Este trabalho foi financiado pelo NIH conceder 1R01EY022901, o Prêmio de Desenvolvimento de Carreira de Investigação para Prevenir Cegueira (RPB), CMReeves &amp; MA Reeves Foundation, E. Matilda Ziegler Foundation for the Blind, Cavaleiros Templários Fundação Eye, e um donativo incondicional ao Departamento de Oftalmologia na Universidade de Utah do RPB. Agradecemos Balamurali Ambati para assistência técnica no Spectralis Multi-Modalidade Imaging System e Zhang Tao para discussões e comentários sobre o manuscrito.

1. Preparação de Instrumentos <ol><li> O procedimento é realizado numa sala de procedimentos numa instalação para animais. </li><li> Usar máscaras, gorros de cabelo, aventais cirúrgicos estéreis, pé-capas, luvas e antes de iniciar o experimento. </li><li> Aquecer a água numa proveta de ~ 40 ° C numa placa de aquecimento. </li><li> Colocar uma almofada azul estéril em cima de uma almofada de aquecimento que vai ser usado mais tarde para manter a temperatura do corpo do rato durante o exame. Ligue a almofada de aquecimento. </li><li> Prepare o Sistema de Imagem: <ol><li> Retire a tampa protetora contra poeira e ligar o laser. </li><li> Retire a lente de 55 ° e montá-lo na máquina. </li><li> Abra o software de imagem do computador e insira as informações do mouse para a imagem latente sob a folha de um novo paciente (por exemplo, genótipo, idade, etc.). Em &quot;Tipo de dispositivo&quot;, escolha o modo de infravermelho (IR). </li></ol></li></ol> Nota: Foi relatado que o uso of uma lente asférica dupla externa pode melhorar a qualidade de imagem 17-20 embora tenhamos nenhum problema na obtenção de imagens de alta qualidade pelo IV-AIV sem o uso de lentes externas (ver resultados representativos, Figuras 1-4). 2. Cauda Veia Injeção de AIV <ol><li> Dilatar rato olhos com 1% de solução oftálmica Tropicamida e esperar 5 min. </li><li> Pesar o mouse para determinar a quantidade de anestesia (ketamina / xilazina / acepromazina 65-100/10-20/1-3 mg / kg) necessário. </li><li> Recuperar uma seringa estéril de 1 ml, juntamente com uma agulha G 32. Injectar o rato por via intraperitoneal com os anestésicos (13 mg / ml de cetamina, 2,6 mg / ml de xilazina 0,3 mg / ml de acepromazina, em PBS estéril). Aguarde até que o mouse é totalmente anestesiado (~ 5 min). </li><li> Coloque a cauda do rato em 40 ° C de água quente para causar vasodilatação da veia. </li><li> Recuperar uma seringa de 1 ml com uma agulha G 32. Retirar a quantidade desejada de ICL, tipicamente 50 ul de 1 mg / mL de ICG, a qual é esterilizada por filtração com um filtro de seringa de 0,2 uM para um tubo estéril para um ratinho de 25 g (2 mg / kg). Tenha cuidado para não introduzir qualquer ar dentro da seringa. </li><li> Seque a cauda com um algodão embebido em álcool para esterilizar a área a ser injectado. </li><li> Segurar a cauda com uma mão, de modo que a veia lateral da cauda é ascendente. Com o bisel da agulha virada para cima, a agulha de injectar ~ 2 milímetros para dentro da veia com um ângulo mínimo. Tenha cuidado para não perfurar a veia. Retire-se a seringa ligeiramente e procurar vestígios de fluxo de sangue para dentro do cubo da agulha, o que indica que a agulha foi inserida dentro da veia com sucesso. </li><li> Lentamente injetar ICG na veia. Deve haver resistência mínima ao injetar. Retire a agulha e aplique uma compressa de álcool diretamente ao local da injeção para ~ 5-10 seg para evitar qualquer sangramento. O mouse está pronto para a imagem latente. No fim de pegar a primeira fase (0-4 min após a injeção), é ESSEntial a imagem com o mouse rapidamente. </li></ol> Nota: Mouse olhos podem facilmente ficar seca e pode desenvolver catarata sob anestesia. É importante manter o olho húmido através da aplicação de PBS estéril, durante o procedimento. Limpe o excesso de PBS com um cotonete estéril antes da gravação AIV. Outros laboratórios têm usado uma lente de contato para evitar a desidratação da córnea 17-20. 