The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Os animais são alojados em uma instalação livre de patógenos barreira. Todos os animais recebem cuidados humanos, em conformidade com os &quot;Princípios de Laboratório Animal Care&quot; formuladas pela Sociedade Nacional de Pesquisa Médica &quot;e do&quot; Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laboratório &quot;, elaborado pela Academia Nacional de Ciências e publicados pela National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication 86-23 não., revista, 1985). Todos os experimentos foram aprovados pelo Ministério da Educação, Ciência e Cultura da Áustria. 1. Destinatário Preparação <ol><li> Anestesiar o animal receptor com uma injecção intramuscular de xilazina (5 mg / kg de peso corporal) e cetamina (100 mg / kg de peso corporal). </li><li> Remover todo o cabelo da região cervical lateral do animal e esfregar o campo operatório três vezes usando chlorhexdine. </li><li> Posicione o mouse em decúbito dorsal sobre o campo operatório. </li><li> Em seguida, faça uma incisão na pele do inc jugularisão à mandíbula inferior direito. </li><li> Posteriormente, sem rodeios mobilizar a veia jugular externa direita (EJV) e dividir os ramos entre ligaduras. </li><li> Em seguida, dividir o EJV entre ligaduras certificando-se de deixar o comprimento suficiente para everter o coto proximal sobre o corpo cuff. </li><li> Em seguida remover o lóbulo direito da glândula submandibular. </li><li> Para a anastomose venosa passar a extremidade proximal do balonete EJV através do polietileno e fixá-lo na pega do punho com uma micro pinça. </li><li> Remover a ligadura no final do navio, everter o lúmen através da braçadeira e fixá-lo com um laço de seda 8-0 (Figura 1a). </li><li> Posteriormente transecto o músculo esternocleidomastóideo direito com cautério bipolar para ter acesso à artéria carótida comum. </li><li> Próximo mobilizar a artéria carótida comum e cortar o vaso entre as ligaduras. </li><li> Próximo mobilizar a artéria carótida comum e cortar o vaso entre as ligaduras. </li><li> Passe as distal fim do navio através do manguito e corrigi-lo com a braçadeira artéria. </li><li> Remover a ligadura no final do navio e distender o lúmen usando dilatadores vasculares. Em seguida, por analogia com o EJV, eversão da artéria sobre o balonete e fixá-lo com um laço de seda 8-0. </li></ol> Procurement 2 Coração <ol><li> Anestesiar o ratinho dador com uma injecção intramuscular de xilazina (5 mg / kg de peso corporal) e cetamina (100 mg / kg de peso corporal). Em seguida, retire todos os pêlos da região abdominal do animal. Esfregue a agente de campo três vezes usando chlorhexdine. Em seguida coloque o mouse em decúbito dorsal sobre o campo operatório, como descrito anteriormente. </li><li> Após uma incisão abdominal na linha média, retrair as vísceras com cotonetes para a esquerda a fim de expor a veia cava inferior (VCI). </li><li> Injectar 400 ul de uma solução a 1: 4 sódio-heparina para a VCI para heparinização. </li><li> Realize uma toracotomia e dobrar a parede anterior do tórax sobre cranial para ganhar access para o coração. </li><li> Em seguida, retirar o timo e fazem incisões na ventilação a veia cava superior direita e esquerda. </li><li> Posteriormente, aspergir o coração de uma forma retrógrada, com 4 ° Celsius solução HTK por punção do arco aórtico com uma seringa G 27 ao nível do tronco braquiocefálico. </li><li> Ligadura da veia cava inferior e superior com 8-0 seda e dividi-los distalmente às ligaduras. </li><li> Próximo dividir o arco da aorta ao nível da canulação anterior e dissecar livre do tronco pulmonar e dividi-lo tanto quanto possível distalmente. </li><li> Em seguida, amarre as veias pulmonares com uma ligadura em massa e dividi-los distalmente às ligaduras. </li><li> Por fim, retire o coração da área doadora e armazená-lo em solução Celsius HTK 4 ° (Figura 1b). </li></ol> 3. Implantação <ol><li> Coloque o enxerto cardíaco na região beneficiária pescoço em uma posição de cabeça para baixo (Figura 1c </strong&gt;). </li><li> Em seguida puxe o tronco pulmonar do coração sobre a construção manguito veia do receptor e corrigi-lo com um laço de seda (Figura 1d). </li><li> Realize a anastomose entre a aorta do enxerto ea artéria revirada do animal destinatário da mesma forma (Figura 1e). </li><li> Subsequentemente, remover o grampo venoso em primeiro lugar, seguido pelo grampo arterial. O coração é reperfundido e começa a bater dentro de 1-2 min. Durante reperfusão umedecer o coração com água morna (35 ° C) soro fisiológico. </li><li> Finalmente fechar a ferida cirúrgica com 6-0 contínuos (Figura 1E). </li></ol> 4 Cuidados Pós-Operatórios, Endpoint <ol><li> Dá até 0,3 ml ip de solução salina normal no pós-operatório para a reposição de líquidos. </li><li> Colocar o animal sob uma lâmpada de calor até acordar da anestesia. </li><li> Uma vez acordado, devolver o animal para a instalação de alojamento onde recebem comida e água ad libitum. </li><li> Para mimizar a dor durante os primeiros 7 dias de pós-operatório administrar carprofeno (4 mg / kg a cada 12 horas por via subcutânea (sc). Além disso, dar buprenorfina (0,1 mg / kg), logo após a operação de cada 12 horas durante 5 dias. </li><li> Obter o peso (g) de cada destinatário animais semanalmente para avaliar a ingestão nutricional adequada. Se houver evidência de mais de 10-15% de perda de peso em relação ao peso no momento da cirurgia, data, apatia paralisante ou uma volta muito torto, sacrificar o animal usando inalação isoflurano terminais antes de chegar ao ponto final clínico. Também sacrificar o animal depois que o coração foi rejeitada. </li></ol>

