Name: zebrafish model of neuroblastoma metastasis
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Zebrafish Model of Neuroblastoma Metastasis at JoVE.com

This work was supported by a grant R01 CA240323 (S.Z.) from the National Cancer Institute; a grant W81XWH-17-1-0498 (S.Z.) from the United States Department of Defense (DoD); a V Scholar award from the V Foundation for Cancer Research (S.Z.) and a Platform Grant from the Mayo Center for Biomedical Discovery (S.Z.); and supports from the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center and Center for Individualized Medicine (S.Z.).

All research methods using zebrafish and animal care/maintenance were performed in compliance with the institutional guidelines at Mayo Clinic.
1. Preparation and microinjection of transgene constructs for the development of LMO1 transgenic zebrafish line with overexpression in PSNS
<ol>
	<li>To develop the LMO1-pDONR221 entry clone, amplify the coding region of human LMO1 from cDNA obtained from human cell line using PCR.
	<ol>
		<li>Make a 25 &#181;L reaction as ...

<ol>
	<li>Veldman, M., Lin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+as+a+developmental+model+organism+for+pediatric+research.">Zebrafish as a developmental model organism for pediatric research.</a> Pediatric Research. 64, 470-476 (2008).</li><li>Feitsma, H., Cuppen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+as+a+cancer+model.">Zebrafish as a cancer model.</a> Molecular Cancer Research. 6 (5), 694 (2008).</li><li>Ethcin, J., Kanki, J. P., Look, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+as+a+model+for+the+study+of+human+cancer.">Zebrafish as a model for the study of human cancer.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 105, 309-337 (2010).</li><li>Benjamin, D. C., Hynes, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+imaging+of+metastasis+in+adult+Zebrafish.">Intravital imaging of metastasis in adult Zebrafish.</a> BMC Cancer. 17 (1), 660 (2017).</li><li>Kim, I. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microenvironment-derived+factors+driving+metastatic+plasticity+in+melanoma.">Microenvironment-derived factors driving metastatic plasticity in melanoma.</a> Nature Communications. 8, 14343 (2017).</li><li>Zhu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activated+ALK+collaborates+with+MYCN+in+neuroblastoma+pathogenesis.">Activated ALK collaborates with MYCN in neuroblastoma pathogenesis.</a> Cancer Cell. 21 (3), 362-373 (2012).</li><li>Maris, J. M., Hogarty, M. D., Bagatell, R., Cohn, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroblastoma.">Neuroblastoma.</a> Lancet. 369 (9579), 2106-2120 (2007).</li><li>Park, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Children's+oncology+group's+2013+blueprint+for+research:+neuroblastoma.">Children's oncology group's 2013 blueprint for research: neuroblastoma.</a> Pediatric Blood and Cancer. 60 (6), 985-993 (2013).</li><li>Hoehner, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+developmental+model+of+neuroblastoma:+differentiating+stroma-poor+tumors'+progress+along+an+extra-adrenal+chromaffin+lineage.">A developmental model of neuroblastoma: differentiating stroma-poor tumors' progress along an extra-adrenal chromaffin lineage.</a> Laboratory Investigation: A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 75 (5), 659-675 (1996).</li><li>Tsubota, S., Kadomatsu, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origin+and+initiation+mechanisms+of+neuroblastoma.">Origin and initiation mechanisms of neuroblastoma.</a> Cell and Tissue Research. 372 (2), 211-221 (2018).</li><li>Tolbert, V. P., Matthay, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroblastoma:+Clinical+and+biological+approach+to+risk+stratification+and+treatment.">Neuroblastoma: Clinical and biological approach to risk stratification and treatment.</a> Cell and Tissue Research. 372 (2), 195-209 (2018).</li><li>Maris, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+neuroblastoma.">Recent advances in neuroblastoma.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 362 (23), 2202-2211 (2010).