3. ICG Angiografia <ol><li> Comece a tirar fotos de 30-40 segundos após a injeção ICG, o que permite a captura da fase inicial de enchimento de coróide até circulações da retina e coróide são com brilho máximo (0-4 min). A vasculatura da retina é melhor visualizado em foco ~ 35-45 dioptrias e vasculatura coroidal é visualizado em 10-15 dioptrias. Nota: Durante o primeiro exame de um modelo animal, recomenda-se a captura de imagens de todos os ângulos (nasal, temporal dorsal e ventral) para identificar todos abno possívelrmalities na vasculatura. Durante a fase inicial, ambas as artérias e veias da coróide médias e grandes são bem visualizados. No modelo animal usado neste protocolo, as lesões da coróide (por exemplo polipoidal dilatações) podem começar a aparecer 1 min para a fase precoce. </li><li> Defina o foco da imagem na vasculatura. Controle de brilho e foco usando o módulo de controle e botão de foco, respectivamente. Estes valores são ajustáveis ​​digitalmente e são facilmente mantidos constantes. Mantenha a distância do olho do rato para a lente da câmara constante para assegurar uma qualidade de imagem é reprodutível utilizando a técnica que se segue. Nota: Uma vez que o dispositivo só pode uma imagem de parte do olho posterior, vamos tentar manter o foco, o brilho, ea distância entre a lente da câmera eo olho do rato constante à medida que a imagem inteira do olho posterior a partir de ângulos diferentes. A chave para isso é alinhar a luminescência em forma de círculo emitida pelo ICG através do olho com o campo de view da câmara. Isto é realizado, fazendo da esquerda para a direita, os ajustes para cima e para baixo, e em-e-para fora da posição da câmera até que a imagem inteira não tem áreas escuras. Quando o luminescência e do campo de visão da câmara estão alinhados, a distância do olho para a lente vai ser reprodutível para o próximo conjunto de imagens, bem como a uma distância óptima para a imagem de qualidade. </li><li> Uma vez que a vasculatura está em foco, capturar os quadros de imagem, premindo o botão preto redonda sobre o módulo de aquisição. O botão redondo preto também pode ser usado para reduzir ou aumentar o sinal de ICG para a melhor qualidade de imagem. </li><li> Determine o ângulo de visão ideal e profundidade de focagem para lesões coróide imagem. É importante manter a posição do olho, a profundidade de focagem, e outras configurações de dispositivos fixos de todo o curso de AIV-tempo. As imagens são salvas pressionando botão adquirir no painel da tela de toque do módulo de aquisição. </li><li> Adquirir imagens na fase intermediária de 6-15 min popainjeção er. Nota: Tanto a coróide e vasos da retina tornam-se menos distinta. Vasculatura coróide aparece fluorescência difusa. Lesões da coróide expositoras hiperfluorescência emergir em contraste com o desvanecimento circundante normal, a fluorescência de fundo. </li><li> Adquirir as imagens da fase tardia de 17-25 minutos após a injeção. Nota: hiperfluorescência desaparece. Ambos os vasos da coróide e da retina não são mais visíveis. A cabeça do nervo óptico torna-se preto. Lesões coróide hiperfluorescente tem contraste máximo com o fundo desaparecendo. </li><li> Depois de terminar a aquisição de imagens, aplicar um gel lubrificante ocular claro para rato olhos e deixar o mouse em uma almofada de aquecimento para a recuperação. </li><li> Retornar ratos para suas gaiolas e área de espera. Exportar imagens como arquivos TIFF ou JPEG, para posterior análise. </li></ol> Nota: O tempo de cada fase não é absoluta. Descobrimos que o tempo de eAfase ch pode mudar, dependendo da quantidade de ICG injetado. Mais ICG tende a prolongar a cada fase. A melhor maneira de definir uma fase é de acordo com as principais características de cada uma das fases acima.

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YF é um inventor de duas patentes pendentes que são relevantes para o modelo do rato AMD utilizado neste trabalho. SK, ZB, e ADJ tem nada a revelar.

