Este trabalho foi apoiado pelo australiano Conselho Nacional de Saúde e Pesquisa Médica, Fundação Científica Star (Austrália), Síndrome de Tourette Association (EUA), A esclerose múltipla Trish Fundação de Pesquisa e Pesquisa da Esclerose Múltipla Austrália, Fundação Petre (Austrália), a Rebecca L. Cooper Medical Research Foundation (Austrália). Agradecemos a todos os pacientes e familiares que forneceram amostras para o nosso estudo.

<html> 1. Subclonagem Estratégia Construir pIRES2-EGFP Vector Codificação D2R ou NMDAR <ol><li> Obter full-length cDNA clone de D2R humano ou NMDAR subunidade 1 (NR1). </li><li> Escolher um vector de expressão, tal como pIRES2-EGFP, o que é adequado para a expressão de proteínas de transmembrana com uma proteína verde fluorescente melhorada (GFP) repórter sob o controlo de um local de entrada de ribossoma interno (IRES), permitindo que ambos os antigénios e GFP para ser co-expressas em células separadamente. </li><li> Subclone cDNA humano dentro pIRES2-EGFP vetor. <ol><li> Para subclonar cDNA, utilizar enzimas de restrição adequadas (por exemplo NheI e XhoI para humano D2R cDNA). </li><li> CDNA corte ligadura inserir dentro restrito vetor pIRES2-EGFP. </li><li> Seqüência ligado pIRES2-EGFP D2R ou NMDAR vetor para verificar se o vetor contém a seqüência correta. </li><li> Purificar e amplificar pIRES2-EGFP D2R ou NMDAR vetor para uso posterior na transfecção. </li></ol></li></ol>itle &quot;&gt; 2. HEK293 transfecção celular para Expressão da Neuronal Antígeno <ol><li> Células de cultura HEK293 em tecidos frascos de cultura com Meio Eagle Modificado fresco por Dulbecco (1x) (DMEM) completo com 4,5 g / L de D-glucose, L-glutamina e 110 mg / piruvato de sódio L suplementado com 10% de soro fetal bovino (FBS), GlutaMAX 2 mM, e 50 ug / ml de gentamicina. </li><li> Retire células HEK293 usando tripsina e transferir para um tubo cônico. <ol><li> Lave as células por centrifugação a 250 xg durante 6 minutos e ressuspender o sedimento de células em meio DMEM completo fresco. </li></ol></li><li> Contar as células e as sementes em placas de 6 poços a cerca de 8 x 10 5 células / poço e cultura durante a noite em DMEM 2 ml a 37 ° C e 5% de CO 2 num incubador. </li><li> Uma vez que eles tenham atingido cerca de 70% de confluência, transfecção as células HEK293 com pIRES2-EGFP NR1 (células HEK293 NMDAR +), pIRES2-EGFP D2R (células HEK293 D2R +) e (células HEK293 CTL, controle vetorial) pIRES2-EGFP como segue.Mantenha algumas células HEK293 untransfected de indemnização mais tarde. <ol><li> Prepare o volume requerido da mistura de transfecção compreende de 2,5 ug de ADN, 200 ul de cloreto de sódio a 0,9% e 4 ug / ml de polietilenimina / poço (contendo cada um 2 ml de DMEM completo fresco). </li><li> Vortex imediatamente a mistura para 10 seg e incubar à temperatura ambiente (RT) durante 10 minutos, antes da adição do volume da mistura de transfecção para os poços apropriados. </li><li> Cubra o prato, embrulhe os lados com Parafilm e centrifugar a 280 xg por 5 min para ajudar transfecção celular. </li><li> Remover o Parafilm e depois colocar na incubadora a cultura a 37 ° C. </li><li> Substitua os meios de cultura de 18 horas depois, com DMEM completo fresco e manter em cultura por outra 72 horas. </li><li> Opcional: 72 horas pós-transfecção, as células transfectadas podem ser seleccionadas por cultura em meio DMEM completo suplementado com 250 ug / ml de geneticina, de modo a obter um policlonal transfectante estável. </li></ol></li></ol><pclass = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 3. Citometria de Fluxo Ensaio Celular para Detecção de Anticorpos para Antígenos de Superfície Neuronal <ol><li> Separar HEK293 NMDAR +, HEK293 D2R +, e células HEK293 CTL por incubação com 500 