Agradecemos Stephan Wilkens ajuda para microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Este trabalho foi financiado pelo National Institutes of Health Grant R01AG023731.

Estudos anteriores têm mostrado que os primeiros 22 amino-terminais de resíduos de Mgm101 são clivados após a importação para mitocôndrias 19. Para expressão em Escherichia coli, a grelha de leitura aberta MGM101 faltam os primeiros 22 codões é amplificado por PCR e colocados a jusante da sequência malE que codifica a proteína de ligação à maltose (MBP) com uma versão modificada do vector de expressão pMAL-C2E. Isto gera a fusão MBP-Mgm101 com um ligante contendo um local de clivagem para a protease PreScission (Figura 3). O plasmídeo foi construído pela primeira vez através da selecção E. transformantes coli sem IPTG e seleção azul / branco Xgal. O plasmídeo resultante pMAL-C2E-MGM101 é então introduzido na E. coli BL21-CodonPlus (DE3)-RIL seleccionando ampicilina e colônias resistentes cloranfenicol. 1. Expressão, indução, Lise celular e DNase I Tratamento <ol><li> Inocular transformantes fresco em 10 ml de meio LB (1% de Bacto-triptona, extracto de levedura 0,5%, NaCl a 1%) suplementado com glucose (0,2%), ampicilina (100 ug / ml) e cloranfenicol (50 mg / ml). Incubar a 37 ° CO / N com agitação a 200 rpm. </li><li> Inocular os 10 ml de pré-cultura em 2 litros de meio LB suplementado como acima. Crescer as células a 37 ° C com agitação até DO600 atinge 0,5. </li><li> Induzir a expressão da proteína de fusão MBP-Mgm101 adicionando isopropílico β-1-D-tiogalactopiranósido (IPTG) a uma concentração final de 0,3 mM. Crescer as células com agitação a 30 ° C durante 5 horas. </li><li> Recolher as células por centrifugação utilizando uma Beckman JA-10 do rotor (5500 xg, a 4 ° C, 10 min). Depois de deitar fora o sobrenadante, ressuspender o sedimento celular em 30 ml de tampão de lise (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7,4 e EDTA 1 mM, pH 7,4) contendo inibidores de proteases (leupeptina a 25 uM, 1 uM de pepstatina A e PMSF 1 mM). </li><li> Sonicate suspensão de células em gelo por 20seg utilizando um processador ultra-sónico (Sistemas de Calor, Modelo W-385) a 50% do ciclo, deixa-se arrefecer em gelo durante 30 segundos, e repetir 2x. </li><li> Adicionar 1 ml de DNAse um estoque de 2 mg / ml. Balance o ligado celular a 4 ° C durante 2 horas. </li><li> Ajuste de NaCl a uma concentração final de 500 mM. </li><li> Remover os detritos celulares por centrifugação a 10.000 xg, a 4 ° C durante 30 min. </li></ol> 2. Purificação com amilose Affinity Chromatography <ol><li> Equilibrar 1,5 ml de resina de amilose (50% de pasta) no tampão de lise. Adicionar a resina de amilose equilibrada ao lisado celular. Balançar suavemente a 4 ° CO / N. </li><li> Coloque a mistura lisado-resina sobre uma coluna de cromatografia de coluna Econo-instalado em uma sala fria. Permitir que as proteínas não ligadas a passar da coluna por gravidade. </li><li> Lava-se a resina de