Neste estudo, demonstramos o uso de AIV a imagem lesões coróide em camundongos transgênicos HtrA1. As características do início, do meio e fases tardias da AIV no nosso modelo do rato corresponde ao longo do tempo bem em estudos humanos 1. Isso é importante para fazer melhores comparações entre patologia e animais fenótipos humanos, que são de valor inestimável para a pesquisa sobre mecanismos fisiopatológicos e estratégias de tratamento de condições relacionadas com a coróide como AMD. <p...

Angiografia com indocianina verde (AIV) é um teste de diagnóstico para problemas de imagem relacionados aos vasos sanguíneos no olho. O espectro de absorção de ICG varia 790-805 nm, enquanto que o espectro de emissão varia 770-880 nm, com o pico de emissão a 835 nm 1. Isto é diferente do outro corante popular, fluoresceína de sódio, cujo espectro cai na gama do visível. O espectro de infravermelho permite ICG para penetrar através do epitélio pigmentar da retina (RPE), fluido serosanguinolento, e exsudados lipídicos, os quais podem bloquear facilmente visualização por angiografia de fluoresceina baseado em fluoresceína de sódio (FA). ICG é de 98% na vasculatura, resultando em menos extravasamento ligado à proteína, permitindo reforçada imagiologia de vasos coroidais e lesões coróide 1,2. AIV é quase a única opção de visualizar vasos da coróide, que é posterior ao RPE. Figura 1 mostra a comparação de AIV e FA na vasculatura imagem em rato olhos. FA pode be utilizado para a imagem do bem vasculatura retiniana mas não a vasculatura de coróide. Em contraste, AIV pode ser utilizado para a imagem da retina e tanto vasculatura coróide. AIV é realizada com sistemas de imagem digital de alta resolução ou oftalmoscópios de varredura a laser (SLO) em conjunto com câmeras de vídeo infravermelho-sensíveis, que usaremos neste estudo. Na clínica, AIV tem sido recomendado para o diagnóstico de uma série de distúrbios coriorretinianas envolvendo a vasculatura coroidal incluindo polipoidal coróide vasculopatia (PCV), Retinal angiomatoso Proliferação (RAP), estrias angióides, viteliforme distrofia macular, coriorretinopatia serosa central, hemangioma de coróide, hemorragia da retina macroaneurysms arteriolares, tumores da coróide, e certas formas de uveíte posterior 1,3. A combinação de AIV com FA e Tomografia de Coerência Óptica (OCT) fornecem ferramentas poderosas para os médicos no diagnóstico e tratamento de macular relacionada à idade exsudativadegeneração (AMD) 4-10. AIV é especialmente útil para o diagnóstico de condições que envolvem a coróide. Na verdade, AIV é considerada o padrão ouro para o diagnóstico de PCV, uma variante da DMRI exsudativa 11-13. PCV é caracterizada por uma rede de vasos de ramificação com dilatações polipoidal terminais na vasculatura coróide 11-13. PCV é freqüentemente associada com destacamentos serossanguinolenta recorrentes do EPR ​​e retina com vazamento e sangramento das componentes polipoidal 11,14,15. Recentemente, relataram a geração do primeiro modelo animal PCV por expressar transgenicamente HTRA1 humano, uma serina-protease multi-funcional, no rato epitélio pigmentado da retina (RPE) 16. Nós mostramos que o aumento HTRA1 induzida características do PCV, por exemplo, lesões polipoidal. Aqui demonstramos o uso do curso de tempo AIV por injeção na veia da cauda em pesquisa AMD usando o nosso modelo HTRA1 mouse. Nossos dados sugerem queIV-AIV é superior a IP (ou subcutânea (SC))-AIV que são actualmente usados ​​no campo de 17,18 para a caracterização de lesões na coróide. Declaração em Pesquisa Animal Experimentos em animais foram realizados de acordo com protocolos aprovados pelo Institutional Animal Care e do Comitê Use (IACUC) e foram realizados de acordo com a Declaração de ARVO para o uso de animais em Ophthalmic and Vision Research.