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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Late+graft+dysfunction+after+prolonged+cold+ischemia+of+the+donor+kidney+inhibition+by+cyclosporine.">Late graft dysfunction after prolonged cold ischemia of the donor kidney inhibition by cyclosporine.</a> Transplantation. 68, 1004-1010 (1999).</li><li>Kouwenhoven, E. A., Ijzermans, J. N., de Bruin, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Etiology+and+pathophysiology+of+chronic+transplant+dysfunction.">Etiology and pathophysiology of chronic transplant dysfunction.</a> Transpl Int. 13, 385-401 (2000).</li><li>Chen, Z. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+technique+of+cervical+heterotopic+heart+transplantation+in+mice.">A technique of cervical heterotopic heart transplantation in mice.</a> Transplantation. 52, 1099-1101 (1991).</li><li>Huang, X., Chen, D., Chen, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=[A+modified+model+of+cervical+heterotopic+cardiac+transplantation+for+chronic+rejection+research].">[A modified model of cervical heterotopic cardiac transplantation for chronic rejection research].</a> Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 22, 1508-1510 (2008).</li><li>Hasegawa, T., Visovatti, S. H., Hyman, M. C., Hayasaki, T., Pinsky, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterotopic+vascularized+murine+cardiac+transplantation+to+study+graft+arteriopathy.">Heterotopic vascularized murine cardiac transplantation to study graft arteriopathy.</a> Nat Protoc. 2, 471-480 (2007).</li><li>Wang, C. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+murine+cardiac+allograft+arteriopathy+by+long-term+blockade+of+CD40-CD154+interactions.">Suppression of murine cardiac allograft arteriopathy by long-term blockade of CD40-CD154 interactions.</a> Circulation. 105, 1609-1614 (2002).</li><li>Matsuura, A., Abe, T., Yasuura, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplified+mouse+cervical+heart+transplantation+using+a+cuff+technique.">Simplified mouse cervical heart transplantation using a cuff technique.</a> Transplantation. 51, 896-898 (1991).</li><li>Tomita, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+technique+of+heterotopic+cervical+heart+transplantation+in+mice.">Improved technique of heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice.</a> Transplantation. 64, 1598-1601 (1997).</li><li>Zhou, Y., Gu, X., Xiang, J., Qian, S., Chen, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparative+study+on+suture+versus+cuff+anastomosis+in+mouse+cervical+cardiac+transplant.">A comparative study on suture versus cuff anastomosis in mouse cervical cardiac transplant.</a> Exp Clin Transplant. 8, 245-249 (2010).</li><li>Corry, R. J., Winn, H. J., Russell, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primarily+vascularized+allografts+of+hearts+in+mice.+The+role+of+H-2D,+H-2K,+and+non-H-2+antigens+in+rejection.">Primarily vascularized allografts of hearts in mice. The role of H-2D, H-2K, and non-H-2 antigens in rejection.</a> Transplantation. 16, 343-350 (1973).</li><li>Kamada, N., Calne, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthotopic+liver+transplantation+in+the+rat.+Technique+using+cuff+for+portal+vein+anastomosis+and+biliary+drainage.">Orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat. Technique using cuff for portal vein anastomosis and biliary drainage.</a> Transplantation. 28, 47-50 (1979).</li><li>Zimmermann, F. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techniques+for+orthotopic+liver+transplantation+in+the+rat+and+some+studies+of+the+immunologic+responses+to+fully+allogeneic+liver+grafts.">Techniques for orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat and some studies of the immunologic responses to fully allogeneic liver grafts.</a> Transplant Proc. 11, 571-577 (1979).</li><li>Maglione, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Donor+pretreatment+with+tetrahydrobiopterin+saves+pancreatic+isografts+from+ischemia+reperfusion+injury+in+a+mouse+model.">Donor pretreatment with tetrahydrobiopterin saves pancreatic isografts from ischemia reperfusion injury in a mouse model.</a> Am J Transplant. 10, 2231-2240 (2010).</li><li>Heron, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+technique+for+accessory+cervical+heart+transplantation+in+rabbits+and+rats.">A technique for accessory cervical heart transplantation in rabbits and rats.</a> Actapathologica et microbiologica Scandinavica Section A, Pathology. 79, 366-372 (1971).</li></ol>