ul / poço Versene durante aproximadamente 5 min a 37 ° C. <ol><li> Ressuspender em 2ml/well de PBS (-Ca 2 + /-Mg 2 +) suplementado com 2% de FBS (PBS / FBS) e transferência para a 15 ml ou 50 ml de tubo cónica. </li><li> Lavar as células por centrifugação a 250 xg durante 6 minutos e ressuspender o sedimento de células em 15-50 ml de PBS / FBS. Repita lavagem 2x. </li><li> Contar as células e em seguida ressuspender em PBS / FBS a 1 x 10 6 células / ml. </li></ol></li><li> Conceber o molde de 96 cavidades para a aquisição de citometria de fluxo, uma vez que as células HEK293 D2R + ou HEK293 NMDAR +, bem como células HEK293 CTL terá de ser incubada com cada amostra de doente ou anticorpo primário. </li><li> Células de sementes em uma placa de 96 poços de fundo em V a 50.000 células / nósll acordo com a citometria de fluxo modelo de aquisição. </li><li> Agregar as células por centrifugação a placa de 96 poços a 450 g durante 5 min e suavemente remover o sobrenadante utilizando uma pipeta multi-canal electrónico ou manual, inclinando a placa sobre um ângulo e tendo cuidado para não aspirar o sedimento celular. </li><li> Incubar HEK293 D2R +, HEK293 NMDAR +, e células HEK293 CTL durante 1 h à TA no escuro, com: <ol><li> Diluições em série de anticorpo primário, a fim de avaliar a expressão do antigénio de superfície. </li><li> As amostras dos pacientes, a fim de detectar anticorpos. </li></ol></li><li> Use fluxo apropriado citometria controles de compensação, por exemplo. células HEK293 não transf ectadas não coradas, GFP + células HEK293 (AF647 -), e AF647 + células HEK293 não transf ectadas (GFP). </li><li> Lavar as células por centrifugação a 450 xg durante 5 min e ressuspender o sedimento de células em 170 ul de PBS / FBS. Repita o passo de lavagem mais duas vezes. </li><li> Incubar as células durante 1 hr à TA no escuro, com uma diluição de 1:100 de anticorpo secundário conjugado com AF647 (IgG anti-humano para o soro do paciente e anti-IgG de ratinho a anticorpos primários anti-NR1 ou anti-D2R). </li><li> Lave as células três vezes, tal como no passo 3.7, e voltar a suspender em 35 ul de PBS / FBS por citometria de fluxo de células de aquisição. </li><li> Configure o amostrador de alto rendimento (HTS) no citômetro de fluxo (BDLSRII). </li><li> Adquirir 10.000 eventos / poço de acordo com o modelo de aquisição de citometria de fluxo. </li><li> Export e, em seguida, analisar os dados para a análise usando uma citometria de fluxo de pacotes de software, como FlowJo v7.5: <ol><li> Primeiro, porta as células HEK293 vivos, com base para a frente (tamanho) e lateral (granularidade), espalha. </li><li> Além disso portão células HEK293 ao vivo com base na alta GFP-positividade para analisar apenas as células transfectadas. </li><li> Determinar a intensidade média de fluorescência (MFI) do canal AF647 nas células GFP positivas vivas. </li><li> Exportar dados para o Excel ou prisma de análise: <ol><li> Lote concentrations de anticorpo primário (anti-NMDAR ou anticorpo anti-D2R) versus o MFI obtido a partir das células incubadas com estes anticorpos. </li><li> Para cada amostra de doente e de controlo, determinar o ΔMFI subtraindo o MFI das células HEK293 CTL do MFI do células HEK293 NMDAR + HEK293 D2R + ou, respectivamente. </li><li> Calcular o limiar de positividade por adição de três desvios padrão acima da média ΔMFI do grupo de controlo. </li><li> Amostras individuais de plotagem agrupados de acordo com seu tipo de soro em um gráfico e representam o limite como uma linha. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>

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Conflito de interesse: A patente foi arquivada por FB e RCD (Universidade de Sydney) alegando D2R como alvo para auto-anticorpos.