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			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:216px;">Spectralis Multi-Modality Imaging System</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Heidelberg Engineering, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">SPECTRALIS HRA+OCT</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tropicamide ophthalmic solution (1%)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Bausch &#38; Lomb</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">NDC 24208-585-64</td>
			<td>for dilation of pupils</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GenTeal Gel</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Genteal</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">NDC 58768-791-15</td>
			<td>&#160;clear lubricant eye gel&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ketamine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Vedco Inc</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">NDC 50989-996-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Xylazine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Lloyd Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">NADA 139-236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Acepromazine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Vedco Inc</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">NDC 50989-160-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">32-G Needle</td>
			<td>Steriject</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">PRE-32013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1-ml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Indocyanine Green</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Pfaltz &#38; Bauer</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">I01250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detecting abnormalities in choroidal vasculature in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration by time-course indocyanine green angiography

Indocianina Verde Angiografia (ou AIV) é uma técnica realizada por oftalmologistas para diagnosticar anormalidades da coróide e da retina vasculatura de várias doenças oculares, como a degeneração macular relacionada à idade (DMRI). AIV é especialmente útil para a imagem da vasculatura coróide posterior do olho, devido à sua capacidade de penetrar através da camada pigmentada com o seu espectro de infravermelho. Curso de tempo AIV pode ser dividido em início, meio e fases tardias. As três fases fornecer informações valiosas sobre a patologia de problemas oculares. Apesar de curso de tempo AIV por via intravenosa (IV) de injeção é amplamente utilizado na clínica para o diagnóstico e tratamento de problemas de coróide, AIV por injeção intraperitoneal (IP) é comumente utilizado em pesquisas com animais. Aqui demonstramos a técnica para obter imagens de alta resolução do curso em tempo AIV em ratos por injeção venosa cauda e confocal de varredura a laser oftalmoscopia. Usamos essa técnica para a imagem da coróide lesões em um modelo de mouse relacionadas com a idade degeneração macular. Embora seja muito mais fácil de introduzir ICG para a vasculatura do rato por IP, os nossos dados indicam que é difícil obter imagens reprodutíveis do curso tempo ICGA por IP-AIV. Em contraste, AIV via injeção na veia da cauda fornece imagens de alta qualidade ICGA curso em tempo comparáveis ​​aos estudos humanos. Além disso, mostramos que AIV realizado em camundongos albinos dá imagens mais nítidas de vasos da coróide do que aquela realizada em ratos pigmentados. Sugerimos que curso a tempo IV-AIV deve tornar-se uma prática padrão na pesquisa AMD com base em modelos animais.

Foi realizado curso de tempo AIV em camundongos transgênicos HtrA1 e ninhada WT de controle, sendo que ambos estão no fundo CD1. O fundo CD1 albino foi escolhida para facilitar a angiografia com indocianina verde (AIV) imagem (ver discussão). Alguns aneurisma como dilatações começaram a aparecer na fase inicial do rato HTRA1 (Figura 2, uma seta vermelha indica a dilatação na ponta de um navio e um círculo vermelho indica uma lesão polipoidal tipo cluster). Os vasos coróides são claramente vi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Abnormalities in Choroidal Vasculature in a Mouse Model of Age-related Macular Degeneration by Time-course Indocyanine Green Angiography at JoVE.com

Detecting Abnormalities in Choroidal Vasculature in a Mouse Model of Age-related Macular Degeneration by Time-course Indocyanine Green Angiography

Indocianina Verde Angiografia (ou AIV), realizado pela injeção veia da cauda fornece imagens de alta qualidade do curso tempo AIV para caracterizar anormalidades no rato coróide.

Detectar alterações no coróide Vasculature em um modelo do rato de Degeneração Macular relacionada com a Idade de-curso Tempo Indocianina Verde Angiografia

Indocyanine Green&#160;Angiography (or ICGA) is a technique performed by ophthalmologists to diagnose abnormalities of the choroidal and retinal ...

detecting-abnormalities-choroidal-vasculature-mouse-model-age-related

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.5K visualizações.  University of Utah Health Sciences Center.  Indocianina Verde Angiografia (ou AIV), realizado pela injeção veia da cauda fornece imagens de alta qualidade do curso tempo AIV para caracterizar anormalidades no rato coróide. 