amilose com 300 ml de tampão de lavagem I (20 mM de Tris-HCl, pH 7,4, NaCl 400 mM, EDTA 1 mM, pH 7,4 e PMSF 0,2 mM). </li><li> Repetir a lavagem com 150 ml de tampão de lavagem II (T 20 mMris-HCl, pH 7,4, NaCl 200 mM, EDTA 1 mM, pH 7,4 e PMSF 0,2 mM). </li><li> Adicionam-se 5 ml de tampão de eluição (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7,4, 200 mM de NaCl, 1 mM de EDTA, pH 7,4 e PMSF 0,2 mM, maltose a 10 mM), para a coluna, incubar a 4 ° C durante 10 minutos, recolher eluato e repita para mais vezes. </li><li> Combina-se os eluatos, determinar o rendimento e a pureza da MBP-Mgm101 por carregamento de uma aliquota de eluato num gel de SDS-PAGE seguido por coloração com Coomassie (Figura 4). </li></ol> 3. PreScission Cleavage Protease e cromatografia de troca catiônica <ol><li> Adicionar 50 unidades de protease PreScission ao eluato MBP-Mgm101. Realizar a clivagem, a 4 ° CO / N e permitir que ele continue durante a diálise contra o tampão de diálise (20 mM de Tris-HCl, pH 7,4; NaCl 100 mM; DTT 2 mM, EDTA 1 mM, pH 7,4 e PMSF 0,2 mM) </li><li> Verificar a eficiência da clivagem num gel de SDS-PAGE (Figura 5A). </li><li> Carregue o clivada MBP-Mgm101 por vários injetariões sobre um cartucho Mini Macro-Prep S alta Bio-Scale ligada a um sistema FPLC de fluxo duplo biológica da Bio-Rad. </li><li> Iniciar a cromatografia de permuta catiónica por aplicação de um gradiente por passos de sal de 5 mM, 300 mM, 500 mM, 750 mM e 1000 mM de NaCl que é criado através da mistura de tampão (NaCl a 5 mM, 10 mM Na-fosfato, pH 7,2, 1 PMSF mM) e tampão B (NaCl 1 M, 10 mM Na-fosfato, pH 7,2, 1 mM de PMSF). Ajuste a velocidade de fluxo de 0,5 ml / min. Recolher a fracção Mgm101 e verificar a pureza da proteína num gel de SDS-PAGE (Figura 5B). </li></ol> 4. Cromatografia de Exclusão por Tamanho <ol><li> Combine as frações protéicas de cromatografia de troca catiônica. Dializar a proteína em tampão de equilíbrio GF (MOPS 20 mM, pH 7,0, NaCl 150 mM, EDTA 1 mM, pH 7,4, 5 mM de 2-mercaptoetanol, PMSF 0,2 mM). </li><li> Concentra-se a proteína com VIVASPIN coluna de spin 15R ultrafiltração para reduzir o volume de ~ 1 ml por centrifugação a 3000 xg, a 4 ° C. </li><li> Coloque o Mgm101nd calibrado coluna de Superose 6 de grau prep equilibrada com o tampão de cromatografia (20 mM de MOPS, pH 7,0, NaCl 150 mM, 5 mM de mercaptoetanol; β-EDTA 1 mM, pH 7,4, PMSF 0,2 mM). </li><li> Iniciar a exclusão de tamanho com o tampão de cromatografia correr a uma taxa de fluxo de 0,5 ml / min. </li><li> Recolha as frações dos purificados Mgm101 picos. Carregar alíquotas das fracções em 12% SDS-PAGE para verificar a qualidade final da proteína. </li><li> Concentra-se a proteína com VIVASPIN 6, em seguida, congelar rapidamente as amostras em N2 líquido e armazenam-se a -80 ° C. </li><li> Use as Mgm101 amostras dentro de 6-12 meses para o ensaio de ligação de ADNcs (Figura 8) e para visualização estrutural por microscopia electrónica de transmissão (Figura 9). </li></ol>