Este artigo descreve uma nova aplicação da citometria de fluxo ensaio baseado em células vivas para detectar anticorpos que visam as proteínas neuronais específicos na superfície celular utilizando um amostrador de alto rendimento. Usando esta técnica, informamos que um subgrupo de pacientes afetados com doenças auto-imunes do sistema nervoso central têm anticorpos séricos para a superfície ou à superfície NMDAR D2R. Passos essenciais para a detecção de anticorpo óptima utili...

Nos últimos anos, as formas auto-imunes do sistema nervoso central, doenças (CNS) tem sido identificado. Tem sido demonstrado que estas doenças estão associadas e definida pela presença de auto-anticorpos. Estes anticorpos ligam-se a receptores neuronais ou proteínas sinápticas envolvidas na neurotransmissão 1,2. Antigénios diferentes foram detectados, tal como o receptor de N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDAR) 3-5, receptor γ-aminobutírico, o B (GABA B) do receptor 6, α-amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4- ácido isoxazolopropiónico (AMPA) receptor 7, canal de potássio voltagem-dependentes (CPVD) proteínas associadas: leucina-rico uma proteína ativada por glioma (LGL-1) e associada à contactina proteína 2 (capsr2) receptor 8,9, glutamato 5,10 , e a dopamina-2 receptor (D2R) 11. No passado, estas desordens auto-imunes do sistema nervoso central (principalmente chamados encefalite) eram frequentemente não diagnosticada e não tratada. Estes biomarcadores de anticorpos novela, por exemplo,Anticorpo NMDAR ou anticorpo D2R, melhoraram substancialmente o diagnóstico e consciência, e abriram as opções de tratamento para os pacientes. Na verdade, o tratamento precoce com immunotherapies se associa à melhora resultado 11,12. Os métodos tradicionais para a detecção de anticorpos, tais como o ensaio imunoabsorvente ligado a enzima (ELISA) e Western blot foram utilizados para a detecção de anticorpos no soro. No entanto, eles não são facilmente permitir o reconhecimento de epitopos extracelulares ou de superfície e, em vez disso, pode revelar imunorreactividade contra o epitopo intracelular. Além disso, os anticorpos que se ligam ao domínio extracelular de proteínas importantes envolvidas na neurotransmissão são susceptíveis de ser 2,3,7,13,14 patogénico. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de ensaios precisos e sensíveis para descobrir superfície celular relevante ou alvos de anticorpos extracelulares em pacientes é fundamental. O método padrão de ouro no domínio baseia-se na utilização de células vivas, em chamada &quot;célula-baensaios sed &quot;. Este método envolve a expressão de um antigénio na superfície de células de mamíferos (mais frequentemente nos rins (293) células embrionárias humanas HEK293) na sua forma nativa por transfecção de vectores contendo a sequência de cDNA completa do antigénio de interesse. Nonpermeabilized células vivas são então incubadas com o soro diluído do paciente e seguido por fluorocromo-conjugados com anti-imunoglobulina humana (Ig), o anticorpo secundário. A intensidade ou o nível de fluorescência é detectada e é associado ao nível de ligação de auto-anticorpos. Esta técnica é específica, uma vez que apenas um antígeno é sobre-expresso em células. O mais usado &quot;read-out&quot; tem sido a análise de microscopia confocal após imunocitoquímica 4,5,8-10. No entanto, a citometria de fluxo ensaios baseados em células têm sido usados ​​com sucesso para detectar anticorpos em pacientes com doenças desmielinizantes 15-17. Em particular, 15 Waters et al. Comparado a detecção do anticorpo usando uma panelael das técnicas de detecção de anticorpos, incluindo ensaios com células seguidas por microscopia ou citometria de fluxo analisa e mostrou citometria de fluxo ensaio baseado em célula a ser o método mais sensível, preciso e confiável. Portanto, citometria de fluxo ensaio baseado em células é vantajoso, pois é quantitativa, não dependente de investigador, e não envolve qualquer uso de material radioativo. Também é conveniente, uma vez que permite que grandes grupos de pacientes a serem ensaiadas em um curto espaço de tempo. Mais recentemente, temos um fluxo otimizado de alto rendimento citometria de ensaio baseado em células para detectar anticorpos NMDAR e D2R anticorpo em pacientes com doenças auto-imunes do SNC 11. O nosso grupo detectados recentemente nos soros de anticorpos NMDAR paciente utilizando citometria de fluxo de ensaio de base celular. Estes soros de anticorpos positivos NMDAR foram previamente analisados ​​por meio de microscopia confocal e também foram encontrados para ser positivo 11. Este protocolo descreve uma citometria de fluxo de ensaio à base de células para a detecção de canticorpo CNS onformation sensível no soro do paciente, utilizando um amostrador automático de alto rendimento.