Vídeo: Detecting Abnormalities in Choroidal Vasculature in a Mouse Model of Age-related Macular Degeneration by Time-course Indocyanine Green Angiography

Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Abnormalities in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Imaging in the Mouse

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, but only ~10% of those affected show clinical manifestations of the disease. To study the immune events of myocardial injuries, various mouse models of myocarditis have been widely used. This study involved experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) induced with cardiac myosin heavy chain (Myhc)-&#945; 334-352 in A/J mice; the affected animals develop lymphocytic myocarditis but with no apparent clinical signs. In this model, the utility of magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) as a non-invasive modality to determine the cardiac structural and functional changes in animals immunized with Myhc-&#945; 334-352 is shown. EAM and healthy mice were imaged using a 9.4 T (400 MHz) 89 mm vertical core bore scanner equipped with a 4 cm millipede radio-frequency imaging probe and 100 G/cm triple axis gradients. Cardiac images were acquired from anesthetized animals using a gradient-echo-based cine pulse sequence, and the animals were monitored by respiration and pulse oximetry. The analysis revealed an increase in the thickness of the ventricular wall in EAM mice, with a corresponding decrease in the interior diameter of ventricles, when compared with healthy mice. The data suggest that morphological and functional changes in the inflamed hearts can be non-invasively monitored by MRM in live animals. In conclusion, MRM offers an advantage of assessing the progression and regression of myocardial injuries in diseases caused by infectious agents, as well as response to therapies.

This study demonstrates the successful establishment of magnetic resonance microscopy imaging as a non-invasive tool to assess the cardiac abnormalities in mice affected with autoimmune myocarditis. The data indicate that the technique can be used to monitor the disease-progression in live animals.

Avaliação não invasiva da Cardiac Anormalidades em Experimental Auto-imune Miocardite por Ressonância Magnética Microscopia de imagem no Rato

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, but only ~10% of those affected show clinical manifestations of the disease. To study the immune events ...

Medicina

A Mouse Model for Laser-induced Choroidal Neovascularization

The mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model has been a crucial mainstay model for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) research. By administering targeted laser injury to the RPE and Bruch&#8217;s membrane, the procedure induces angiogenesis, modeling the hallmark pathology observed in neovascular AMD. 
First developed in non-human primates, the laser-induced CNV model has come to be implemented into many other species, the most recent of which being the mouse. Mouse experiments are advantageously more cost-effective, experiments can be executed on a much faster timeline, and they allow the use of various transgenic models. The miniature size of the mouse eye, however, poses a particular challenge when performing the procedure. Manipulation of the eye to visualize the retina requires practice of fine dexterity skills as well as simultaneous hand-eye-foot coordination to operate the laser. However, once mastered, the model can be applied to study many aspects of neovascular AMD such as molecular mechanisms, the effect of genetic manipulations, and drug treatment effects. 
The laser-induced CNV model, though useful, is not a perfect model of the disease. The wild-type mouse eye is otherwise healthy, and the chorio-retinal environment does not mimic the pathologic changes in human AMD. Furthermore, injury-induced angiogenesis does not reflect the same pathways as angiogenesis occurring in an age-related and chronic disease state as in AMD.
Despite its shortcomings, the laser-induced CNV model is one of the best methods currently available to study the debilitating pathology of neovascular AMD. Its implementation has led to a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of AMD, as well as contributing to the development of many of the AMD therapies currently available.

Here, we present the mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) protocol, an experimental model that re-creates the vascular hallmarks of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Once mastered, it can reliably and effectively induce CNV as a model system to test various experimental measures.

Um modelo de rato para induzida por laser coróide Neovascularização

The mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model has been a crucial mainstay model for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) ...

The Monoiodoacetate Model of Osteoarthritis Pain in the Mouse

A major symptom of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) is pain that&#160;is triggered by peripheral as well as central changes within the pain pathways. The current treatments for OA pain such as NSAIDS or opiates are neither sufficiently effective nor devoid of detrimental side effects. Animal models of OA are being developed to improve our understanding of OA-related pain mechanisms and define novel pharmacological targets for therapy. Currently available models of OA in rodents include surgical and chemical interventions into one knee joint. The monoiodoacetate (MIA) model has become a standard for modelling joint disruption in OA in both rats and mice. The model, which is easier to perform in the rat, involves injection of MIA into a knee joint that induces rapid pain-like responses in the ipsilateral limb, the level of which can be controlled by injection of different doses. Intra-articular injection of MIA disrupts chondrocyte glycolysis by inhibiting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatase dehydrogenase and results in chondrocyte death, neovascularization, subchondral bone necrosis and collapse, as well as inflammation. The morphological changes of the articular cartilage and bone disruption are reflective of some aspects of patient pathology. Along with joint damage, MIA injection induces referred mechanical sensitivity in the ipsilateral hind paw and weight bearing deficits that are measurable and quantifiable. These behavioral changes resemble some of the symptoms reported by the patient population, thereby validating the MIA injection in the knee as a useful and relevant pre-clinical model of OA pain.
The aim of this article is to describe the methodology of intra-articular injections of MIA and the behavioral recordings of the associated development of hypersensitivity with a mind to highlight the necessary steps to give consistent and reliable recordings.

