Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da NIH concedere 1R01EY022901, il Career Development Award da Research per prevenire la cecità (RPB), CMReeves &amp; MA Reeves Foundation, E. Matilda Ziegler Foundation for the Blind, Cavalieri Templari Eye Foundation, e una sovvenzione illimitata al Dipartimento di Oftalmologia presso l&#39;Università dello Utah da RPB. Ringraziamo Balamurali Ambati per l&#39;assistenza tecnica sul Spectralis Multi-Modalità Imaging System e Zhang Tao per le discussioni e commenti sul manoscritto.

1. Preparazione degli strumenti <ol><li> La procedura viene eseguita in una sala operatoria in un impianto animale. </li><li> Indossare mascherine, cuffie capelli, camici chirurgici, piede copertine sterili, guanti prima di iniziare l&#39;esperimento. </li><li> Riscaldare l&#39;acqua in un becher a ~ 40 ° C su una piastra. </li><li> Collocare un tampone sterile blu sulla cima di una piastra elettrica che verrà utilizzato successivamente per mantenere la temperatura corporea del mouse durante l&#39;imaging. Accendere il riscaldamento pad. </li><li> Preparare il sistema di imaging: <ol><li> Togliere il coperchio antipolvere e accendere il laser. </li><li> Estrarre la lente 55 ° e montarlo sulla macchina. </li><li> Aprire il software di imaging dal computer e inserire le informazioni del mouse per l&#39;imaging in un nuovo foglio del paziente (ad esempio genotipo, età, ecc.). In &quot;tipo di dispositivo&quot;, scegliere la modalità a infrarossi (IR). </li></ol></li></ol> Nota: E &#39;stato riportato che l&#39;uso of una lente asferica doppia esterna può migliorare la qualità dell&#39;immagine 17-20 anche se non abbiamo alcun problema a ottenere immagini di alta qualità da parte IV-ICGA senza l&#39;utilizzo di lenti esterne (vedi risultati rappresentativi, Figure 1-4). 2. Coda Vena Iniezione di ICGA <ol><li> Dilatare gli occhi di topo con 1% soluzione oftalmica Tropicamide ed attendere 5 min. </li><li> Pesare il mouse per determinare la quantità di anestesia (Ketamina / xylazina / Acepromazine 65-100/10-20/1-3 mg / kg) necessari. </li><li> Recupero di una siringa sterile da 1 ml con un ago G 32. Iniettare il mouse per via intraperitoneale con anestetici (13 mg / ml di ketamina, 2,6 mg / ml xylazina, 0,3 mg / ml acepromazina in PBS sterile). Attendere che il mouse è completamente anestetizzato (~ 5 min). </li><li> Posizionare la coda di topo in 40 ° C acqua calda per provocare vasodilatazione della vena. </li><li> Recuperare una siringa da 1 ml con un ago G 32. Prelevare la quantità desiderata di ICG, tipicamente 50 microlitri di 1 mg / ml ICG, che è sterile filtrata con un filtro a siringa da 0,2 mM in una provetta sterile, per un 25 g mouse (2 mg / kg). Fare attenzione a non introdurre aria nella siringa. </li><li> Pulire la coda con alcool per sterilizzare la zona da iniettare. </li><li> Tenere la coda con una mano in modo che la vena caudale laterale è alto. Con la smussatura dell&#39;ago verso l&#39;alto, iniettare l&#39;ago ~ 2 millimetri nella vena con un angolo minimo. Fare attenzione a non forare la vena. Disegnare indietro sulla siringa leggermente e cercare tracce di flusso di sangue nel mozzo dell&#39;ago, che indica che l&#39;ago è stato inserito correttamente nella vena. </li><li> Iniettare lentamente ICG nella vena. Ci dovrebbe essere una resistenza minima quando si inietta. Rimuovere l&#39;ago e applicare un tampone imbevuto di alcol direttamente al sito di iniezione per ~ 5-10 sec per fermare le emorragie. Il mouse è pronto per l&#39;imaging. Per raggiungere la fase precoce (0-4 minuti dopo l&#39;iniezione), è Essential per l&#39;immagine con il mouse rapidamente. </li></ol> Nota: gli occhi del mouse possono ottenere facilmente secca e possono sviluppare la cataratta in anestesia. E &#39;importante per mantenere l&#39;occhio umido applicando PBS sterile durante la procedura. Pulire l&#39;eccesso di PBS con un tampone di cotone sterile prima della registrazione ICGA. Altri laboratori hanno utilizzato una lente a contatto per evitare la disidratazione del 17-20 cornea. 