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K., Park, D., Xu, L., Kleckner, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DMC1:+a+meiosis-specific+yeast+homolog+of+E.+coli+recA+required+for+recombination,+synaptonemal+complex+formation,+and+cell+cycle+progression.">DMC1: a meiosis-specific yeast homolog of E. coli recA required for recombination, synaptonemal complex formation, and cell cycle progression.</a> Cell. 69, 439-456 (1992).</li><li>Shinohara, A., Ogawa, H., Ogawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rad51+protein+involved+in+repair+and+recombination+in+S.+cerevisiae+is+a+RecA-like+protein.">Rad51 protein involved in repair and recombination in S. cerevisiae is a RecA-like protein.</a> Cell. 69, 457-470 (1992).</li><li>Passy, S. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Dmc1+protein+binds+DNA+as+an+octameric+ring.">Human Dmc1 protein binds DNA as an octameric ring.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 10684-10688 (1999).</li><li>Story, R. M., Weber, I. T., Steitz, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+of+the+E.+coli+recA+protein+monomer+and+polymer.">The structure of the E. coli recA protein monomer and polymer.</a> Nature. 355, 318-325 (1992).</li><li>Yu, X., Jacobs, S. A., West, S. C., Ogawa, T., Egelman, E. 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U.S.A. 96, 4279-4284 (1999).</li><li>Ploquin, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+and+structural+basis+for+a+bacteriophage+homolog+of+human+RAD52.">Functional and structural basis for a bacteriophage homolog of human RAD52.</a> Curr. Biol. 18, 1142-1146 (2008).</li><li>Chen, X. J., Guan, M. X., Clark-Walker, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MGM101,+a+nuclear+gene+involved+in+maintenance+of+the+mitochondrial+genome+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">MGM101, a nuclear gene involved in maintenance of the mitochondrial genome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Nucl. Acids Res. 21, 3473-3477 (1993).</li><li>Meeusen, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mgm101p+is+a+novel+component+of+the+mitochondrial+nucleoid+that+binds+DNA+and+is+required+for+the+repair+of+oxidatively+damaged+mitochondrial+DNA.">Mgm101p is a novel component of the mitochondrial nucleoid that binds DNA and is required for the repair of oxidatively damaged mitochondrial DNA.</a> J. Cell Biol. 145, 291-304 (1999).</li><li>Mbantenkhu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mgm101+is+a+Rad52-related+protein+required+for+mitochondrial+DNA+recombination.">Mgm101 is a Rad52-related protein required for mitochondrial DNA recombination.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 286, 42360-42370 (2011).</li><li>Nardozzi, J. D., Wang, X., Mbantenkhu, M., Wilkens, S., Chen, X. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+properly+configured+ring+structure+is+critical+for+the+function+of+the+mitochondrial+DNA+recombination+protein.">A properly configured ring structure is critical for the function of the mitochondrial DNA recombination protein.</a> Mgm101. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 37259-37268 (2012).</li><li>Zuo, X., Xue, D., Li, N., Clark-Walker, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+functional+core+of+the+mitochondrial+genome+maintenance+protein+Mgm101p+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+determined+with+a+temperature-conditional+allele.">A functional core of the mitochondrial genome maintenance protein Mgm101p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae determined with a temperature-conditional allele.</a> FEMS Yeast Res. 7, 131-140 (2007).</li><li>Itoh, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+packaging+proteins+Glom+and+Glom2+coordinately+organize+the+mitochondrial+nucleoid+of+Physarum+polycephalum.">DNA packaging proteins Glom and Glom2 coordinately organize the mitochondrial nucleoid of Physarum polycephalum.</a> Mitochondrion. 11, 575-586 (2011).</li><li>Janicka, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+RAD52-like+single-stranded+DNA+binding+protein+affects+mitochondrial+DNA+repair+by+recombination.">A RAD52-like single-stranded DNA binding protein affects mitochondrial DNA repair by recombination.</a> Plant J. 72, 423-435 (2012).</li></ol>