Osteoarthritis (OA), or degenerative joint disease, is a debilitating condition associated with pain that remains only partially controlled by available analgesics. Animal models are being developed to improve our understanding of OA-related pain mechanisms. Here we describe the methodology for the monoiodoacetate model of OA pain in the mouse.

O Modelo Monoiodoacetate da osteoartrite Dor no mouse

A major symptom of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) is pain that&#160;is triggered by peripheral as well as central changes within the pain pathways. The ...

Detecting Anastasis In Vivo by CaspaseTracker Biosensor

Anastasis (Greek for &#8220;rising to life&#8221;) is a recently discovered cell recovery phenomenon whereby dying cells can reverse late-stage cell death processes that are generally assumed to be intrinsically irreversible. Promoting anastasis could in principle rescue or preserve injured cells that are difficult to replace such as cardiomyocytes or neurons, thereby facilitating tissue recovery. Conversely, suppressing anastasis in cancer cells, undergoing apoptosis after anti-cancer therapies, may ensure cancer cell death and reduce the chances of recurrence. However, these studies have been hampered by the lack of tools for tracking the fate of cells that undergo anastasis in live animals. The challenge is to identify the cells that have reversed the cell death process despite their morphologically normal appearance after recovery. To overcome this difficulty, we have developed Drosophila and mammalian CaspaseTracker biosensor systems that can identify and permanently track the anastatic cells in vitro or in vivo. Here, we present in vivo protocols for the generation and use of the CaspaseTracker dual biosensor system to detect and track anastasis in Drosophila melanogaster after transient exposure to cell death stimuli. While conventional biosensors and protocols can label cells actively undergoing apoptotic cell death, the CaspaseTracker biosensor can permanently label cells that have recovered after caspase activation - a hallmark of late-stage apoptosis, and simultaneously identify active apoptotic processes. This biosensor can also track the recovery of the cells that attempted other forms of cell death that directly or indirectly involved caspase activity. Therefore, this protocol enables us to continuously track the fate of these cells and their progeny, facilitating future studies of the biological functions, molecular mechanisms, physiological and pathological consequences, and therapeutic implications of anastasis. We also discuss the appropriate controls to distinguish cells that undergo anastasis from those that display non-apoptotic caspase activity in vivo.

Detecting Anastasis In Vivo by CaspaseTracker Biosensor

Anastasis is technically challenging to detect in vivo because the cells that have reversed the cell death process can be morphologically indistinguishable from normal healthy cells. Here we describe protocols for detecting and tracking cells that undergo anastasis in live animals by using our newly developed in vivo CaspaseTracker biosensor system.

Detecção de Anastasis na Vivo por CaspaseTracker Biosensor

Anastasis (Greek for &#8220;rising to life&#8221;) is a recently discovered cell recovery phenomenon whereby dying cells can reverse late-stage cell death ...

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to microperimetry (MY) in eyes affected by dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) over time through the production and secretion of growth factors (GFs) on surrounding tissue. Patients were randomly assigned to each study group. All patients were diagnosed with dry AMD and with BCVA equal to or greater than 1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). A suprachoroidal autologous graft by Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT) was carried out on group A, which included 11 eyes from 11 patients. The technique was performed by implanting adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells obtained from the stromal vascular fraction, and platelets from platelet-rich plasma in the suprachoroidal space. Conversely, group B, including 14 eyes of 14 patients, was used as a control group. For each patient, diagnosis was verified by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). In group A, BCVA improved by 0.581 to 0.504 at 90 days and to 0.376 logMAR at 180 days (+32.20%) postoperatively. Furthermore, MY test increased by 11.44 dB to 12.59 dB at 180 days. The different cell types grafted behind the choroid were able to ensure constant GF secretion in the choroidal flow. Consequently, the results indicate that visual acuity (VA) in the grafted group can increase more than in the control group after six months.