</li><li>Zhu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LMO1+Synergizes+with+MYCN+to+promote+neuroblastoma+initiation+and+metastasis.">LMO1 Synergizes with MYCN to promote neuroblastoma initiation and metastasis.</a> Cancer Cell. 32, 310-323 (2017).</li><li>Patton, E. E., Zon, L. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+art+and+design+of+genetic+screens:+zebrafish.">The art and design of genetic screens: zebrafish.</a> Nature Reviews Genetics. 2 (12), 956-966 (2001).</li><li>Lieschke, G. J., Currie, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+human+disease:+zebrafish+swim+into+view.">Animal models of human disease: zebrafish swim into view.</a> Nature Reviews Genetics. 8 (5), 353-367 (2007).</li><li>Tao, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LIN28B+regulates+transcription+and+potentiates+MYCN-induced+neuroblastoma+through+binding+to+ZNF143+at+target+gene+promotors.">LIN28B regulates transcription and potentiates MYCN-induced neuroblastoma through binding to ZNF143 at target gene promotors.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (28), 16516-16526 (2020).</li><li>Ung, C. Y., Guo, F., Zhang, X., Zhu, Z., Zhu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosaic+zebrafish+transgenesis+for+functional+genomic+analysis+of+candidate+cooperative+genes+in+tumor+pathogenesis.">Mosaic zebrafish transgenesis for functional genomic analysis of candidate cooperative genes in tumor pathogenesis.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (97), e52567 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Critical+role+for+GAB2+in+neuroblastoma+pathogenesis+through+the+promotion+of+SHP2/MYCN+cooperation.">Critical role for GAB2 in neuroblastoma pathogenesis through the promotion of SHP2/MYCN cooperation.</a> Cell Reports. 18 (12), 2932-2942 (2017).</li><li>Zimmerman, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MYC+drives+a+subset+of+high-risk+pediatric+neuroblastomas+and+is+activated+through+mechanisms+including+enhancer+hijacking+and+focal+enhancer+amplification.">MYC drives a subset of high-risk pediatric neuroblastomas and is activated through mechanisms including enhancer hijacking and focal enhancer amplification.</a> Cancer Discovery. 8 (3), 320-335 (2018).</li><li>Koach, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drugging+MYCN+oncogenic+signaling+through+the+MYCN-PA2G4+binding+interface.">Drugging MYCN oncogenic signaling through the MYCN-PA2G4 binding interface.</a> Cancer Research. 79 (21), 5652-5667 (2019).</li><li>Kimmel, C. B., Ballard, W. W., Kimmel, S. R., Ullmann, B., Schilling, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stages+of+embryonic+development+of+the+zebrafish.">Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish.</a> Developmental Dynamics. 203 (3), 253-310 (1995).</li><li>DuBois, S. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metastatic+sites+in+stage+IV+and+IVS+neuroblastoma+correlate+with+age,+tumor+biology,+and+survival.">Metastatic sites in stage IV and IVS neuroblastoma correlate with age, tumor biology, and survival.</a> Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology. 21 (3), 181-189 (1999).</li><li>Wattrus, S. J., Zon, L. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell+safe+harbor:+The+hematopoietic+stem+cell+niche+in+zebrafish.">Stem cell safe harbor: The hematopoietic stem cell niche in zebrafish.</a> Blood Advances. 2 (21), 3063-3069 (2018).</li><li>Menke, A. L., Spitsbergen, J. M., Wolterbeek, A. P., Woutersen, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normal+anatomy+and+histology+of+the+adult+zebrafish.">Normal anatomy and histology of the adult zebrafish.</a> Toxicologic Pathology. 39 (5), 759-775 (2011).</li><li>Renshaw, S. A., Trede, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+450+million+years+in+the+making:+Zebrafish+and+vertebrate+immunity.">A model 450 million years in the making: Zebrafish and vertebrate immunity.</a> Disease Models and Mechanisms. 5 (1), 38-47 (2012).