3. ICG Angiografia <ol><li> Inizia a prendere le immagini 30-40 secondi dopo ICG iniezione, che consente la cattura della prima fase del riempimento della coroide fino circolazione della retina e della coroide sono alla massima luminosità (0-4 min). La vascolarizzazione retinica è meglio visualizzato alla messa a fuoco ~ 35-45 diottrie e vascolare della coroide è visualizzato a 10-15 diottrie. Nota: Durante la prima visita di un modello animale, si consiglia di acquisire immagini da tutte le angolazioni (nasali, temporale, dorsale e ventrale) per individuare tutte le possibili abnormalities nel sistema vascolare. Durante la prima fase, entrambe le arterie e le vene della coroide medie e grandi sono ben visualizzati. Nel modello animale utilizzato in questo protocollo, le lesioni della coroide (ad esempio polypoidal dilatazioni) possono iniziare a comparire 1 min in fase precoce. </li><li> Impostare la messa a fuoco dell&#39;immagine sul sistema vascolare. Controllo per la luminosità e messa a fuoco utilizzando il modulo di controllo e la manopola di messa a fuoco, rispettivamente. Questi valori sono regolabili digitalmente e sono facilmente mantenute costanti. Mantenere la distanza dall&#39;occhio mouse per il costante obiettivo della fotocamera per assicurare una qualità dell&#39;immagine è riproducibile con la tecnica che segue. Nota: Poiché il dispositivo può solo immagine una porzione dell&#39;occhio posteriore, cerchiamo di mantenere la messa a fuoco, luminosità, e la distanza tra la lente e l&#39;occhio telecamera topo costante come immagine dell&#39;intero posteriore dell&#39;occhio da diverse angolazioni. La chiave di questo è quello di allineare la luminescenza di forma circolare emessa dal ICG attraverso l&#39;occhio con il campo di view della telecamera. Questo si ottiene facendo da sinistra a destra, su e giù, e in-and-out regolazioni della posizione della telecamera fino a quando l&#39;intera immagine ha aree scure. Quando la luminescenza e il campo visivo della telecamera sono allineati, la distanza dall&#39;occhio alla lente può essere riproducibile per la successiva serie di immagini e ad una distanza ottimale per l&#39;imaging di qualità. </li><li> Una volta che il sistema vascolare è a fuoco, catturare i fotogrammi dell&#39;immagine premendo il pulsante rotondo nero sul modulo di acquisizione. Il pulsante nero rotondo può anche essere utilizzato per ridurre o aumentare il segnale di ICG per una migliore qualità dell&#39;immagine. </li><li> Determinare l&#39;angolo di visione ottimale e la profondità di messa a fuoco dell&#39;immagine lesioni della coroide. È importante mantenere la posizione dell&#39;occhio, la profondità di messa a fuoco, e altre impostazioni dei dispositivi fissi per tutto il tempo portate ICGA. Le immagini vengono salvate premendo il tasto acquisire sul pannello touch screen del modulo di acquisizione. </li><li> Acquisire le immagini nella fase centrale a 6-15 min poppainiezione er. Nota: Sia la coroide e vasi retinici diventano meno distinti. Vascolare della coroide appare fluorescenza diffusa. Le lesioni della coroide espositrici iperfluorescenza emergono in contrasto con la dissolvenza circostante sfondo normale fluorescenza. </li><li> Acquisire le immagini in fase tardiva a 17-25 minuti dopo l&#39;iniezione. Nota: iperfluorescenza svanisce. Entrambi i vasi della coroide e della retina non sono più visibili. La testa del nervo ottico diventa nero. Le lesioni della coroide Hyperfluorescent hanno un contrasto massimo con lo sfondo dissolvenza. </li><li> Dopo aver terminato l&#39;acquisizione delle immagini, applicare un gel trasparente lubrificante occhio agli occhi del mouse e lasciare il mouse su una piastra elettrica per il recupero. </li><li> Topi tornare alle loro gabbie e la zona della holding. Esportare le immagini come file TIFF o JPEG per ulteriori analisi. </li></ol> Nota: I tempi di ciascuna fase non è assoluto. Abbiamo trovato che i tempi di bisfase ch potrebbe cambiare a seconda della quantità di ICG iniettato. Più ICG tende a prolungare ogni fase. Il modo migliore per definire una fase corrisponde alle caratteristiche di ciascun fase sopra elencati.

