culture, the MEF population can be removed using a simple and rapid aspiration of the MEF sheet. This removal is dependent on several factors, including lateral cell-to-cell binding of MEFs that have a lower binding affinity to the styrene culture dish, and the ability of the stem cell colonies to push the fibroblasts outward during the generation of their own "niche". The hESC were then examined for SSEA-4, Oct3/4 and Tra 1-81 expression up to 10 days after MEF removal to ensure maintenance of pluripotency. Moreover, hESC colonies were able to continue growing from into larger formations after MEF removal, providing an additional level of hESC expansion.

Despite ongoing efforts to transition cultures to feeder-free conditions, the derivation and culture of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) remain largely dependent on co-cultures with mouse embryonic feeders (MEFs). Here, we show a novel methodology for rapidly removing feeders from hESC cultures prior to experimentation.

A remoção rápida de fibroblastos de Alta Densidade Humanos culturas de células estaminais embrionárias

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were used to establish human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) cultures after blastocyst isolation1. This feeder system ...

Isolation of Immune Cells from Primary Tumors

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various chemokines and growth factors 1,2. However, once in the TME, these cells lose the ability to promote anti-tumor immunity and begin to support tumor growth and down-regulate anti-tumor immune responses 3-4. Studies on tumor-associated leukocytes have mainly focused on cells isolated from tumor-draining lymph nodes or spleen due to the inherent difficulties in obtaining sufficient cell numbers and purity from the primary tumor. While identifying the mechanisms of cell activation and trafficking through the lymphatic system of tumor bearing mice is important and may give insight to the kinetics of immune responses to cancer, in our experience, many leukocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs), in tumor-draining lymph nodes have a different phenotype than those that infiltrate tumors 5,6 . Furthermore, we have previously demonstrated that adoptively-transferred T cells isolated from the tumor-draining lymph nodes are not tolerized and are capable of responding to secondary stimulation in vitro unlike T cells isolated from the TME, which are tolerized and incapable of proliferation or cytokine production 7,8. Interestingly, we have shown that changing the tumor microenvironment, such as providing CD4+ T helper cells via adoptive transfer, promotes CD8+ T cells to maintain pro-inflammatory effector functions 5. The results from each of the previously mentioned studies demonstrate the importance of measuring cellular responses from TME-infiltrating immune cells as opposed to cells that remain in the periphery. To study the function of immune cells which infiltrate tumors using the Miltenyi Biotech isolation system9, we have modified and optimized this antibody-based isolation procedure to obtain highly enriched populations of antigen presenting cells and tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The protocol includes a detailed dissection of murine prostate tissue from a spontaneous prostate tumor model (TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate -TRAMP) 10 and a subcutaneous melanoma (B16) tumor model followed by subsequent purification of various leukocyte populations.

In this report, we describe a protocol for isolating highly purified populations of leukocytes that infiltrate tumors. This protocol is adapted from the Miltenyi Biotech protocol to enhance yield and purity for isolating cells from complex tumor tissue.

Isolamento de células imunes de tumores primários

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various ...

Isolation and Culture of Individual Myofibers and their Satellite Cells from Adult Skeletal Muscle

Muscle regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite cells. Satellite cells are defined by their position between the basal lamina and the sarcolemma of each myofiber. Current knowledge of their behavior heavily relies on the use of the single myofiber isolation protocol. In 1985, Bischoff described a protocol to isolate single live fibers from the Flexor Digitorum Brevis (FDB) of adult rats with the goal to create an in vitro system in which the physical association between the myofiber and its stem cells is preserved 1. In 1995, Rosenblattmodified the Bischoff protocol such that myofibers are singly picked and handled separately after collagenase digestion instead of being isolated by gravity sedimentation 2, 3. The Rosenblatt or Bischoff protocol has since been adapted to different muscles, age or conditions 3-6. The single myofiber isolation technique is an indispensable tool due its unique advantages. First, in the single myofiber protocol, satellite cells are maintained beneath the basal lamina. This is a unique feature of the protocol as other techniques such as Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting require chemical and mechanical tissue dissociation 7. Although the myofiber culture system cannot substitute for in vivo studies, it does offer an excellent platform to address relevant biological properties of muscle stem cells. Single myofibers can be cultured in standard plating conditions or in floating conditions. Satellite cells on floating myofibers are subjected to virtually no other influence than the myofiber environment. Substrate stiffness and coating have been shown to influence satellite cells' ability to regenerate muscles 8, 9 so being able to control each of these factors independently allows discrimination between niche-dependent and -independent responses. Different concentrations of serum have also been shown to have an effect on the transition from quiescence to activation. To preserve the quiescence state of its associated satellite cells, fibers should be kept in low serum medium 1-3. This is particularly useful when studying genes involved in the quiescence state. In serum rich medium, satellite cells quickly activate, proliferate, migrate and differentiate, thus mimicking the in vivo regenerative process 1-3. The system can be used to perform a variety of assays such as the testing of chemical inhibitors; ectopic expression of genes by virus delivery; oligonucleotide based gene knock-down or live imaging. This video article describes the protocol currently used in our laboratory to isolate single myofibers from the Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscle of adult mice (6-8 weeks old).

Isolation and culture of myofibers is the gold standard in vitro system to study the transition of satellite cells through quiescence, activation and differentiation. Importantly, the single myofiber culture system preserves the myofiber/stem cell association, which is an essential component of the muscle stem cell niche.

Isolamento e Cultura de miofibras individuais e suas células satélites do músculo esquelético

Muscle  regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite  cells. Satellite cells are defined by  their position between the ...

Manual Isolation of Adipose-derived Stem Cells from Human Lipoaspirates

In 2001, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, described the isolation of a new population of adult stem cells from liposuctioned adipose tissue that they initially termed Processed Lipoaspirate Cells or PLA cells. Since then, these stem cells have been renamed as Adipose-derived Stem Cells or ASCs and have gone on to become one of the most popular adult stem cells populations in the fields of stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Thousands of articles now describe the use of ASCs in a variety of regenerative animal models, including bone regeneration, peripheral nerve repair and cardiovascular engineering. Recent articles have begun to describe the myriad of uses for ASCs in the clinic. The protocol shown in this article outlines the basic procedure for manually and enzymatically isolating ASCs from large amounts of lipoaspirates obtained from cosmetic procedures. This protocol can easily be scaled up or down to accommodate the volume of lipoaspirate and can be adapted to isolate ASCs from fat tissue obtained through abdominoplasties and other similar procedures.

In 2001, researchers at UCLA described the isolation of a population of adult stem cells, termed Adipose-derived Stem Cells or ASCs, from adipose tissue. This article outlines the isolation of ASCs from lipoaspirates using a manual, enzymatic digestion protocol using collagenase.

Isolamento manual de células-tronco adiposo-derivadas de Lipoaspirates Humanos

In 2001, researchers at the University of  California, Los Angeles, described the isolation of a new population of adult  stem cells from liposuctioned ...