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="751">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">pIRES2-EGFP vector</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">6029-1</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Human HA-Dopamine-2 receptor (D2R) cDNA</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Missouri S&#38;T cDNA Resource Centre</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DRD020TN00</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Human subunit 1 of NMDAR (NR1) cDNA</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gift from Prof A. Vincent&#160; (Oxford, UK)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Monoclonal purified mouse anti-human NR1 antibody (clone: 54.1)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">556308</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Mouse purified monoclonal anti-DRD2 IgG (clone: 1B11)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">WH0001813M1-50UG</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Alexa Fluor 647 donkey anti-mouse IgG (H + L)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A31571</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Alexa Fluor 647 goat anti-human IgG (H + L)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A21445</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:255px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium (1x) 4.5 g/L D-glucose, L-Glutamine and 110 mg/L sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">11995-065</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Foetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10099-141</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15710-072</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">35050-061</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15140-122</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Geneticin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10131-035</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:255px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (1x) (-Ca2+/-Mg2+)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">14190-144</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">TrypLE Express (1x) with Phenol Red</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12605-028</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">0.9% Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">AHF7975</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Polyethylenimine</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Polysciences Inc</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">9002-98-6</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Versene</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15040-066</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">XhoI</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10899194001</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">NheI</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10885843001</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">PureLink PCR Purification Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">K3100-01</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">JetQuick Gel Extraction Spin Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Genomed</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">420050</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10481220001</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Plasmid&#160;Plus&#160;Maxi Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12963</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Name of Equipment/Software</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Model/Version</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Flow cytometer with high-throughput sampler system</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">BDLSRII with HTS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:255px;">Inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">CKX41 (with mercury lamp and U-RFLT50 power supply)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Electronic multichannel pipette (15-300 &#956;l)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">613-2240P</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">12-channel Xplorer Plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="56">
			<td height="56" style="height:56px;width:255px;">Excel</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">2010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Prism</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">v4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:255px;">FlowJo</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Treestar</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">v7.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">50 ml polypropylene conical tubes</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">352070</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">353046</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Tissue culture flask (T75)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">353136</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Pechiney Plastic Packaging</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">PM-992</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">V-bottom 96-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">651180</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-throughput flow cytometry cell-based assay to detect antibodies to n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor or dopamine-2 receptor in human serum