This study has been supported by grant #207 of the &#8220;Medizinischer Forschungsfond Tirol&#8221;, grant #2010022010 of the &#8220;MUI-START F&#246;rderungsprogramm&#8221; of the Innsbruck Medical University.

Rejeição de enxertos vascularizados implica uma infinidade de passos diferentes que só podem ser insuficientemente avaliados utilizando modelos in vitro. Fenómenos como a sensibilização de receptores, processamento de antigénios em órgãos linfóides secundários, mas também a diferenciação e proliferação de células imunocompetentes são melhor caracterizados in vivo. Os modelos animais são, assim, a ferramenta ideal para a investigação translacional 16. Modelos de mouse ain...

O transplante cardíaco representa a terapia de escolha para pacientes que sofrem de diferentes doenças cardíacas em estágio terminal. Os avanços nas técnicas cirúrgicas, a profilaxia mais eficaz de infecções, e novos regimes imunossupressores resultou em acentuada melhoria do resultado do transplante de órgãos 6. No entanto, a sobrevida do enxerto a longo prazo não melhorou rigorosamente ao longo dos últimos anos, 7. A rejeição crônica, caracterizada pela arteriosclerose transplante continua a ser um grande obstáculo para a sobrevivência do enxerto a longo prazo 8-11. O modelo de transplante cardíaco heterotópico em ratos fornece uma ferramenta importante e válida para análise de mecanismo imunológico durante aguda, bem como a rejeição crônica 12-15. Até o momento o modelo de transplante mais comum ainda é o transplante cardíaco rato abdominal utilizando a técnica de sutura. A aorta ascendente do coração do doador é anastomosada à umaaorta bdominal ea artéria pulmonar é anastomosada à veia cava inferior do receptor. Muitas das dificuldades microcirúrgico da sutura modelo baseia-se no pequeno tamanho dos vasos, os quais são suturados 16,17. Em contraste com o modelo de sutura é colocado no centro da região do pescoço do recipiente, onde a veia jugular externa é anastomosado para a artéria pulmonar e a artéria carótida comum a aorta do doador. A lógica do desenvolvimento do modelo de transplante de coração cervicais utilizando a técnica do manguito ter um modelo animal, o que permite a obtenção de elevadas taxas de sucesso com técnicas de microcirurgia básicas que permitem uma ampla aplicação deste modelo. As principais vantagens desse método são o significativamente menos anastomose ocorrem complicações como hemorragias e trombose relacionada quando comparado com o modelo de sutura 18.

