Name: in situ tem of biological assemblies in liquid
Uploaded: 2013-12-30T20:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In situ TEM of Biological Assemblies in Liquid at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge Dr. Michael J. Friedlander, Director of the Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute for encouraging our research endeavors. This project was supported by development funds to S.M.M and D.F.K. and in part by the Nano-Bio initiative of the Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science at Virginia Tech.

1. Prepare Affinity Capture Devices16
<ol>
	<li>Clean the silicon nitride E-chips by incubating them in 15&#160;ml of acetone for 2 min followed by 15&#160;ml of methanol&#160;for 2 min (Figure&#160;1A). Allow chips to dry under laminar air-flow.</li>
	<li>Incubate the dried chips on a heated stir plate (without stirring) for 1.5 hr at 150 &#176;C, then allow them to cool to room temperature before use.</li>
	<li>Use Hamilton syringes to compose lipid mixtur...

<ol>
	<li>Zhou, Z. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+atomic+resolution+structural+determination+by+single-particle+cryo-electron+microscopy.">Towards atomic resolution structural determination by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy.</a> Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 18, 218-228 (2008).</li><li>Wolf, M., Garcea, R. L., Grigorieff, N., Harrison, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subunit+interactions+in+bovine+papillomavirus.">Subunit interactions in bovine papillomavirus.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 6298-6303 (2010).</li><li>Dubochet, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryo-electron+microscopy+of+vitrified+specimens.">Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified specimens.</a> Q. Rev. Biophys. 21, 129-228 (1988).</li><li>Unwin, P. N., Henderson, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+structure+determination+by+electron+microscopy+of+unstained+crystalline+specimens.">Molecular structure determination by electron microscopy of unstained crystalline specimens.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 94, 425-440 (1975).</li><li>Ohi, M., Li, Y., Cheng, Y., Walz, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Negative Staining and Image Classification - Powerful Tools in Modern Electron Microscopy. Biol. Proced. Online. 6, 23-34 (2004).</li><li>Adrian, M., Dubochet, J., Fuller, S. D., Harris, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryo-negative+staining.">Cryo-negative staining.</a> Micron. 29, 145-160 (1998).</li><li>Parsons, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+of+wet+specimens+in+electron+microscopy.+Improved+environmental+chambers+make+it+possible+to+examine+wet+specimens+easily.">Structure of wet specimens in electron microscopy. Improved environmental chambers make it possible to examine wet specimens easily.</a> Science. 186, 407-414 (1974).</li><li>Parsons, D. F., Matricardi, V. R., Moretz, R. C., Turner, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+microscopy+and+diffraction+of+wet+unstained+and+unfixed+biological+objects.">Electron microscopy and diffraction of wet unstained and unfixed biological objects.</a> Adv. Biol. Med. Phys. 15, 161-270 (1974).</li><li>Hui, S. W., Parsons, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+diffraction+of+wet+biological+membranes.">Electron diffraction of wet biological membranes.</a> Science. 184, 77-78 (1974).</li><li>Hui, S. W., Parsons, D. F., Cowden, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+diffraction+of+wet+phospholipid+bilayers.">Electron diffraction of wet phospholipid bilayers.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 5068-5072 (1974).</li><li>Ring, E. A., de Jonge, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+system+for+transmission+electron+microscopy.">Microfluidic system for transmission electron microscopy.</a> Microsc. Microanal. 16, 622-629 (2010).</li><li>Dukes, M. J., Ramachandra, R., Baudoin, J. P., Gray Jerome, W., de Jonge, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+locations+of+gold-labeled+proteins+in+a+whole+mount+eukaryotic+cell+obtained+with+3nm+precision+using+aberration-corrected+scanning+transmission+electron+microscopy.">Three-dimensional locations of gold-labeled proteins in a whole mount eukaryotic cell obtained with 3nm precision using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy.</a> J. Struct. Biol. 174, 552-562 (2011).</li><li>Yuk, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+EM+of+colloidal+nanocrystal+growth+using+graphene+liquid+cells.">High-resolution EM of colloidal nanocrystal growth using graphene liquid cells.</a> Science. 336, 61-64 (2012).</li><li>Peckys, D. B., de Jonge, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+gold+nanoparticle+uptake+in+live+cells+with+liquid+scanning+transmission+electron+microscopy.">Visualizing gold nanoparticle uptake in live cells with liquid scanning transmission electron microscopy.</a> Nano Lett. 11, 1733-1738 (2011).</li><li>Klein, K. L., Anderson, I. M., de Jonge, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transmission+electron+microscopy+with+a+liquid+flow+cell.">Transmission electron microscopy with a liquid flow cell.</a> J. Microsc. 242, 117-123 (2011).</li><li>Degen, K., Dukes, M., Tanner, J. R., Kelly, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+affinity+capture+devices-a+nanoscale+purification+platform+for+biological+in+situ+transmission+electron+microscopy.">The development of affinity capture devices-a nanoscale purification platform for biological in situ transmission electron microscopy.</a> Rsc. Adv. 2, 2408-2412 (2012).</li><li>Gilmore, B. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+viral+assemblies+in+a+nanoscale+biosphere.">Visualizing viral assemblies in a nanoscale biosphere.</a> Lab Chip. 13, 216-219 (2013).</li><li>Bican, P., Cohen, J., Charpilienne, A., Scherrer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+characterization+of+bovine+rotavirus+cores.">Purification and characterization of bovine rotavirus cores.</a> J. Virol. 43, 1113-1117 (1982).</li><li>Frank, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SPIDER+and+WEB:+processing+and+visualization+of+images+in+3D+electron+microscopy+and+related+fields.">SPIDER and WEB: processing and visualization of images in 3D electron microscopy and related fields.</a> J. Struct. Biol. 116, 190-199 (1996).</li><li>Zhang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Near-atomic+resolution+using+electron+cryomicroscopy+and+single-particle+reconstruction.">Near-atomic resolution using electron cryomicroscopy and single-particle reconstruction.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 1867-1872 (2008).</li><li>Scheres, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Bayesian+view+on+cryo-EM+structure+determination.">A Bayesian view on cryo-EM structure determination.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 415, 406-418 (2012).</li><li>Kelly, D. F., Abeyrathne, P. D., Dukovski, D., Walz, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Affinity+Grid:+a+pre-fabricated+EM+grid+for+monolayer+purification.">The Affinity Grid: a pre-fabricated EM grid for monolayer purification.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 382, 423-433 (2008).</li></ol>