Ao longo dos últimos anos, os anticorpos contra a superfície de conformação e proteínas envolvidas na neurotransmissão foram detectados em doenças auto-imunes do sistema nervoso central em crianças e adultos. Estes anticorpos têm sido usados ​​para ajudar no diagnóstico e tratamento. Os ensaios baseados em células têm melhorado a detecção de anticorpos no soro do paciente. Eles baseiam-se na expressão de antigénios de superfície do cérebro em células eucarióticas, que são, em seguida, incubadas com soro de paciente diluído seguido de anticorpos secundários conjugados com fluorocromo. Após a lavagem, o anticorpo secundário de ligação é então analisada por citometria de fluxo. O nosso grupo desenvolveu um fluxo de alto rendimento citometria de ensaio baseado em células vivas para detectar com fiabilidade os anticorpos contra receptores de neurotransmissores específicos. Este método de citometria de fluxo é para a frente, quantitativa, eficiente, e a utilização de um sistema de amostragem de alto rendimento permite grandes grupos de pacientes para ser facilmente testada num curto espaço de tempo. Além disso, esta célula baseada em quantodizer pode ser facilmente adaptado para a detecção de anticorpos para vários alvos antigénicos diferentes, tanto do sistema nervoso central e na periferia. Descobrindo biomarcadores romance anticorpos adicionais permitirá o diagnóstico rápido e preciso e melhorar o tratamento de doenças imunomediadas.

Células vivas HEK293 D2R + e HEK293 CTL foram adquiridas no citômetro de fluxo utilizando um amostrador de alto rendimento. Durante a análise, as células foram fechado com base na dispersão para a frente (tamanho) e (granularidade) parâmetros (Figuras 1A e 1D) dispersão lateral. Células HEK293 transfectadas expressa a molécula repórter, a GFP, no citoplasma, e as células não transfectadas foram excluídos da análise (Figuras 1B e <stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum at JoVE.com

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Ao longo dos últimos anos, os ensaios baseados em células vivas têm sido utilizados com sucesso para detectar anticorpos contra antigénios de superfície e de conformação. Aqui, descrevemos um método que utiliza o fluxo de alto rendimento citometria permitindo a análise de grandes grupos de pacientes. Detecção de novos anticorpos irá melhorar o diagnóstico e tratamento de distúrbios mediados pela imunes.

High-throughput Citometria de Fluxo Ensaio Celular para detectar anticorpos em N-metil-D-aspartato ou dopamina-2 Receptor em Soro Humano

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases ...

high-throughput-flow-cytometry-cell-based-assay-to-detect-antibodies

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.0K visualizações.  The University of Sydney.  Ao longo dos últimos anos, os ensaios baseados em células vivas têm sido utilizados com sucesso para detectar anticorpos contra antigénios de superfície e de conformação. Aqui, descrevemos um método que utiliza o fluxo de alto rendimento citometria permitindo a análise de grandes grupos de pacientes. Detecção de novos anticorpos irá melhorar o diagnóstico e tratamento de distúrbios mediados pela imunes. 

Vídeo: High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

A Medição e Tratamento de Supressão de ambliopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Medicina

Stereological and Flow Cytometry Characterization of Leukocyte Subpopulations in Models of Transient or Permanent Cerebral Ischemia

Microglia activation, as well as extravasation of haematogenous macrophages and neutrophils, is believed to play a pivotal role in brain injury after stroke. These myeloid cell subpopulations can display different phenotypes and functions and need to be distinguished and characterized to study their regulation and contribution to tissue damage. This protocol provides two different methodologies for brain immune cell characterization: a precise stereological approach and a flow cytometric analysis. The stereological approach is based on the optical fractionator method, which calculates the total number of cells in an area of interest (infarcted brain) estimated by a systematic random sampling. The second characterization approach provides a simple way to isolate brain leukocyte suspensions and to characterize them by flow cytometry, allowing for the characterization of microglia, infiltrated monocytes and neutrophils of the ischemic tissue. In addition, it also details a cerebral ischemia model in mice that exclusively affects brain cortex, generating highly reproducible infarcts with a low rate of mortality, and the procedure for histological brain processing to characterize infarct volume by the Cavalieri method.

Brain myeloid cells characterization following stroke can be performed by stereology using the optical fractionator method, or by a flow cytometric analysis of brain leukocytes suspensions. Both are useful techniques to perform an accurate phenotypical distinction of the main myeloid cell subsets found in the ischemic brain.