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			<td>Yasargil Clip Mini Permanent 7mm</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>FE720K</td>
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			<td>Micro vessel clip</td>
			<td>S &#38; T</td>
			<td>B1 00396 V</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Microscissor</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14075-11</td>
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			<td rowspan="2">Vesseldilatator</td>
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			<td>Microforceps</td>
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			<td>Dumont 11271- 30</td>
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			<td>Clipapplicator</td>
			<td>S &#38; T</td>
			<td>CAF-4 00072</td>
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			<td>Microvessel clip</td>
			<td>S &#38; T</td>
			<td>B1 00396 V</td>
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murine cervical heart transplantation model using a modified cuff technique

<html> Modelos de mouse são de especial interesse na pesquisa desde uma grande variedade de anticorpos monoclonais e comercialmente definido pura e linhagens knockout estão disponíveis para executar mecanicista estudos in vivo. Enquanto os modelos de transplante cardíaco usando uma técnica de sutura foram primeiro desenvolvido com sucesso em ratos, a tradução para o equivalente murino usado igualmente difundida nunca foi alcançado devido à complexidade técnica de um procedimento neurocirúrgico. Em contraste, as técnicas não-sutura do manguito, também desenvolvido inicialmente em ratos, foram adaptados com sucesso para uso em camundongos 1-3. Esta técnica de revascularização envolve duas etapas principais I) evertendo o navio beneficiário durante um manguito de polietileno; II) puxando o navio dador sobre o navio beneficiário anteriormente revirado e segurando-o no lugar com uma ligação periférica. Isso garante a continuidade da camada endotelial, tempo de operação de curto e altas taxas de permeabilidade 4. t &quot;&gt; Usando esta técnica para a anastomose vascular que realizou mais de 1.000 transplantes de coração do colo do útero com uma taxa de sucesso global de 95%. Para arterial fluxo da artéria carótida comum e do arco aórtico proximal foram anastomosadas resultando em uma perfusão retrógrada do coração transplantado. Para a drenagem venosa a artéria pulmonar do enxerto anastomose com a veia jugular externa do recipiente 5. Aqui, nós fornecemos mais detalhes desta técnica para complementar o vídeo.

A Figura 2 mostra os dados de sobrevivência representativas de aloenxertos cardíacos de doadores BALB / c após o transplante em plena MHC incompatíveis C57BL / 6 destinatários. Corações são rejeitados no dia 7 ± 1 após o transplante. Dedo palpação do enxerto transplantado é um método sensível para detectar o campo dependente do tempo de rejeição do enxerto. Todos os transplantes de coração singï¿½icas realizados em nossa série sobreviveu por tempo indeterminado (&gt; 150 dias). </...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Cervical Heart Transplantation Model Using a Modified Cuff Technique at JoVE.com

Murine Cervical Heart Transplantation Model Using a Modified Cuff Technique

O modelo de transplante de coração de murídeo cervical é bem adequado para imunológico, bem como estudos de lesão de reperfusão de isquemia. Nós modificamos o procedimento usando uma técnica cuff não sutura e realizou mais de 1.000 transplantes de sucesso com essa abordagem. Aqui, nós fornecemos mais detalhes desta técnica para complementar o vídeo.

Murino Cervical Modelo de coração Transplante usando uma técnica Cuff Modificado

Mouse models are of special interest in research since a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies and commercially defined inbred and knockout strains are ...

murine-cervical-heart-transplantation-model-using-modified-cuff

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.8K visualizações.  Innsbruck Medical University.  O modelo de transplante de coração de murídeo cervical é bem adequado para imunológico, bem como estudos de lesão de reperfusão de isquemia. Nós modificamos o procedimento usando uma técnica cuff não sutura e realizou mais de 1.000 transplantes de sucesso com essa abordagem. Aqui, nós fornecemos mais detalhes desta técnica para complementar o vídeo. 