</li><li>Junqueira, L. C., Cossermelli, W., Brentani, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+staining+of+collagens+type+I,+II+and+III+by+Sirius+Red+and+polarization+microscopy.">Differential staining of collagens type I, II and III by Sirius Red and polarization microscopy.</a> Archivum histologicum Japonicum (Nihon Soshikigaku Kiroku). 41 (3), 267-274 (1978).</li><li>Sweat, F., Puchtler, H., Rosenthal, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sirius+red+F3BA+as+a+stain+for+connective+tissue.">Sirius red F3BA as a stain for connective tissue.</a> Archives of Pathology. 78, 69-72 (1964).</li><li>Ignatius, M. S., Hayes, M., Langenau, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+cancer+in+zebrafish.">In vivo imaging of cancer in zebrafish.</a> Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 916, 219-237 (2016).</li><li>Howe, C. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+zebrafish+reference+genome+sequence+and+its+relationship+to+the+human+genome.">The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome.</a> Nature. 496 (7446), 498-503 (2013).</li><li>Fazio, M., Ablain, J., Chuan, Y., Langenau, D. M., Zon, L. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+patient+avatars+in+cancer+biology+and+precision+cancer+therapy.">Zebrafish patient avatars in cancer biology and precision cancer therapy.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 20 (5), 263-273 (2020).</li><li>Yoganantharjah, P., Gibert, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Use+of+the+zebrafish+model+to+aid+in+drug+discovery+and+target+validation.">The Use of the zebrafish model to aid in drug discovery and target validation.</a> Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 17 (18), 2041-2055 (2018).</li><li>Ignatius, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+tumor-propagating+cells,+regional+tumor+heterogeneity,+and+dynamic+cell+movements+in+embryonal+rhabdomyosarcoma.">In vivo imaging of tumor-propagating cells, regional tumor heterogeneity, and dynamic cell movements in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.</a> Cancer Cell. 21 (5), 680-693 (2012).</li><li>Stoletov, K., Montel, V., Lester, R. D., Gonias, S. L., Klemke, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+imaging+of+the+dynamic+tumor+cell+vascular+interface+in+transparent+zebrafish.">High-resolution imaging of the dynamic tumor cell vascular interface in transparent zebrafish.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (44), 17406-17411 (2007).</li><li>Ahmed, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroblastoma+with+orbital+metastasis:+ophthalmic+presentation+and+role+of+ophthalmologists.">Neuroblastoma with orbital metastasis: ophthalmic presentation and role of ophthalmologists.</a> Eye. 20 (4), 466-470 (2006).</li><li>Papaioannou, G., McHugh, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroblastoma+in+childhood:+review+and+radiological+findings.">Neuroblastoma in childhood: review and radiological findings.</a> Cancer Imaging Society. 5 (1), 116-127 (2005).</li><li>Langenau, D. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-injection+strategies+to+modify+radiation+sensitivity+and+tumor+initiation+in+transgenic+Zebrafish.">Co-injection strategies to modify radiation sensitivity and tumor initiation in transgenic Zebrafish.</a> Oncogene. 27 (30), 4242-4248 (2008).</li><li>Amores, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+hox+clusters+and+vertebrate+genome+evolution.">Zebrafish hox clusters and vertebrate genome evolution.</a> Science. 282 (5394), 1711-1714 (1998).</li><li>Postlethwait, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vertebrate+genome+evolution+and+the+zebrafish+gene+map.">Vertebrate genome evolution and the zebrafish gene map.</a> Nature Genetics. 18 (4), 345-349 (1998).</li><li>Opazo, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-genome+duplication+and+the+functional+diversification+of+teleost+fish+hemoglobins.">Whole-genome duplication and the functional diversification of teleost fish hemoglobins.</a> Molecular Biology and Evolution. 30 (1), 140-153 (2013).</li></ol>