Os autores declaram que não têm interesses financeiros concorrentes.

Foi um desafio para a produção de um estábulo, nativo da proteína recombinante a partir de E. Mgm101 coli, possivelmente devido à sua insolubilidade em células bacterianas. Neste relatório, que mostram que a estratégia de fusão MBP-permite que a proteína seja expressa com um nível razoavelmente elevado. Por meio da coloração de microscopia electrónica de transmissão negativo e cromatografia de exclusão de tamanho, mostrámos previamente que a proteína de fusão MBP-forma oligómeros un...

A recombinação homóloga é importante para a reparação de quebras de cadeia dupla (DSB) e reticulações intercadeias, e para a re-introdução de garfos de replicação de ADN de replicação colapsadas 1. Na recombinação homóloga convencional, a reacção é catalisada pela central, as recombinases dependentes de ATP, incluindo RecA em procariotas, e Rad51 e Dmc1 em eucariotas 1-3. Estas recombinases formar filamentos nucleoprotéicos em ADNcs, que são essenciais para iniciar a pesquisa de homologia e invasão vertente dúplex dentro de moldes de ADN (Figura 1, painel da esquerda) 4-7. Além do esquema convencional, a recombinação homóloga pode também ocorrer de uma forma RecA/Rad51-independent (Figura 1, painel da direita). Por exemplo, a levedura RAD52 e Rad59 proteínas podem catalisar directamente o recozimento de cordões ssDNA complementares que são expostos por ressecção de dsDNA quebras. Este processo de recombinação, conhecido como cantarle vertente recozimento, geralmente não envolve o emparelhamento homólogo com modelos dsDNA. Após o recozimento, caudas heterólogos são removidos por exonucleases e entalhes são ligados para restaurar a continuidade do genoma 8-10. Reparação pelo único mecanismo de recozimento vertente é muitas vezes acompanhada de exclusões de seqüências genômicas entre as regiões diretamente repetidas. Rad52 pertence a um grupo diverso de proteínas de recombinação que são comuns entre os bacteriófagos 11. Estas proteínas são também conhecidos como fio único Proteínas de recozimento (SSAPs), com base na sua actividade na promoção da hibridação de moléculas de homólogo de ADN de cadeia simples. Os melhores SSAPs bacteriófagos são caracterizadas e redp Erf do bacteriófagos λ e P22, RecT do profago rac Sak e a proteína do fago Lactococcus ul36. Os SSAPs são estruturalmente caracterizados por uma dobra β-β-β-α típico, apesar de similaridade é virtualmente indetectávelpoder em suas seqüências primárias. Todos eles formam grandes anéis de homo-oligoméricas de 10-14 simetria vezes in vitro 12-14. As implicações funcionais desta organização estrutural de ordem superior característica não é bem compreendida. Estamos interessados ​​em compreender o mecanismo de recombinação homóloga no genoma mitocondrial. Foram identificadas anteriormente MGM101 o gene que é essencial para a manutenção de mtDNA em Saccharomyces cerevisiae 15. MGM101 foi posteriormente se verificou estar associada com nucleoids mitocondriais e é necessário para a tolerância de mtDNA com agentes prejudiciais de ADN 16. No entanto, o estudo da Mgm101 foi retido na última década pela dificuldade de produzir Mgm101 recombinante. Recentemente, conseguiu produzir Mgm101 solúvel em grandes quantidades a partir de E. coli utilizando a estratégia de fusão MBP. Isso nos permitiu demonstrar que Mgm101 açõessemelhanças bioquímicas e estruturais com o rad52-família de proteínas 17,18. Neste relatório, um procedimento de purificação de três passos é descrito, que produz Mgm101for análises bioquímicas e estruturais homogéneos (Figura 2).

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Expression vector pMAL-c2E</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>#N8066S</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PreScission Protease</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td>#27-0843-01</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BL21-CodonPlus(DE3)-RIL cells</td>
			<td>Strategene</td>
			<td>#230245</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leupeptin</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
			<td>#11034626001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pepstatin</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
			<td>#11359053001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
			<td>#10837091001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAse I</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>#DN25-1G</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl &beta;-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
			<td>#11411446001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amylose resin</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>#E8021L</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Econo-Column chromatography column</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>#7372512</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio-Scale Mini Macro-Prep High S cartridge (1 ml)</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>#732-4130</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VIVASPIN 15R Ultrafiltration spin column (10,000 MWCO)</td>
			<td>Sartorius Stedium</td>
			<td>#VS15RH02</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superose 6 prep grade column</td>
			<td>Amersham Bioscirnces</td>
			<td>#17-0489-01</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VIVASPIN 6 Ultrafiltration spin column (5,000 MWCO)</td>
			<td>Sartorius Stedium</td>
			<td>#VS0611</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of the mgm101 recombination protein by mbp-based tagging strategy