Estereológica e Citometria de Fluxo Caracterização de Leucócitos subpopulações em modelos de transitórias ou permanentes Cerebral Isquemia

Microglia activation, as well as extravasation of haematogenous macrophages and neutrophils, is believed to play a pivotal role in brain injury after ...

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research. Successful outcomes are dependent upon three critical components: test chambers that permit self-feeding while standing unrestrained in a confined space, recipes that mask the aversive taste/odor of commercially-available oral contrast agents, and a step-by-step test protocol that permits quantification of swallow physiology. Elimination of one or more of these components will have a detrimental impact on the study results. Moreover, the energy level capability of the fluoroscopy system will determine which swallow parameters can be investigated. Most research centers have high energy fluoroscopes designed for use with people and larger animals, which results in exceptionally poor image quality when testing mice and other small rodents. Despite this limitation, we have identified seven VFSS parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice when using a high energy fluoroscope in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol. We recently obtained a low energy fluoroscopy system with exceptionally high imaging resolution and magnification capabilities that was designed for use with mice and other small rodents. Preliminary work using this new system, in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol, has identified 13 swallow parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice, which is nearly double the number obtained using conventional (i.e., high energy) fluoroscopes. Identification of additional swallow parameters is expected as we optimize the capabilities of this new system. Results thus far demonstrate the utility of using a low energy fluoroscopy system to detect and quantify subtle changes in swallow physiology that may otherwise be overlooked when using high energy fluoroscopes to investigate murine disease models.

This study successfully adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research.

Adaptação Humanos videofluoroscópicos Andorinha Métodos de Estudo de detectar e caracterizar Disfagia em modelos de doenças Murino

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating ...

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

With the advent of the -omics approaches our understanding of the chronic diseases like cancer and metabolic syndrome has improved. However, effective mining of the information in the large-scale datasets that are obtained from gene expression microarrays, deep sequencing experiments or metabolic profiling is essential to uncover and then effectively target the critical regulators of diseased cell phenotypes. Estrogen Receptor &#945; (ER&#945;) is one of the master transcription factors regulating the gene programs that are important for estrogen responsive breast cancers. In order to understand to role of ER&#945; signaling in breast cancer metabolism we utilized transcriptomic, cistromic and metabolomic data from MCF-7 cells treated with estradiol. In this report we described generation of samples for RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq and metabolomics experiments and the integrative computational analysis of the obtained data. This approach is useful in delineating novel molecular mechanisms and gene regulatory circuits that are regulated by a particular transcription factor which impacts metabolism of normal or diseased cells.

Integration of data from genome-wide sequencing experiments and metabolomics experiments is a challenge. In this paper we report, for the first time, generation, analysis and integration of transcriptome, cistrome and metabolome data from breast cancer cells treated with estradiol.

Biologia de sistemas de regulação metabólica pelo receptor de estrogênio sinalização no cancro da mama

With the advent of the -omics approaches our understanding of the chronic diseases like cancer and metabolic syndrome has improved. However, effective ...

A High Throughput, Multiplexed and Targeted Proteomic CSF Assay to Quantify Neurodegenerative Biomarkers and Apolipoprotein E Isoforms Status

Many neurodegenerative diseases are&#160;still lacking effective treatments. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and classifying these diseases will be important in the development of future novel therapies. Often&#160;potential new biomarkers do not make it&#160;into the clinic&#160;due to limitations&#160;in their development and&#160;high costs.&#160;However,&#160;targeted proteomics using Multiple Reaction Monitoring Liquid Chromatography-tandem/Mass Spectrometry (MRM LC-MS/MS), specifically using triple quadrupole mass spectrometers, is one method that can be used to rapidly evaluate and validate biomarkers&#160;for clinical translation into diagnostic laboratories. Traditionally, this platform has been used extensively for measurement of small molecules&#160;in clinical laboratories, but it is the potential to analyze proteins, that makes it an attractive alternative to ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)-based methods. We describe here how targeted proteomics can be used to measure multiplexed markers of dementia, including the detection and quantitation of the known risk factor apolipoprotein E isoform 4 (ApoE4).
In order to make the assay suitable for translation, it is designed to be rapid, simple, highly specific and cost effective. To achieve this, every step in the development of the assay must be optimized for the individual proteins and tissues they are analyzed in. This method describes a typical workflow including various tips and tricks to developing a targeted proteomics MRM LC-MS/MS for translation.
The method development is optimized using custom synthesized versions of tryptic quantotypic peptides, which calibrate&#160;the MS for detection and then spiked into CSF to determine correct identification of the endogenous peptide in the chromatographic separation prior to analysis in the MS. To achieve absolute quantitation, stable isotope-labeled internal standard versions of the peptides with short amino acid sequence tags and containing a trypsin cleavage site, are included in the assay.