Vídeo: Murine Cervical Heart Transplantation Model Using a Modified Cuff Technique

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. Impaired wound healing, which occurs in diabetic patients for example, can lead to severe unfavorable outcomes such as amputation. There is, therefore, an increasing impetus to develop novel agents that promote wound repair. The testing of these has been limited to large animal models such as swine, which are often impractical. Mice represent the ideal preclinical model, as they are economical and amenable to genetic manipulation, which allows for mechanistic investigation. However, wound healing in a mouse is fundamentally different to that of humans as it primarily occurs via contraction. Our murine model overcomes this by incorporating a splint around the wound. By splinting the wound, the repair process is then dependent on epithelialization, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, which closely mirror the biological processes of human wound healing. Whilst requiring consistency and care, this murine model does not involve complicated surgical techniques and allows for the robust testing of promising agents that may, for example, promote angiogenesis or inhibit inflammation. Furthermore, each mouse acts as its own control as two wounds are prepared, enabling the application of both the test compound and the vehicle control on the same animal. In conclusion, we demonstrate a practical, easy-to-learn, and robust model of wound healing, which is comparable to that of humans.

A murine model of cutaneous wound healing that can be used to assess therapeutic compounds in physiological and pathophysiological settings.

Modelo Murino de Cicatrização

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

Medicina

A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed to improve/ameliorate the respiratory failure following high cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we propose a murine pre-clinical model of high SCI at the cervical 2 (C2) metameric level to study diverse post-lesional respiratory neuroplasticity. The technique consists of a surgical partial injury at the C2 level, which will induce a hemiparalysis of the diaphragm due to a deafferentation of the phrenic motoneurons from the respiratory centers located in the brainstem. The contralateral side of the injury remains intact and allows the animal recovery. Unlike other SCIs which affect the locomotor function (at the thoracic and lumbar level), the respiratory function does not require animal motivation and the quantification of the deficit/recovery can be easily performed (diaphragm and phrenic nerve recordings, whole body ventilation). This pre-clinical C2 SCI model is a powerful, useful, and reliable pre-clinical model to study various respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity events at different levels (molecular to physiology) and to test diverse putative therapeutic strategies which might improve the respiration in SCI patients.

Respiratory failure is the leading cause of death following a cervical spinal cord injury. Having a reproducible, quantifiable, and reliable pre-clinical animal model of respiratory failure induced by a partial cervical injury will help to understand the subsequent respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity and allow testing putative repair strategies.

Um modelo murino de Spinal Cord Injury do colo do útero para o Estudo de pós-lesional respiratória Neuroplasticidade

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed ...

Murine Heterotopic Heart Transplant Technique

It is now over forty years since this technique was first reported by Corry, Wynn and Russell. Although it took some years for other labs to become proficient in and utilize this technique, it is now widely used by many laboratories around the world. A significant refinement to the original technique was developed and reported in 2001 by Niimi. Described here are the techniques that have evolved over more than a decade in the hands of three surgeons (Plenter, Grazia, Pietra) in our center. These techniques are now being passed on to a younger generation of surgeons and researchers.
Based largely on the Niimi experience, the procedures used have evolved in the fine details - details which we will endeavor to relate here in such a way that others may be able to use this very useful model. Like Niimi, we have found that a video aid to learning is a priceless resource for the beginner.

The manuscript describes the steps required to perform the heterotopic heart transplant in the mouse.

Técnica de transplante heterotópico Murino Coração

It is now over forty years since this technique was first reported by Corry, Wynn and Russell. Although it took some years for other labs to become ...

Transplantation of Pulmonary Valve Using a Mouse Model of Heterotopic Heart Transplantation

Tissue engineered heart valves, especially decellularized valves, are starting to gain momentum in clinical use of reconstructive surgery with mixed results. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the neotissue development, valve thickening, and stenosis development are not researched extensively. To answer the above questions, we developed a murine heterotopic heart valve transplantation model. A heart valve was harvested from a valve donor mouse and transplanted to a heart donor mouse. The heart with a new valve was transplanted heterotopically to a recipient mouse. The transplanted heart showed its own heartbeat, independent of the recipient&#8217;s heartbeat. The blood flow was quantified using a high frequency ultrasound system with a pulsed wave Doppler. The flow through the implanted pulmonary valve showed forward flow with minimal regurgitation and the peak flow was close to 100 mm/sec. This murine model of heart valve transplantation is highly versatile, so it can be modified and adapted to provide different hemodynamic environments and/or can be used with various transgenic mice to study neotissue development in a tissue engineered heart valve.