O gene foi identificado MGM101 há 20 anos pelo seu papel na manutenção do DNA mitocondrial. Estudos realizados em vários grupos têm sugerido que a proteína Mgm101 está envolvida na reparação de recombinação do DNA mitocondrial. Investigações recentes têm indicado que Mgm101 está relacionado com a família de proteínas do tipo de recombinação de RAD52. Estas proteínas formam anéis grandes oligómeros e promover a hibridação de moléculas de homólogo de ADN de cadeia simples. No entanto, a caracterização das Mgm101 tem sido dificultada pela dificuldade em produzir a proteína recombinante. Aqui, um processo de confiança para a preparação de proteínas recombinantes é descrita Mgm101. Maltose Binding Protein (MBP), marcado Mgm101 é expressa pela primeira vez em Escherichia coli. A proteína de fusão é inicialmente purificado por cromatografia de afinidade em amilose. Depois de ser libertado por clivagem proteolítica, Mgm101 é separada por cromatografia de troca PAM catiónica. Monodispersas Mgm101 é então obtidopor cromatografia de exclusão de tamanho. Um rendimento de ~ 0,87 mg de Mgm101 por litro de cultura bacteriana pode ser rotineiramente obtidos. O Mgm101 recombinante tem o mínimo de contaminação de ADN. As amostras preparadas são utilizadas com sucesso para a análise da imagem de partículas bioquímicos, estruturais e de Mgm101 único. Este protocolo pode igualmente ser utilizado para a preparação de outros grandes proteínas de ligação de ADN oligoméricas que podem ser deformadas e tóxico para as células bacterianas.

Mgm101 é uma proteína de recombinação RAD52 relacionada nas mitocôndrias. RAD52 tem sido extensivamente estudada pelo seu papel na recombinação do ADN mitocondrial (Figura 1). Mgm101 recombinante podem ser preparados por um procedimento em três passos (Figura 2). Isto é facilitado pela utilização da estratégia de MBP-marcação permite que Mgm101 a ser expresso numa forma solúvel e subsequentemente libertado a partir da etiqueta por clivagem proteolitica (Figura 3)....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of the Mgm101 Recombination Protein by MBP-based Tagging Strategy at JoVE.com

Preparation of the Mgm101 Recombination Protein by MBP-based Tagging Strategy

A proteína de levedura nucleóide mitocondrial, Mgm101, é uma proteína de recombinação de tipo rad52 que forma anéis grandes oligoméricas. Um protocolo é descrito para preparar Mgm101 solúvel recombinante utilizando a proteína de ligação à maltose (MBP), acoplado com a estratégia de marcação de permuta catiónica e a cromatografia de exclusão de tamanho.

Preparação do Mgm101 recombinação de proteínas por Estratégia Tagging baseado MBP

The MGM101 gene was identified 20 years ago for its role in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Studies from several groups have suggested that the ...

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12.0K visualizações.  State University of New York Upstate Medical University. A proteína de levedura nucleóide mitocondrial, Mgm101, é uma proteína de recombinação de tipo rad52 que forma anéis grandes oligoméricas. Um protocolo é descrito para preparar Mgm101 solúvel recombinante utilizando a proteína de ligação à maltose (MBP), acoplado com a estratégia de marcação de permuta catiónica e a cromatografia de exclusão de tamanho.

Vídeo: Preparation of the Mgm101 Recombination Protein by MBP-based Tagging Strategy

Predicting the Effectiveness of Population Replacement Strategy Using Mathematical Modeling

Charles Taylor and John Marshall explain the utility of mathematical modeling for evaluating the effectiveness of population replacement strategy.  Insight is given into how computational models can provide information on the population dynamics of mosquitoes and the spread of transposable elements through A. gambiae subspecies.  The ethical considerations of releasing genetically modified mosquitoes into the wild are discussed.

Charles Taylor and John Marshall explain the utility of mathematical modeling for evaluating the effectiveness of population replacement strategy. Insight is given into how computational models can provide information on the population dynamics of mosquitoes and the spread of transposable elements through A. gambiae subspecies. The ethical considerations of releasing genetically modified mosquitoes into the wild are discussed.

Prever a eficácia da estratégia de substituição População Usando Modelagem Matemática

Charles Taylor and John Marshall explain the utility of mathematical modeling for evaluating the effectiveness of population replacement strategy.  ...