We describe a high-throughput, multiplex, and targeted proteomic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assay developed with potential for clinical translation. The test can quantitate potential markers and risk factors for neurodegeneration, such as the apolipoprotein E variants (E2, E3 and E4), and measure their allelic expression.

A High Throughput, multiplexados e alvejado proteômica CSF Ensaio para quantificar Neurodegenerativas Biomarkers e apolipoproteína E isoformas Estado

Many neurodegenerative diseases are&#160;still lacking effective treatments. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and classifying these diseases will be ...

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry as they are involved in many human diseases and include well-validated targets for therapeutic intervention. Discovery of lead compounds, including small synthetic molecules, that specifically inhibit the receptor&#39;s function, is an important initial step in drug development and relies on sensitive, specific, and robust cell-based assays. Here, we describe a kinetic cellular assay with a fluorescent readout primarily designed to identify receptor-specific antagonists that inhibit the intracellular Ca2+ release evoked upon the activation of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) by its endogenous ligand, the CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12). A key advantage of this method is that it also enables screening of compounds endowed with intrinsic agonistic properties (i.e., compounds eliciting an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the absence of CXCL12) or compounds modulating the receptor&#39;s function via interaction with allosteric binding sites (i.e., positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively)). On the down side, autofluorescent compounds might interfere with the assay&#39;s readout, thereby hampering reliable data interpretation. Most likely this assay can be implemented, with minimal adaptations, as a generic drug discovery assay for many other GPCRs of which the activation leads to a release of intracellular Ca2+.

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators

The described cellular assay is designed for the identification of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)-interacting agents that inhibit or stimulate, either competitively or allosterically, the intracellular Ca2+ release initiated by CXCR4 activation.

Um cinética baseada em fluorescência Ca2 + mobilização ensaio para identificar agonistas do Receptor acoplado à proteína G, antagonistas e moduladores alostéricos

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry as they are involved in many human diseases and include ...

Characterization of Immune Cells in Human Adipose Tissue by Using Flow Cytometry

Infiltration of immune cells in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT) deposits leads to a low-grade inflammation contributing to the development of obesity-associated complications such as type 2 diabetes. To quantitatively and qualitatively investigate the immune cell subsets in human AT deposits, we have developed a flow cytometry approach. The stromal vascular fraction (SVF), containing the immune cells, is isolated from subcutaneous and visceral AT biopsies by collagenase digestion. Adipocytes are removed after centrifugation. The SVF cells are stained for multiple membrane-bound markers selected to differentiate between immune cell subsets and analyzed using flow cytometry. As a result of this approach, pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophage subsets, dendritic cells (DCs), B-cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, and NK cells can be detected and quantified. This method gives detailed information about immune cells in AT and the amount of each specific subset. Since there are numerous fluorescent antibodies available, our flow cytometry approach can be adjusted to measure various other cellular and intracellular markers of interest.

This article describes a method to analyze immune cell content of adipose tissue by isolation of immune cells from adipose tissue and subsequent analysis using flow cytometry.

Caracterização de células imunes no tecido adiposo humano usando citometria de fluxo

Infiltration of immune cells in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT) deposits leads to a low-grade inflammation contributing to the ...