In order to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neotissue formation and stenosis development in tissue engineered heart valves, a murine model of heterotopic heart valve transplantation was developed. A pulmonary heart valve was transplanted to recipient using the heterotopic heart transplantation technique.

O transplante de válvula pulmonar Usando um modelo do rato de Heterotópica Transplante de Coração

Tissue engineered heart valves, especially decellularized valves, are starting to gain momentum in clinical use of reconstructive surgery with mixed ...

Murine Corneal Transplantation: A Model to Study the Most Common Form of Solid Organ Transplantation

Corneal transplantation is the most common form of organ transplantation in the United States with between 45,000 and 55,000 procedures performed each year. While several animal models exist for this procedure and mice are the species that is most commonly used. The reasons for using mice are the relative cost of using this species, the existence of many genetically defined strains that allow for the study of immune responses, and the existence of an extensive array of reagents that can be used to further define responses in this species. This model has been used to define factors in the cornea that are responsible for the relative immune privilege status of this tissue that enables corneal allografts to survive acute rejection in the absence of immunosuppressive therapy. It has also been used to define those factors that are most important in rejection of such allografts. Consequently, much of what we know concerning mechanisms of both corneal allograft acceptance and rejection are due to studies using a murine model of corneal transplantation. In addition to describing a model for acute corneal allograft rejection, we also present for the first time a model of late-term corneal allograft rejection.

Mice have been used as a model for studying many forms of transplantation, including corneal transplantation. We describe in this report a murine model for both acute and late-term corneal transplantation.

Murino transplante de córnea: Um modelo para estudar a forma mais comum de Transplante de Órgãos Sólidos

Corneal transplantation is the most common form of organ transplantation in the United States with between 45,000 and 55,000 procedures performed each ...

Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplantation in Mice

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies this model by avoiding challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels thereby reducing warm ischemia time. In comparison to abdominal graft implantation the cervical model is less invasive and the implanted graft is easily accessible for further follow-up examinations. Anastomoses are performed by pulling the ascending aorta of the graft over the cuff with the recipient&#8217;s common carotid artery and by pulling the main pulmonary artery over the cuff with the external jugular vein. Selection of appropriate cuff size and complete mobilization of the vessels are important for successful revascularization. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can be minimized by perfusing the graft with a cardioplegic solution and by hypothermia. In this article, we provide technical details for a simplified and improved cuff technique, which should allow surgeons with basic microsurgical skills to perform the procedure with a high success rate.

The cuff technique shortens and facilitates the model of heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice by avoiding technically challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels. The technical details shown in this video paper should allow researches to establish this model in their laboratories.

Heterotopic Cervical Transplante Cardíaco em Ratos

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies ...

Using the Sleeve Technique in a Mouse Model of Aortic Transplantation - An Instructional Video

Orthotopic aortic transplantation using the sleeve technique reduces injury to the aorta with failure rate of only 10-20%. The time to anastomose the aorta in mice using the sleeve method was short and easy averaging 20 min, permitting studies of iso/allo grafts. The following article describes the aortic transplantation procedure used in our laboratory. The mice were anesthetized with a mixture of 1.5% volume isoflurane and 100% oxygen through a face mask. At this point, the segment of the aorta between the renal arteries and its bifurcation was separated from the vena cava, freely prepared and clampedat the proximal and distal segments with a single silk suture. Prior to the removal of the aorta, a saline solution containing heparin was injected into the inferior vena cava. Then the aorta was cut between the clamps and a saline heparin solution was used to flush the lumen. The sleeve technique with monofilament sutures was used in order to transplant the abdominal aorta in the orthotopic position.

We present an orthotopic aortic transplantation model using the sleeve technique in mice. It is a very rapid anastomosis method, which can be employed in studies of vascular disease.

Usando a técnica de manga em um modelo do rato da transplantação da aorta - um vídeo instrutivo

Orthotopic aortic transplantation using the sleeve technique reduces injury to the aorta with failure rate of only 10-20%. The time to anastomose the ...