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YF è un inventore di due brevetti pendenti che sono rilevanti per il modello di topo AMD utilizzato in questo lavoro. SK, ZB, e ADJ hanno nulla da rivelare.

In questo studio, abbiamo dimostrato l&#39;uso di ICGA per immagini delle lesioni della coroide in HtrA1 topi transgenici. Le caratteristiche del primo, mezzo, e fasi tardive della ICGA nel nostro modello di topo corrispondono il decorso bene negli studi umani 1. Questo è importante per fare meglio il confronto tra patologia e animali fenotipi umani, che sono di valore inestimabile per la ricerca sui meccanismi fisiopatologici e strategie di trattamento di condizioni relative alla coroide come AMD. <p cl...

Indocianina angiografia verde (ICGA) è un test diagnostico per problemi di immagine legati ai vasi sanguigni negli occhi. Lo spettro di assorbimento ICG varia 790-805 nm mentre lo spettro di emissione varia 770-880 nm con il picco di emissione a 835 nm 1. Questo è diverso dall&#39;altro colorante popolare, fluoresceina sodica, il cui spettro rientra nel campo del visibile. Lo spettro infrarosso permette ICG di penetrare attraverso l&#39;epitelio pigmentato retinico (RPE), fluido sieroematico, e essudati lipidici, ognuno dei quali può facilmente bloccare la visualizzazione da base di sodio fluoresceina angiografia con fluoresceina (FA). ICG è del 98% legato alle proteine ​​nel sistema vascolare con conseguente stravaso di meno, consentendo una maggiore rappresentazione dei vasi coroideali e lesioni della coroide 1,2. ICGA è quasi l&#39;unica scelta per visualizzare vascolarizzazione della coroide, che è posteriore RPE. Figura 1 mostra il confronto dei ICGA e FA in vasi di imaging in occhi di topo. FA può be utilizzato per l&#39;immagine del sistema vascolare e della retina, ma non il sistema vascolare della coroide. Al contrario, ICGA può essere utilizzato per l&#39;immagine sia retinica e vascolarizzazione della coroide. ICGA viene eseguita con sistemi di imaging digitale ad alta risoluzione o oftalmoscopi scansione laser (SLO) insieme con videocamere a infrarossi sensibili, che useremo in questo studio. Nella clinica, ICGA è stato raccomandato nella diagnosi di una serie di disturbi corioretiniche che coinvolge il sistema vascolare della coroide compreso Polypoidal coroide vasculopatia (PCV), retina angiomatose proliferazione (RAP), strie vascolari, vitelliforme distrofia maculare, corioretinopatia sierosa centrale, emangioma della coroide, emorragia retinica macroaneurysms arteriolare, tumori della coroide, e alcune forme di uveite posteriore 1,3. La combinazione di ICGA con FA e Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) fornire strumenti potenti per i medici nella diagnosi e gestione delle essudativa maculare legata all&#39;etàdegenerazione (AMD) 4-10. ICGA è particolarmente utile per le condizioni che comportano la coroide diagnosi. In realtà, ICGA è considerato il gold standard per la diagnosi di PCV, una variante di AMD essudativa 11-13. PCV è caratterizzato da una rete di ramificazione navi con dilatazioni polypoidal terminali nel sistema vascolare coroideale 11-13. PCV è spesso associata a ricorrenti distaccamenti sieroematico del RPE e della retina con perdite e sanguinamento dai componenti polypoidal 11,14,15. Recentemente abbiamo riportato la generazione del primo modello animale PCV da transgenically esprimendo HTRA1 umano, una serina proteasi multifunzionale, nel topo dell&#39;epitelio pigmentato retinico (RPE) 16. Abbiamo dimostrato che l&#39;aumento HTRA1 indotto caratteristiche del PCV, ad esempio lesioni polypoidal. Qui abbiamo dimostrato l&#39;uso del time-course ICGA tramite iniezione vena della coda nella ricerca AMD utilizzando il nostro modello di topo HTRA1. I nostri dati suggeriscono cheIV-ICGA è superiore a IP (o sottocutanea (SC))-ICGA che sono attualmente utilizzati nel campo 17,18 per la caratterizzazione di lesioni nella coroide. Dichiarazione sulla Animal Research Gli esperimenti sugli animali sono stati condotti secondo protocolli approvati dalla Institutional Animal Care ed uso commissione (IACUC), e sono stati eseguiti in conformità con la Dichiarazione ARVO per l&#39;uso di animali in Oftalmica e Vision Research.