Biologia

Detection of Protein Ubiquitination

Ubiquitination, the covalent attachment of the polypeptide ubiquitin to target proteins, is a key posttranslational modification carried out by a set of three enzymes. They include ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, and ubiquitin ligase E3. Unlike to E1 and E2, E3 ubiquitin ligases display substrate specificity. On the other hand, numerous deubiquitylating enzymes have roles in processing polyubiquitinated proteins. Ubiquitination can result in change of protein stability, cellular localization, and biological activity. Mutations of genes involved in the ubiquitination/deubiquitination pathway or altered ubiquitin system function are associated with many different human diseases such as various types of cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders. The detection of altered or normal ubiquitination of target proteins may provide a better understanding on the pathogenesis of these diseases. &nbsp;Here, we describe protocols to detect protein ubiquitination in cultured cells in vivo and test tubes in vitro. These protocols are also useful to detect other ubiquitin-like small molecule modification such as sumolyation and neddylation.

Ubiquitination is a key posttranslational modification carried out by a set of three enzymes. Mutations of genes involved in this modification are associated with many different human diseases. Here, we describe protocols to detect protein ubiquitination in cultured cells in vivo and test tubes in vitro.

Detecção de Ubiquitinação Protein

Ubiquitination, the covalent attachment of the polypeptide ubiquitin to target proteins, is a key posttranslational modification carried out by a set of ...

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

Coloração de proteínas em géis com Coomassie G-250 sem ácido acético e Solventes Orgânicos

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based fractionation. The system is comprised of single-use, 8-sample capacity cartridges and a benchtop GELFREE Fractionation Instrument. During separation, a constant voltage is applied between the anode and cathode reservoirs, and each protein mixture is electrophoretically driven from a loading chamber into a specially designed gel column gel. Proteins are concentrated into a tight band in a stacking gel, and separated based on their respective electrophoretic mobilities in a resolving gel. As proteins elute from the column, they are trapped and concentrated in liquid phase in the collection chamber, free of the gel. The instrument is then paused at specific time intervals, and fractions are collected using a pipette. This process is repeated until all desired fractions have been collected. If fewer than 8 samples are run on a cartridge, any unused chambers can be used in subsequent separations.
This novel technology facilitates the quick and simple separation of up to 8 complex protein mixtures simultaneously, and offers several advantages when compared to previously available fractionation methods. This system is capable of fractionating up to 1mg of total protein per channel, for a total of 8mg per cartridge. Intact proteins over a broad mass range are separated on the basis of molecular weight, retaining important physiochemical properties of the analyte. The liquid phase entrapment provides for high recovery while eliminating the need for band or spot cutting, making the fractionation process highly reproducible1.

The accompanying video describes the use of the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System, which partitions complex protein samples on the basis of molecular weight and recovers the fractions in liquid phase. The video describes how the technology works, how it is used, and provides resultant data, with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of fractionated bovine liver homogenate.

Usando o sistema de fracionamento GELFREE 8100 para Fracionamento baseada no peso molecular com Recovery Fase Líquida

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based ...

Genetic Modification and Recombination of Salivary Gland Organ Cultures

Branching morphogenesis occurs during the development of many organs, and the embryonic mouse submandibular gland (SMG) is a classical model for the study of branching morphogenesis. In the developing SMG, this process involves iterative steps of epithelial bud and duct formation, to ultimately give rise to a complex branched network of acini and ducts, which serve to produce and modify/transport the saliva, respectively, into the oral cavity1-3. The epithelial-associated basement membrane and aspects of the mesenchymal compartment, including the mesenchyme cells, growth factors and the extracellular matrix, produced by these cells, are critical to the branching mechanism, although how the cellular and molecular events are coordinated remains poorly understood 4. The study of the molecular mechanisms driving epithelial morphogenesis advances our understanding of developmental mechanisms and provides insight into possible regenerative medicine approaches. Such studies have been hampered due to the lack of effective methods for genetic manipulation of the salivary epithelium. Currently, adenoviral transduction represents the most effective method for targeting epithelial cells in adult glands in vivo5. However, in embryonic explants, dense mesenchyme and the basement membrane surrounding the epithelial cells impedes viral access to the epithelial cells. If the mesenchyme is removed, the epithelium can be transfected using adenoviruses, and epithelial rudiments can resume branching morphogenesis in the presence of Matrigel or laminin-1116,7. Mesenchyme-free epithelial rudiment growth also requires additional supplementation with soluble growth factors and does not fully recapitulate branching morphogenesis as it occurs in intact glands8. Here we describe a technique which facilitates adenoviral transduction of epithelial cells and culture of the transfected epithelium with associated mesenchyme. Following microdissection of the embryonic SMGs, removal of the mesenchyme, and viral infection of the epithelium with a GFP-containing adenovirus, we show that the epithelium spontaneously recombines with uninfected mesenchyme, recapitulating intact SMG glandular structure and branching morphogenesis. The genetically modified epithelial cell population can be easily monitored using standard fluorescence microscopy methods, if fluorescently-tagged adenoviral constructs are used. The tissue recombination method described here is currently the most effective and accessible method for transfection of epithelial cells with a wild-type or mutant vector within a complex 3D tissue construct that does not require generation of transgenic animals.