In our presented work, we employed the affinity capture approach to tether rotavirus DLPs to a microfluidic platform. This allowed for in situ imaging of macromolecular complexes in a liquid microenvironment. The capture approach is significant with respect to other microfluidic imaging techniques because it localizes biological specimens to the imaging window to negate large diffusive issues that arise while recording images in liquid. However, one of the most critical steps in our protoc...

A common goal of biologists and engineers is to understand the inner-workings of molecular machines. Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs) are ideal instruments to visualize these intricate details at near-atomic resolution1-2. In order to sustain the high vacuum system of a TEM, biological samples are typically embedded in thin films of vitreous ice3, sugars4, heavy metal salts5, or some combination thereof6. As a result, images of embedded specimens may reveal only limited snapshots of dynamic processes.
Early attempts to maintain biological specimens hydrated in environmental liquid chambers were undertaken by Parsons and colleagues using differential pumping stages. Electron diffraction patterns of unstained catalase crystals were successfully recorded to a resolution of 3&#160;&#197; in a hydrated state7-8. In addition, phase-separated lipid domains could be examined in hydrated membranes of human erythrocytes9-10. However, motion caused by diffusing liquid and its interference with the electron beam, resulted in severe resolution loss and further experiments using biological specimens were not attempted until recently.
Newly developed microfluidic specimen holders have been introduced that utilize semiconductor microchips to form a micro-scaled environmental chamber. These devices can maintain samples in liquid while they are positioned in a TEM column11-12. This technical breakthrough in TEM imaging has allowed researchers to view, for the first time, progressive events at the molecular level13. We refer to this new modality as &#8220;in situ molecular microscopy&#8221; as experiments can now be performed &#8220;inside&#8221; the EM column14-15. The overall goal of this method is to image biological assemblies in liquid in order to observe their dynamic behaviors at nanometer resolution. The rationale behind the developed technique is to record real-time observations and examine new properties of biological machinery in solution. This methodology expands the use of TEMs for broader purposes in cellular and molecular biology12-16.
In the current video article, we present a comprehensive protocol to assemble and use a commercially available microfluidic specimen holder. These specialized holders utilize silicon nitride microchips produced with integrated spacers to form a liquid chamber that encloses minute volumes of solution. Thin, transparent windows are etched into the microchips for imaging purposes12. We demonstrate the proper use of a microfluidic holder to examine simian rotavirus double-layered particles (DLPs) in liquid using a TEM. To ensure that biological assemblies, such as DLPs, do not rapidly diffuse over great distances while imaging, we employ the Affinity Capture approach to tether them to the surface of the microfluidic chamber16. This molecular capture step has a major advantage over alternative techniques for imaging biological specimens in liquid because it allows for the acquisition of images that will be used for downstream processing routines. This capture step used in conjunction with microfluidic imaging is unique to our procedures17. Readers employing structural biology applications using TEM or microfluidic imaging chambers may consider the use of affinity capture techniques when dynamic observations at the molecular level are the end goal.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="832">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:237px;">E-chips, spacer chip</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Protochips, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">EPB-52TBD</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">400 &#956;m x 50 &#956;m window</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:237px;">E-chip, top chip</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Protochips, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">EPT-45W</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">400 &#956;m x 50 &#956;m window</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Ni-NTA lipid</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">790404P</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Powder form</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">DLPC (12:0) lipid</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">850335P</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Powder form</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Volumetric flasks&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">20-812A; 20-812C</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 ml; 5 ml&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Hamilton Syringes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Hamilton Co.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">80300, 80400</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1-10 &#956;l; 1-25 &#956;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Whatman #1 filter paper</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">1001 090</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">100 pieces, 90 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Glass Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Corning&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">70165-101</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">100 mm x 15 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Glass Pasteur pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">14673-010</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">14673-010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Glass culture tubes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">47729-566</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">6 mm x 50 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">&#160;A11-1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">&#160;A412-1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:31px;width:237px;">Chloroform&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Electron Microcopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">12550</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">100 ml&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:31px;width:237px;">His-tagged Protein A</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Abcam, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">ab52953</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">10 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:31px;width:237px;">Milli-Q water system</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">EMD Millipore Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Z00QSV001</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Ultrapure Water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:31px;width:237px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">BP310-500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:237px;">Equipment&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:237px;">Poseidon In situ specimen holder</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Protochips, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
			<td>&#160;FEI compatible</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:237px;">FEI Spirit BioTwin TEM</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">FEI Co.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
			<td>120 kV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:237px;">Eagle 2k HS CCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">FEI Co.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
			<td>10&#160;&#197;/pixel sampling at 30,000X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:237px;">Gatan 655 Dry pump station</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gatan, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
			<td>Pump holder tip to 10-6&#160;range</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:237px;">PELCO easiGlow, glow discharge unit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
			<td>&#160;Negative polarity mode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Isotemp heated stir plate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
			<td>Heat to 150 &#186;C for 1.5 hr</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in situ tem of biological assemblies in liquid