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="667">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:216px;">Spectralis Multi-Modality Imaging System</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Heidelberg Engineering, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">SPECTRALIS HRA+OCT</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tropicamide ophthalmic solution (1%)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Bausch &#38; Lomb</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">NDC 24208-585-64</td>
			<td>for dilation of pupils</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GenTeal Gel</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Genteal</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">NDC 58768-791-15</td>
			<td>&#160;clear lubricant eye gel&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ketamine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Vedco Inc</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">NDC 50989-996-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Xylazine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Lloyd Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">NADA 139-236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Acepromazine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Vedco Inc</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">NDC 50989-160-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">32-G Needle</td>
			<td>Steriject</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">PRE-32013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1-ml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Indocyanine Green</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Pfaltz &#38; Bauer</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">I01250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detecting abnormalities in choroidal vasculature in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration by time-course indocyanine green angiography

Indocianina verde Angiografia (o ICGA) è una tecnica eseguita da oculisti per diagnosticare anomalie del sistema vascolare della retina e della coroide di varie malattie oculari come la degenerazione maculare legata all&#39;età (AMD). ICGA è particolarmente utile per l&#39;immagine della vascolarizzazione della coroide posteriore dell&#39;occhio grazie alla sua capacità di penetrare attraverso lo strato pigmentato con il suo spettro infrarosso. Decorso ICGA può essere diviso in inizio, metà e fasi tardive. Le tre fasi forniscono preziose informazioni sulla patologia di problemi agli occhi. Anche se il tempo portate da ICGA endovenosa (IV) iniezione è ampiamente usato in clinica per la diagnosi e la gestione dei problemi coroide, ICGA mediante iniezione intraperitoneale (IP) è comunemente utilizzato nella ricerca animale. Qui abbiamo dimostrato la tecnica per ottenere immagini ad alta risoluzione ICGA volta portate nei topi tramite iniezione coda vena e confocale laser oftalmoscopia a scansione. Abbiamo usato questa tecnica per l&#39;immagine della coroide lesioni in un modello murino di età-correlate degenerazione maculare. Anche se è molto più facile introdurre ICG alla vascolarizzazione mouse IP, i nostri dati indicano che è difficile ottenere immagini riproducibili corso tempo ICGA da IP-ICGA. Al contrario, ICGA tramite iniezione coda vena fornisce ICGA immagini time-Corso di alta qualità paragonabili a studi umani. Inoltre, abbiamo dimostrato che ICGA eseguita su topi albino dà immagini più chiare dei vasi coroideali quella eseguita su topi pigmentati. Suggeriamo che il tempo-corso IV-ICGA dovrebbe diventare una pratica standard nella ricerca di AMD basata su modelli animali.