A technique to genetically manipulate epithelial cells within whole ex vivo cultured embryonic mouse submandibular glands (SMGs) using viral gene transfer is described. This method takes advantage of the innate ability of SMG epithelium and mesenchyme to spontaneously recombine after separation and infection of epithelial rudiments with adenoviral vectors.

Modificação genética e recombinação de culturas de órgãos de glândula salivar

Branching  morphogenesis occurs during the development of many organs, and the embryonic  mouse submandibular gland (SMG) is a classical model for the ...

Improving the Success Rate of Protein Crystallization by Random Microseed Matrix Screening

Random microseed matrix screening (rMMS) is a protein crystallization technique in which seed crystals are added to random screens. By increasing the likelihood that crystals will grow in the metastable zone of a protein's phase diagram, extra crystallization leads are often obtained, the quality of crystals produced may be increased, and a good supply of crystals for data collection and soaking experiments is provided. Here we describe a general method for rMMS that may be applied to either sitting drop or hanging drop vapor diffusion experiments, established either by hand or using liquid handling robotics, in 96-well or 24-well tray format.

Here we describe a general method for random microseed matrix screening. This technique is shown to significantly increase the success rate of protein crystallization screening experiments, reduce the need for optimization, and provide a reliable supply of crystals for data collection and ligand-soaking experiments.

Melhorar a taxa de sucesso de cristalização de proteínas pela Random Microseed Matrix Screening

Random microseed matrix screening  (rMMS) is a protein crystallization technique in which seed crystals are added  to random screens. By increasing the ...

Preparation of Segmented Microtubules to Study Motions Driven by the Disassembling Microtubule Ends

Microtubule depolymerization can provide force to transport different protein complexes and protein-coated beads in vitro. The underlying mechanisms are thought to play a vital role in the microtubule-dependent chromosome motions during cell division, but the relevant proteins and their exact roles are ill-defined. Thus, there is a growing need to develop assays with which to study such motility in vitro using purified components and defined biochemical milieu. Microtubules, however, are inherently unstable polymers; their switching between growth and shortening is stochastic and difficult to control. The protocols we describe here take advantage of the segmented microtubules that are made with the photoablatable stabilizing caps. Depolymerization of such segmented microtubules can be triggered with high temporal and spatial resolution, thereby assisting studies of motility at the disassembling microtubule ends. This technique can be used to carry out a quantitative analysis of the number of molecules in the fluorescently-labeled protein complexes, which move processively with dynamic microtubule ends. To optimize a signal-to-noise ratio in this and other quantitative fluorescent assays, coverslips should be treated to reduce nonspecific absorption of soluble fluorescently-labeled proteins. Detailed protocols are provided to take into account the unevenness of fluorescent illumination, and determine the intensity of a single fluorophore using equidistant Gaussian fit. Finally, we describe the use of segmented microtubules to study microtubule-dependent motions of the protein-coated microbeads, providing insights into the ability of different motor and nonmotor proteins to couple microtubule depolymerization to processive cargo motion.

Microtubules are inherently unstable polymers, and their switching between growth and shortening is stochastic and difficult to control. Here we describe protocols using segmented microtubules with photoablatable stabilizing caps. Depolymerization of segmented microtubules can be triggered with high temporal and spatial resolution, thereby assisting analysis of motions with the disassembling microtubule ends.

Preparação de Segmentadas Microtubules para estudar Moções impulsionado pela desmontagem de microtúbulos Termina

Microtubule depolymerization can provide force to transport different protein complexes and protein-coated beads in vitro. The underlying mechanisms are ...