Mouse Model for Pancreas Transplantation Using a Modified Cuff Technique

Mouse models have several advantages in transplantation research, including easy handling, a variety of genetically well-defined strains, and the availability of the widest range of molecular probes and reagents to perform in vivo as well as in vitro studies. Based on our experience with various murine transplantation models, we developed a heterotopic pancreas transplantation model in mice with the intent to analyze mechanisms underlying severe ischemia reperfusion injury-associated early graft damage. In contrast to previously described techniques using suture techniques, herein we describe a new procedure using a non-suture cuff technique. 
In recent years, we have performed more than 300 pancreas transplantations in mice with an overall success rate of &gt;90%, a success rate never described before in mouse pancreas transplantation. The backbone of this non-suture cuff technique for graft revascularization consists of two major steps: (I) pulling the recipient vessel over a polyethylene/polyamide cuff and fixing it with a circumferential ligature, and (II) placing the donor vessel over the everted recipient vessel and fixing it with a second circumferential ligature. The resultant continuity of the endothelial layer results in less thrombogenic lesions with high patency rates and, finally, high success rates.
In this model, arterial anastomosis is achieved by pulling the abdominal aorta of the donor graft over the everted common carotid artery of the recipient animal. Venous drainage of the graft is achieved by pulling the portal vein of the graft over the everted external jugular vein of the recipient. This manuscript provides details and crucial steps of the organ recovery and organ implantation procedures, which will allow researchers with microsurgical skills to perform the transplantation successfully in their laboratories.

Among abdominal solid organ transplantation, pancreatic grafts are prone to develop severe ischemia reperfusion injury-associated graft damage, leading eventually to early graft loss. This protocol describes a model of murine pancreas transplantation using a non-suture cuff technique, ideally suited for analyzing these early, deleterious damages.

Modelo do rato para transplante de pâncreas, usando uma técnica modificada do manguito

Mouse models have several advantages in transplantation research, including easy handling, a variety of genetically well-defined strains, and the ...

A Pre-Clinical Porcine Model of Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

Fifty-years following the first successful report, cardiac transplantation remains the gold-standard treatment for eligible patients with advanced heart failure. Multiple small-animal models of heart transplantation have been used to study the acute and long-term effects of novel therapies. However, few are tested and demonstrated success in clinical trials. It is of critical importance to evaluate new therapies in a clinically relevant large-animal model for efficient and reliable translation of basic studies&#39;&#160;findings. Here, we describe a pre-clinical large-animal (porcine) model of orthotopic heart transplantation that has been firmly established and previously used to investigate novel cardioprotective strategies. This procedure focuses on acute ischemia-reperfusion injury and is a reliable method to investigate novel interventions which have been tested and validated in smaller experimental models, such as the murine model. We demonstrate its usefulness in assessing cardiac performance during the early post-transplantation period and other potential possibilities enabled by the model.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical large-animal (porcine) model of orthotopic heart transplantation that has been firmly established and utilized to investigate novel cardioprotective strategies.

Um modelo pré-clínico porcino de transplante cardíaco ortotópico

Fifty-years following the first successful report, cardiac transplantation remains the gold-standard treatment for eligible patients with advanced heart ...

Murine Cervical Aortic Transplantation Model using a Modified Non-Suture Cuff Technique

With the introduction of powerful immunosuppressive protocols, distinct advances are possible in the prevention and therapy of acute rejection episodes. However, only minor improvement in the long-term results of transplanted solid organs could be observed over the past decades. In this context, chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) still represents the leading cause of late organ failure in cardiac, renal and pulmonary transplantation.
Thus far, the underlying pathogenesis of CAV development remains unclear, explaining why effective treatment strategies are presently missing and emphasizing a need for relevant experimental models in order to study the underlying pathophysiology leading to CAV formation. The following protocol describes a murine heterotopic cervical aortic transplantation model using a modified non-suture cuff technique. In this technique, a segment of the thoracic aorta is interpositioned in the right common carotid artery. With the use of the non-suture cuff technique, an easy to learn and reproducible model can be established, minimizing the possible heterogeneity of sutured vascular micro anastomoses.

Here, we present a protocol of heterotopic aortic transplantation in mice using the non-suture cuff technique in a cervical murine model. This model can be used to study the underlying pathology of chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) and can help evaluate new therapeutic agents in order to prevent its formation.

Murine Modelo de Transplante de Aorta Cervical usando uma técnica de manguito não sutura modificada

With the introduction of powerful immunosuppressive protocols, distinct advances are possible in the prevention and therapy of acute rejection episodes. ...