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

The goal of this study is to assess whether the suprachoroidal graft of adipose-derived stem cells included in the stromal vascular fraction and platelets derived from platelet-rich plasma by the Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique can improve visual acuity and retinal sensitivity responses in eyes affected by dry age-related macular degeneration.

Terapia regenerativa pela célula Suprachoroidal Autograft em seco Degeneration Macular Age-related: relatório preliminar na Vivo

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Medição de contratilidade isométrica da artéria mesentérica Mouse usando fio miografia

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

A Neonatal BALB/c Mouse Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight infants, with high mortality and unclear pathogenesis. The cause of NEC may be related to inflammatory immune regulatory system abnormalities. An NEC animal model is an indispensable tool for NEC disease immune research. NEC animal models usually use C57BL/6J neonatal mice; BALB/c neonatal mice are rarely used. Related studies have shown that when mice are infected, Th2 cell differentiation is predominant in BALB/c mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Studies have suggested that the occurrence and development of NEC are associated with an increase in T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and are generally accompanied by infection. Therefore, this study used neonatal BALB/c mice to induce an NEC model with similar clinical characteristics and intestinal pathological changes as those observed in children with NEC. Further study is warranted to determine whether this animal model could be used to study Th2 cell responses in NEC.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight infants, with high mortality and unclear pathogenesis. The cause of NEC may be related to inflammatory immune regulatory system abnormalities. An NEC animal model is an indispensable tool for NEC disease immune research. NEC animal models usually use C57BL/6J neonatal mice; BALB/c neonatal mice are rarely used. Related studies have shown that when mice are infected, Th2 cell differentiation is predominant in BALB/c mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Studies have suggested that the occurrence and development of NEC are associated with an increase in T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and are generally accompanied by infection. Therefore, this study used neonatal BALB/c mice to induce an NEC model with similar clinical characteristics and intestinal pathological changes as those observed in children with NEC. Further study is warranted to determine whether this animal model could be used to study Th2 cell responses in NEC.

Um modelo de rato BALB/c neonatal de Enterocolite Necrotizante

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight ...

Robotic Left Hepatectomy using Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging for an Intrahepatic Complex Biliary Cyst

Biliary cysts (BC) are rare congenital dilatations of intra- and extrahepatic parts of the biliary tract and bear a significant risk of carcinogenesis. Surgery is the cornerstone treatment for patients with BC. While total BC excision and Roux-Y hepaticojejunostomy is the treatment method of the choice in patients with extrahepatic BC (i.e., Todani I-IV), patients with intrahepatic BC (i.e., Todani V) benefit the most from a surgical liver resection. In recent years, minimally invasive liver surgery (MILS) including robotic MILS has gained more acceptance as a feasible, safe, and effective procedure for the treatment of both benign and malignant indications. Robotic major MILS is still considered technically demanding and a detailed description of the technical approach during robotic major MILS has only been limitedly discussed in the literature. The current article describes the main steps for a robotic left hepatectomy in a patient with a large BC Todani Type V. The patient is in French position with 5 trocars placed (4 robotic, 1 laparoscopic assistant). After mobilizing the left hemiliver, the left and right hepatic artery are dissected carefully followed by a cholecystectomy. Intraoperative ultrasound is performed to confirm localization and margins of the BC. The Left hepatic artery and left portal vein are isolated, clipped, and divided. Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging is used regularly during the entire procedure to visualize and confirm biliary tract anatomy and the BC. Parenchymal transection is performed with robotic cautery hook for the superficial part and robotic cautery spatula, bipolar cautery, and vessel sealer for the deeper parenchyma. The postoperative course was uncomplicated. A robotic left hepatectomy is technically demanding, yet a feasible and safe procedure. ICG-fluorescence imaging aids in delineating the BC and bile duct anatomy. Further, comparative studies are needed to confirm clinical benefits of robotic MILS for benign and malignant indications.

Robotic liver surgery has gained more acceptance as a feasible, safe, and effective procedure for the treatment of both benign and malignant indications. However, robotic left hepatectomy is still technically demanding. We describe our surgical technique of a robotic left hepatectomy using indocyanine green fluorescence imaging for a large biliary cyst.