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and the inherent instability of many membrane proteins once solubilized in detergents. A protocol is described that combines ligation independent cloning of membrane proteins as GFP fusions with expression in Escherichia coli detected by GFP fluorescence. This enables the construction and expression screening of multiple membrane protein/variants to identify candidates suitable for further investment of time and effort. The GFP reporter is used in a primary screen of expression by visualizing GFP fluorescence following SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Membrane proteins that show both a high expression level with minimum degradation as indicated by the absence of free GFP, are selected for a secondary screen. These constructs are scaled and a total membrane fraction prepared and solubilized in four different detergents. Following ultracentrifugation to remove detergent-insoluble material, lysates are analyzed by fluorescence detection size exclusion chromatography (FSEC). Monitoring the size exclusion profile by GFP fluorescence provides information about the mono-dispersity and integrity of the membrane proteins in different detergents. Protein: detergent combinations that elute with a symmetrical peak with little or no free GFP and minimum aggregation are candidates for subsequent purification. Using the above methodology, the heterologous expression in E. coli of SED (shape, elongation, division, and sporulation) proteins from 47 different species of bacteria was analyzed. These proteins typically have ten transmembrane domains and are essential for cell division. The results show that the production of the SEDs orthologues in E. coli was highly variable with respect to the expression levels and integrity of the GFP fusion proteins. The experiment identified a subset for further investigation.

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

A streamlined approach to screening for the expression of recombinant membrane proteins in Escherichia coli based on fusion to green fluorescent protein is presented.

Verde Fluorescente à base de proteínas Expressão Rastreio de Proteínas de Membrana em<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and ...

Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

In this protocol, a green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining are used to track protein subcellular localization changes; in particular, a nuclear translocation under a heat stress condition. Proteins react correspondingly to external and internal signals. A common mechanism is to change its subcellular localization. This article describes a protocol to track protein localization that does not require an antibody, radioactive labeling, or a confocal microscope. In this article, GFP is used to tag the target protein EXL-1 in C. elegans, a member of the chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLICs) family, including mammalian CLIC4. An integrated translational exl-1::gfp transgenic line (with a promoter and a full gene sequence) was created by transformation and &#947;-radiation, and stably expresses the gene and gfp. Recent research showed that upon heat stress, not oxidative stress, EXL-1::GFP accumulates in the nucleus. Overlapping the GFP signal with both the nuclei structure and the DAPI signals confirms the EXL-1 subcellular localization changes under stress. This protocol presents two different fixation methods for DAPI staining: ethanol fixation and acetone fixation. The DAPI staining protocol presented in this article is fast and efficient and preserves both the GFP signal and the protein subcellular localization changes. This method only requires a fluorescence microscope with Nomarski, a FITC filter, and a DAPI filter. It is suitable for a small laboratory setting, undergraduate student research, high school student research, and biotechnology classrooms.

Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

This protocol demonstrates how to track a protein nuclear translocation under heat stress by using a green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein as a marker and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. The DAPI staining protocol is fast and preserves the GFP and protein subcellular localization signals.

Detectar a localização Subcellular da proteína por marcação de proteína de fluorescência verde e 4' 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole de coloração em Caenorhabditis elegans

In this protocol, a green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining are used to track protein ...

Detecting and Characterizing Protein Self-Assembly In Vivo by Flow Cytometry

Protein self-assembly governs protein function and compartmentalizes cellular processes in space and time. Current methods to study it suffer from low-sensitivity, indirect read-outs, limited throughput, and/or population-level rather than single-cell resolution. We designed a flow cytometry-based single methodology that addresses all of these limitations: Distributed Amphifluoric FRET or DAmFRET. DAmFRET detects and quantifies protein self-assemblies by sensitized emission FRET in vivo, enables deployment across model systems-from yeast to human cells-and achieves sensitive, single-cell, high-throughput read-outs irrespective of protein localization or solubility.

This article describes a FRET-based flow cytometry protocol to quantify protein self-assembly in both S. cerevisiae and HEK293T cells.

Preparação do Mgm101 recombinação de proteínas por Estratégia Tagging baseado MBP

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