Zebrafish has been commonly used in research for the past few decades, especially in cancer research, for obvious reasons, such as its ease of maintenance, robust reproduction, and clear advantages for in vivo imaging1,28. The zebrafish model can be easily manipulated embryonically due to their external fertilization and development, which complements well to mammalian model organisms, such as rats and mice, for large-scale genetic studies<sup class="xre...

Zebrafish has been widely used and applied to several areas of research, especially in cancer. This model provides many advantages-such as its robust reproduction, cost-effective maintenance, and versatile visualization of tumor growth and metastasis-all of which make zebrafish a powerful tool to study and investigate the cellular and molecular bases of tumorigenesis and metastasis. New techniques for large-scale genome mapping, transgenesis, genes overexpression or knockout, cell transplantation, and chemical screens have immensely augmented the power of the zebrafish model1. During the past few years, many zebrafish lines have been developed to study tumorigenesis and metastasis of a variety of human cancers, including but not limited to leukemia, melanoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma2,3,4,5. Additionally, the first zebrafish model of neuroblastoma (NB) was generated by overexpressing MYCN, an oncogene, in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system (PSNS) under control of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (d&#946;h) promoter. With this model, it was further demonstrated that activated ALK can synergize with MYCN to accelerate tumor onset and increase tumor penetrance in vivo6.
NB is derived from the sympathoadrenal lineage of the neural crest cells, and is a highly metastatic cancer in children7. It is responsible for 10% of pediatric cancer-related deaths8. Widely metastasized at diagnosis, NB can be clinically presented as tumors primarily originating along the chain of the sympathetic ganglia and the adrenal medulla of PSNS9,10. MYCN amplification is commonly associated with poor outcomes in NB patients11,12. Moreover, LMO1 has been identified as a critical NB susceptibility gene in high-risk cases13,14. Studies found that the transgenic coexpression of MYCN and LMO1 in the PSNS of the zebrafish model not only promotes earlier onset of NB, but also induces widespread metastasis to the tissues and organs that are similar to sites commonly seen in patients with high-risk NB13. Very recently, another metastatic phenotype of NB has also been observed in a newer zebrafish model of NB, in which both MYCN and Lin28B, encoding an RNA binding protein, are overexpressed under control of the d&#946;h promoter16.
The stable transgenic approach in zebrafish is often used to study whether overexpression of a gene of interest could contribute to the normal development and disease pathogenesis14,15. This technique has been successfully used to demonstrate the importance of multiple genes and pathways to NB tumorigenesis6,16,17,18,19,20. This paper will introduce how the transgenic fish line that overexpresses both MYCN and LMO1 in the PSNS was created and how it was demonstrated that the cooperation of these two oncogenes accelerate the onset of NB tumorigenesis and metastasis13. First, the transgenic line that overexpresses EGFP-MYCN under control of the d&#946;h promoter (designated MYCN line) was developed by injecting the d&#946;h-EGFP-MYCN construct into one-cell stage of wild-type (WT) AB embryos, as previously described6,17. A separate transgenic line that overexpresses LMO1 in the PSNS (designated LMO1 line) was developed by coinjecting two DNA constructs, d&#946;h-LMO1 and d&#946;h-mCherry, into WT embryos at the one-cell stage13. It has been previously demonstrated that coinjected double DNA constructs can be cointegrated into the fish genome; therefore, LMO1 and mCherry are coexpressed in the PSNS cells of the transgenic animals. Once the injected F0 embryos reached sexual maturity, they were then out-crossed with WT fish for the identification of positive fish with transgene(s) integration. Briefly, the F1 offspring were first screened by fluorescent microscopy for mCherry expression in the PSNS cells. The germline integration of LMO1 in mCherry-positive fish was further confirmed by genomic PCR and sequencing. After successful identification of each transgenic line, the progeny of heterozygous MYCN and LMO1 transgenic fish were interbred to generate a compound fish line expressing both MYCN and LMO1 (designated MYCN;LMO1 line). Tumor-bearing MYCN;LMO1 fish were monitored by fluorescent microscopy biweekly for the evidence of metastatic tumors in the regions distant to the primary site, interrenal gland region (IRG, zebrafish equivalent of human adrenal gland)13. To confirm the metastasis of tumors in MYCN;LMO1 fish, histological and immunohistochemical analyses were applied.