Hepatectomia Esquerda Robótica usando Imagem de Fluorescência Verde Indocyanina para um Cisto Biliar complexo intraháptico

Biliary cysts (BC) are rare congenital dilatations of intra- and extrahepatic parts of the biliary tract and bear a significant risk of carcinogenesis. ...

Fluorescent Laparoscopic Central Hepatectomy for Liver Cancer Using Indocyanine Green Negative Staining

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is an important treatment method for liver cancer. In the past, the resection boundary was usually determined by intraoperative ultrasound, important vascular structures, and surgeon experience. With the development of anatomical hepatectomy, visual surgery technology has gradually been applied to this type of surgery, particularly indocyanine green (ICG)-guided anatomical hepatectomy. As ICG can be specifically ingested by hepatocytes and used for fluorescence tracing, negative staining techniques have been applied according to different tumor positions. Under ICG fluorescent guidance, the surface boundary and deep resection plane can be more accurately displayed during liver resection. Thus, the tumor-bearing liver segment can be anatomically removed, which helps to avoid damage to important vessels and reduce ischemia or congestion of the remaining liver tissue. Finally, the incidence of postoperative biliary fistula and liver dysfunction is reduced; therefore, a better prognosis is obtained after the resection of liver cancer. Centrally located liver cancer is usually defined as a tumor located at segments 4, 5, or 8 that requires resection of the middle section of the liver. These are among the most difficult hepatectomies to perform because of the large surgical wounds and multiple vessel transections. Based on the specific tumor location, we formulated the required resection ranges by designing personalized fluorescent staining strategies. By completing anatomical resection based on the portal territory, this work aims to achieve the best therapeutic effect.

The present protocol describes fluorescent negative staining in laparoscopic central hepatectomy. This technique can make hepatectomy more accurate and precise.

Hepatectomia Central Laparoscópica Fluorescente para Câncer de Fígado Usando Coloração Verde Negativa de Indocianina

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is an important treatment method for liver cancer. In the past, the resection boundary was usually determined by intraoperative ...

Explorando a autofluorescência quantitativa na degeneração macular relacionada à idade

A Workflow to Quantitatively Determine Age-Related Macular Degeneration Lesion-Specific Variations in Fundus Autofluorescence

Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging allows the noninvasive mapping of intrinsic fluorophores of the ocular fundus, particularly the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), now quantifiable with the advent of confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy-based quantitative autofluorescence (QAF). QAF has been shown to be generally decreased at the posterior pole in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The relationship between QAF and various AMD lesions (drusen, subretinal drusenoid deposits) is still unclear.
This paper describes a workflow to determine lesion-specific QAF in AMD. A multimodal in vivo imaging approach is used, including but not limited to spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) macular volume scanning and QAF. Using customized FIJI plug-ins, the corresponding QAF image is aligned with the near-infrared image from the SD-OCT scan (characteristic landmarks; i.e., vessel bifurcations). The foveola and the edge of the optic nerve head are marked in the OCT images (and transferred to the registered QAF image) for accurate positioning of the analysis grids.
AMD-specific lesions can then be marked on individual OCT BScans or the QAF image itself. Normative QAF maps are created to account for the varying mean and standard deviation of QAF values throughout the fundus (QAF images from a representative AMD group were averaged to build normative standard retinal QAF AMD maps). The plug-ins record the X and Y coordinates, z-score (a numerical measurement that describes the QAF value in relation to the mean of AF maps in terms of standard deviation from the mean), mean intensity value, standard deviation, and number of pixels marked. The tools also determine z-scores from the border zone of marked lesions.&#160;This workflow and the analysis tools will improve the understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical AF image interpretation in AMD.

Autor em destaque: Compreendendo a fisiopatologia da degeneração macular relacionada à idade com o fluxo de trabalho QAF 

This research describes a workflow to determine and compare autofluorescence levels from individual regions of interest (e.g., drusen and subretinal drusenoid deposits in age-related macular degeneration [AMD]) while accounting for varying autofluorescence levels throughout the fundus.

Um fluxo de trabalho para determinar quantitativamente variações específicas da lesão de degeneração macular relacionada à idade na autofluorescência do fundo de olho

Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging allows the noninvasive mapping of intrinsic fluorophores of the ocular fundus, particularly the retinal pigment ...