Researchers regularly use Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs) to examine biological entities and to assess new materials. Here, we describe an additional application for these instruments- viewing viral assemblies in a liquid environment. This exciting and novel method of visualizing biological structures utilizes a recently developed microfluidic-based specimen holder. Our video article demonstrates how to assemble and use a microfluidic holder to image liquid specimens within a TEM. In particular, we use simian rotavirus double-layered particles (DLPs) as our model system. We also describe steps to coat the surface of the liquid chamber with affinity biofilms that tether DLPs to the viewing window. This permits us to image assemblies in a manner that is suitable for 3D structure determination. Thus, we present a first glimpse of subviral particles in a native liquid environment.

Representative images of DLPs in liquid using E-chips that were glow-discharged (Figure&#160;3A) show fewer DLPs in a given viewing area, presumably due to diffusion, in comparison to DLPs that are enriched on Affinity Capture devices (Figure&#160;3B). The addition of uranyl formate in the imaging chamber enhances the contrast of the specimen and hence the visibility of individual DLPs in solution (Figure&#160;3C, top panel). Better contrast allows for downstream image p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In situ TEM of Biological Assemblies in Liquid at JoVE.com

In situ TEM of Biological Assemblies in Liquid

Here we describe a procedure to image viral complexes in liquid at nanometer resolution using a transmission electron microscope.

In situ TEM of Biological Assemblies in Liquid

Researchers regularly use Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs) to examine biological entities and to assess new materials. Here, we describe an ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Fluorescent Nanoparticles for the Measurement of Ion Concentration in Biological Systems

Tightly regulated ion homeostasis throughout the body is necessary for the prevention of such debilitating states as dehydration.1 In contrast, rapid ion ...

Multiparametric Optical Mapping of the Langendorff-perfused Rabbit Heart

Optical imaging and fluorescent probes have significantly advanced research methodology in the field of cardiac electrophysiology in ways that could not ...

Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis

The metabolism of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA), results in the formation of oxidized bioactive lipids, including ...

Quantification of Global Diastolic Function by Kinematic Modeling-based Analysis of Transmitral Flow via the Parametrized Diastolic Filling Formalism

Quantitative cardiac function assessment remains a challenge for physiologists and clinicians.&#160;Although historically invasive methods have comprised ...

Generation of Scalable, Metallic High-Aspect Ratio Nanocomposites in a Biological Liquid Medium

The goal of this protocol is to describe the synthesis of two novel biocomposites with high-aspect ratio structures. The biocomposites consist of copper ...

In Situ Mapping of the Mechanical Properties of Biofilms by Particle-tracking Microrheology

In Situ Mapping of the Mechanical Properties of Biofilms by Particle-tracking Microrheology

Bacterial cells are able to form surface-attached biofilm communities known as biofilms by encasing themselves in extracellular polymeric substances ...

Alternating Magnetic Field-Responsive Hybrid Gelatin Microgels for Controlled Drug Release

Magnetically-responsive nano/micro-engineered biomaterials that enable a tightly controlled, on-demand drug delivery have been developed as new types of ...

A Novel Technique for Generating and Observing Chemiluminescence in a Biological Setting

Intraoperative imaging techniques have the potential to make surgical interventions safer and more effective; for these reasons, such techniques are ...

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

Recent advances in modular DNA assembly techniques have enabled synthetic biologists to test significantly more of the available &#34;design space&#34; ...

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a significant contributor to low back pain. The IVD is a fibrocartilaginous joint that serves to transmit and ...