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			<td>3,3&#8217;-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Kit</td>
			<td>Vector</td>
			<td>SK-4100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific / Acros Organic</td>
			<td>64-19-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose GP2</td>
			<td>Midwest Scientific</td>
			<td>009012-36-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) Antibody</td>
			<td>Pel-Freez</td>
			<td>P40101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Avidin/Biotin Blocking Kit</td>
			<td>Vector</td>
			<td>SP-2001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BOND Intense R Detection</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>DS9263</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BOND primary antibody diluent</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems Newcastle, Ltd.</td>
			<td>AR9352</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BOND-MAX IHC instrument</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems Newcastle, Ltd.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>fully automated IHC staining system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CH211-270H11 BAC clone</td>
			<td>BACPAC resources center (BRFC)</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compound microscope equipped with DP71 camera</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>AX70</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytoseal XYL (xylene based mounting medium)</td>
			<td>Richard-Allan Scientific</td>
			<td>8312-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>3801601</td>
			<td>ready-to-use (no preparation needed)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Carolina</td>
			<td>86-1263</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Expand Long Template PCR System</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Science, IN</td>
			<td>11681834001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gateway BP Clonase II enzyme mix</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, CA</td>
			<td>11789-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gateway LR Clonase II enzyme mix</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, CA</td>
			<td>11791-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Rb secondary antibody (Biotinylated)</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>E0432</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin Solution, Harris Modified</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company Inc. / SAFC</td>
			<td>HHS-32-1L</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>HRP Avidin D</td>
			<td>Vector</td>
			<td>A-2004</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Hydrochloric Acid</td>
			<td>Aqua Solutions</td>
			<td>4360-1L</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Hydrogen Peroxide, 3%</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>H324-500</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>I-SceI enzyme</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs, MA</td>
			<td>R0694L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kanamycin sulfate</td>
			<td>Teknova, Inc.</td>
			<td>K2150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark Professional Kimtech Science Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>34133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium Carbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company Inc. / SAFC</td>
			<td>554-13-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome for sectioning</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>RM2255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>One Shot TOP10 Chemically Competent&#160;E. coli</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C404006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p3E-polyA</td>
			<td>&#160;Dr. Chi-Bin Chien, Univ. of Utah</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>a generous gift 
			(Please refer to webpage http://tol2kit.genetics.utah.edu/index.php/Main_Page to obtain material, which is freely distrubted as described.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafin wax</td>
			<td>Surgipath Paraplast</td>
			<td>39603002</td>
			<td>Parrafin to parafin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A11313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pDEST vector (modified destination vector containing I-SceI recognition sites)</td>
			<td>Dr. C. Grabher, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>a generous gift</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pDONR 221 gateway donor vector</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12536-017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pDONRP4-P1R donor vector</td>
			<td>&#160;Dr. Chi-Bin Chien, Univ. of Utah</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>a generous gift</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol red, 0.5%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>&#160;P0290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), 10X</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>1610780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Picrosirrius red stain kit</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>24901-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pME-mCherry</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>26028</td>
			<td>(DBH construct)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K, recombinant, PCR Grade</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>21712520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAprep Spin MiniPrep Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>27104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RDO Rapid Decalcifier</td>
			<td>Apex Enginerring</td>
			<td>RDO04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Azide (NaN3)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>26628-22-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>MZ10F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereoscopic fluorescence microscope equipped with a digital sight DS-U1 camera for imaging</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ-1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs, MA</td>
			<td>M0273L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue-Tek VIP&#174;&#160;6 AI Vacuum Infiltration Processor</td>
			<td>Sakura</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Model #: VIP-6-A1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tricaine-S</td>
			<td>Western Chemical Incorporated</td>
			<td>20513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>X3P1GAL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

zebrafish model of neuroblastoma metastasis

Zebrafish has emerged as an important animal model to study human diseases, especially cancer. Along with the robust transgenic and genome editing technologies applied in zebrafish modeling, the ease of maintenance, high-yield productivity, and powerful live imaging altogether make the zebrafish a valuable model system to study metastasis and cellular and molecular bases underlying this process in vivo. The first zebrafish neuroblastoma (NB) model of metastasis was developed by overexpressing two oncogenes, MYCN and LMO1, under control of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (d&#946;h) promoter. Co-overexpressed MYCN and LMO1 led to the reduced latency and increased penetrance of neuroblastomagenesis, as well as accelerated distant metastasis of tumor cells. This new model reliably reiterates many key features of human metastatic NB, including involvement of clinically relevant and metastasis-associated genetic alterations; natural and spontaneous development of metastasis in vivo; and conserved sites of metastases. Therefore, the zebrafish model possesses unique advantages to dissect the complex process of tumor metastasis in vivo.

To determine whether LMO1 synergizes with MYCN to affect NB pathogenesis, transgenic constructs that drive expression of either LMO1 (d&#946;h:LMO1 and d&#946;h:mCherry) or MYCN (d&#946;h:EGFP-MYCN) in the PSNS cells under control of the d&#946;h promoter were injected into zebrafish embryos13. As illustrated in Figure 1A, after the development of stable transgenic lines and validation of their ge...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Zebrafish Model of Neuroblastoma Metastasis at JoVE.com

Zebrafish Model of Neuroblastoma Metastasis

This paper introduces the method of developing, characterizing, and tracking in real-time the tumor metastasis in zebrafish model of neuroblastoma, specifically in the transgenic zebrafish line with overexpression of MYCN and LMO1, which develops metastasis spontaneously.