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay for Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac Myocytes After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation

Timely and efficient reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is the best strategy for decreasing myocardial infarct size in patients with a ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction. However, reperfusion per se can result in further cardiomyocyte death, a phenomenon known as reperfusion injury. The opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), with the decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), or mitochondrial depolarization, is universally recognized as the final step of reperfusion injury and is responsible for mitochondrial and cardiomyocyte death. JC-1 is a lipophilic cationic dye that accumulates in mitochondria depending on the value of MMP. The higher the MMP is, the more JC-1 accumulates in the mitochondria. The increasing amounts of JC-1 in mitochondria can be reflected by a fluorescence emission shift from green (~530 nm) to red (~590 nm). Therefore, the reduction of the red/green fluorescence intensity ratio can indicate the depolarization of mitochondria. Here, we take advantage of JC-1 to measure MMP, or the opening of mPTP in human cardiac myocytes after hypoxia/reoxygenation, detected by flow cytometry.

Here, we present a protocol that uses JC-1 dye to assess the mitochondrial membrane potential of cells after being exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation with or without a protective agent.

Um ensaio de baseados em citometria de fluxo para medir o potencial de membrana mitocondrial em miócitos após hipóxia/reoxigenação

Timely and efficient reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is the best strategy for decreasing myocardial infarct size in patients with a ST-segment ...

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Atherosclerosis leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is still unclear whether cholesterol-HDL (cHDL) concentration plays a causal role in atherosclerosis development. However, an important factor in early stages of atheroma plaque formation is cholesterol efflux capacity to HDL (the ability of HDL particles to accept cholesterol from macrophages) in order to avoid foam cell formation. This is a key step in avoiding the accumulation of cholesterol in the endothelium and a part of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) to eliminate cholesterol through the liver. Cholesterol efflux capacity to serum or plasma in macrophage cell models is a promising tool that can be used as biomarker for atherosclerosis. Traditionally, [3H]-cholesterol has been used in cholesterol efflux assays. In this study, we aim to develop a safer and faster strategy using fluorescent labelled-cholesterol (NBD-cholesterol) in a cellular assay to trace the cholesterol uptake and efflux process in THP-1-derived macrophages. Finally, we optimize and standardize the NBD-cholesterol efflux method and develop a high-throughput analysis using 96-well plates.

Measurement of in vitro cholesterol efflux capacity to serum or plasma in macrophage cell models is a promising tool as a biomarker for atherosclerosis. In the present study, we optimize and standardize a fluorescent NBD-cholesterol efflux method and develop a high-throughput analysis using 96-well plates.

Ensaio de efluxo de colesterol Nitrobenzoxadiazole-etiquetadas do elevado-throughput

Atherosclerosis leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is still unclear whether cholesterol-HDL (cHDL) concentration plays a causal role in ...

Application of Biochip Microfluidic Technology to Detect Serum Allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (sIgE)

Allergic disease is common in both adults and children. Identification of the causative allergens is significant in disease management and prevention. However, a specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) measurement system with a high price-performance ratio is lacking in mainland China, especially in the primary care hospitals. This paper describes the principle and operation procedures of using a microfluidic cartridge-based chemiluminescence system to detect allergen-specific IgE in serum. The results were compared with those from ImmunoCAP (System 1), the industrial standard, and the reproducibility of the system to detect patients sensitized to common allergens is evaluated. The results showed that in comparison with ImmunoCAP (System 1), the BioIC System (System 2) has good precision and sensitivity in detecting serum-specific IgE against various inhalant and food allergens but with a significantly lower cost. It can serve as a good alternative to System 1 in primary care hospitals in mainland China who have lower financial affordability.

Application of Biochip Microfluidic Technology to Detect Serum Allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E sIgE

This paper presents a protocol for detecting serum-specific immunoglobulin E with a microfluidic cartridge-based chemiluminescence system and the evaluation of its usefulness in allergy diagnoses.

Aplicação da tecnologia de Microfluidic Biochip para detectar soro alérgeno-específicas E de imunoglobulina (sIgE)

Allergic disease is common in both adults and children. Identification of the causative allergens is significant in disease management and prevention. ...