Zebrafish has emerged as an important animal model to study human diseases, especially cancer. Along with the robust transgenic and genome editing ...

These methods were used to develop the first zebrafish model of neuroblastoma metastasis. And to demonstrate that this model can faithfully recapitulate many features of metastasis seen in patients with high risk of neuroblastoma. The main advantage of this metastatic zebrafish model is the real-time in vivo imaging of tumor dissemination to better understand when, and possibly how metastasis occurs.This technique isn't specific to neuroblastoma. It can be applied to zebrafish models of diverse types of cancers as long as the tumor cells can be identified and tracked leading to an array of possibilities. To begin, develop a heterozygous transgenic fish line overexpressing both MYCN and LMO1 by interbreeding MYCN and LMO1 transgenic lines.At one day post fertilization, use a stereoscopic fluorescence microscope to sort the progeny of outcross for EGFP expression, which presents as EGFP positive points. After sorting, isolate screened embryos into separate Petri dishes and label dishes as MYCN positive or MYCN negative. Visualize and sort embryos of both groups for LMO1 expression three to four days post fertilization.Look for red fluorescence spots in both the superior cervical ganglion and non PSNS dopaminergic neuronal cells especially in the oblongata medulla of the hindbrain. Perform the screening before embryos reach five days post fertilization. Then isolate sorted fish into four groups of different genotypes and label as MYCN only, LMO1 only, MYCN and LMO1 both and wild type.Raise them in identical conditions according to standard protocols. Visualize tumors with a stereoscopic fluorescence microscope by gently flipping fish with a metal spatula on both lateral sides to view the tumor. After identification of the possible tumor-bearing fish, isolate them into a separate tank with appropriate labels which include the date of birth, date when the tumor was screened, and genotype.At six weeks post fertilization, repeat previous steps to screen for tumor-bearing fish and non-tumor bearing fish to confirm the presence of tumors for previously-screened fish or identify new possible tumor-bearing fish. Look for the sustained or increased size of the fluorescence positive mass and confirmed tumor-bearing fish. After identifying tumor-bearing fish, monitor them biweekly for evidence of tumor cell migration, which presents as tiny EGFP or mCherry positive tumor masses far from the primary site of tumor genesis.Isolate these fish into separate tanks as needed and label appropriately to indicate possible metastasis. After interpreting the heterozygous MYCN in LMO1 fish, and while sorting their progeny, EGFP MYCN expression was prominent in the non PSNS dopaminergic neuronal cells at one day post fertilization. In contrast, the LMO1 expression was prominent in both PSNS cells and non PSNS dopaminergic neuronal cells.Fluorescent positive tumor masses were detected in tissues in organs, distant from the primary tumor site in the compound transgenic fish with overexpression of both MYCN and LMO1, but not in the transgenic fish with the expression of MYCN alone. H&E staining of the surgical sections show that the primary tumor arose from the interrenal gland region, the zebrafish equivalent of the human adrenal gland which is the most common site of primary disease in neuroblastoma patient. Tumor masses distant from the interrenal gland were detected in multiple regions, including the distal portion of the kidney, orbit, gill, spleen, and the inner wall of the atrial chamber of the heart.The PSNS neuroblast lineage of tumor cells at the primary tumor and all the metastatic sites was confirmed. Significantly amplified amounts and increased thickness of PSR-stained collagen fibers were found in MYCN LMO1 tumors when compared to the tumors expressing MYCN alone. After using this procedure, drug screening and testing novel cancer therapies can be applied, which can potentially lead to the development of alternative agents to prevent and treat metastatic cancers.

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Murine Experimental Model of Original Tumor Development and Peritoneal Metastasis via Orthotopic Inoculation with Ovarian Carcinoma Cells

Murine Experimental Model of Original Tumor Development and Peritoneal Metastasis via Orthotopic Inoculation with Ovarian Carcinoma Cells

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Acellular and Cellular Lung Model to Study Tumor Metastasis

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Using Computer-based Image Analysis to Improve Quantification of Lung Metastasis in the 4T1 Breast Cancer Model

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A Syngeneic Orthotopic Osteosarcoma Sprague Dawley Rat Model with Amputation to Control Metastasis Rate

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