Abbiamo eseguito andamento nel tempo ICGA in HtrA1 topi transgenici e fratellini WT di controllo, che sono entrambi sullo sfondo CD1. Il CD1 sfondo albino è stato scelto per facilitare indocianina angiografia con verde (ICGA) immagini (vedi la discussione). Alcuni aneurisma come dilatazioni cominciarono ad apparire nella prima fase nel topo HTRA1 (Figura 2, una freccia rossa indica la dilatazione sulla punta di una nave e un cerchio rosso indica un tipo di cluster di lesione polypoidal). Vasi coroideal...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Abnormalities in Choroidal Vasculature in a Mouse Model of Age-related Macular Degeneration by Time-course Indocyanine Green Angiography at JoVE.com

Detecting Abnormalities in Choroidal Vasculature in a Mouse Model of Age-related Macular Degeneration by Time-course Indocyanine Green Angiography

Indocianina verde Angiografia (o ICGA) eseguita tramite iniezione coda vena offre immagini di alta qualità dei corsi tempo ICGA di caratterizzare anomalie nel topo coroide.

Rilevamento Anomalie nella coroide Vasculature in un modello murino di età degenerazione maculare da Time-course verde indocianina angiografia

Indocyanine Green&#160;Angiography (or ICGA) is a technique performed by ophthalmologists to diagnose abnormalities of the choroidal and retinal ...

detecting-abnormalities-choroidal-vasculature-mouse-model-age-related

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.6K Views.  University of Utah Health Sciences Center.  Indocianina verde Angiografia (o ICGA) eseguita tramite iniezione coda vena offre immagini di alta qualità dei corsi tempo ICGA di caratterizzare anomalie nel topo coroide. 

Video: Detecting Abnormalities in Choroidal Vasculature in a Mouse Model of Age-related Macular Degeneration by Time-course Indocyanine Green Angiography

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-fotone Imaging di invasione delle cellule tumorali in un modello di mouse ortotopico di carcinoma orale a cellule squamose

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, including mental retardation due to disordered and damaged brain development. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a term used to cover a continuum of birth defects that occur due to maternal alcohol consumption, and occurs in approximately 4% of children born in the United States. With 50% of child-bearing age women reporting consumption of alcohol, and half of all pregnancies being unplanned, unintentional exposure is a continuing issue2. In order to best understand the damage produced by ethanol, plus produce a model with which to test potential interventions, we developed a model of developmental ethanol exposure using the zebrafish embryo. Zebrafish are ideal for this kind of teratogen study3-8. Each pair lays hundreds of eggs, which can then be collected without harming the adult fish. The zebrafish embryo is transparent and can be readily imaged with any number of stains. Analysis of these embryos after exposure to ethanol at different doses and times of duration and application shows that the gross developmental defects produced by ethanol are consistent with the human birth defect. Described here are the basic techniques used to study and manipulate the zebrafish FAS model.

In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of the ethanol-induced developmental damage, we have developed a zebrafish model of ethanol exposure and are exploring the physical, cellular, and genetic alterations that occur after ethanol exposure1. We then seek to find potential interventions and rapidly test them in this animal model.

Valutare i cambiamenti teratogeni in un modello di Zebrafish di esposizione alcolica fetale

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, ...

Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Abnormalities in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Imaging in the Mouse

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, but only ~10% of those affected show clinical manifestations of the disease. To study the immune events of myocardial injuries, various mouse models of myocarditis have been widely used. This study involved experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) induced with cardiac myosin heavy chain (Myhc)-&#945; 334-352 in A/J mice; the affected animals develop lymphocytic myocarditis but with no apparent clinical signs. In this model, the utility of magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) as a non-invasive modality to determine the cardiac structural and functional changes in animals immunized with Myhc-&#945; 334-352 is shown. EAM and healthy mice were imaged using a 9.4 T (400 MHz) 89 mm vertical core bore scanner equipped with a 4 cm millipede radio-frequency imaging probe and 100 G/cm triple axis gradients. Cardiac images were acquired from anesthetized animals using a gradient-echo-based cine pulse sequence, and the animals were monitored by respiration and pulse oximetry. The analysis revealed an increase in the thickness of the ventricular wall in EAM mice, with a corresponding decrease in the interior diameter of ventricles, when compared with healthy mice. The data suggest that morphological and functional changes in the inflamed hearts can be non-invasively monitored by MRM in live animals. In conclusion, MRM offers an advantage of assessing the progression and regression of myocardial injuries in diseases caused by infectious agents, as well as response to therapies.

This study demonstrates the successful establishment of magnetic resonance microscopy imaging as a non-invasive tool to assess the cardiac abnormalities in mice affected with autoimmune myocarditis. The data indicate that the technique can be used to monitor the disease-progression in live animals.

La valutazione non invasiva della Cardiac Anomalie in Experimental Autoimmune miocardite da Risonanza Magnetica Imaging Microscopy nel mouse

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, but only ~10% of those affected show clinical manifestations of the disease. To study the immune events ...

A Mouse Model for Laser-induced Choroidal Neovascularization

The mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model has been a crucial mainstay model for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) research. By administering targeted laser injury to the RPE and Bruch&#8217;s membrane, the procedure induces angiogenesis, modeling the hallmark pathology observed in neovascular AMD. 
First developed in non-human primates, the laser-induced CNV model has come to be implemented into many other species, the most recent of which being the mouse. Mouse experiments are advantageously more cost-effective, experiments can be executed on a much faster timeline, and they allow the use of various transgenic models. The miniature size of the mouse eye, however, poses a particular challenge when performing the procedure. Manipulation of the eye to visualize the retina requires practice of fine dexterity skills as well as simultaneous hand-eye-foot coordination to operate the laser. However, once mastered, the model can be applied to study many aspects of neovascular AMD such as molecular mechanisms, the effect of genetic manipulations, and drug treatment effects. 
The laser-induced CNV model, though useful, is not a perfect model of the disease. The wild-type mouse eye is otherwise healthy, and the chorio-retinal environment does not mimic the pathologic changes in human AMD. Furthermore, injury-induced angiogenesis does not reflect the same pathways as angiogenesis occurring in an age-related and chronic disease state as in AMD.
Despite its shortcomings, the laser-induced CNV model is one of the best methods currently available to study the debilitating pathology of neovascular AMD. Its implementation has led to a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of AMD, as well as contributing to the development of many of the AMD therapies currently available.

Here, we present the mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) protocol, an experimental model that re-creates the vascular hallmarks of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Once mastered, it can reliably and effectively induce CNV as a model system to test various experimental measures.

Un modello di topo per Laser-indotta della coroide neovascolarizzazione

The mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model has been a crucial mainstay model for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) ...

The Monoiodoacetate Model of Osteoarthritis Pain in the Mouse

A major symptom of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) is pain that&#160;is triggered by peripheral as well as central changes within the pain pathways. The current treatments for OA pain such as NSAIDS or opiates are neither sufficiently effective nor devoid of detrimental side effects. Animal models of OA are being developed to improve our understanding of OA-related pain mechanisms and define novel pharmacological targets for therapy. Currently available models of OA in rodents include surgical and chemical interventions into one knee joint. The monoiodoacetate (MIA) model has become a standard for modelling joint disruption in OA in both rats and mice. The model, which is easier to perform in the rat, involves injection of MIA into a knee joint that induces rapid pain-like responses in the ipsilateral limb, the level of which can be controlled by injection of different doses. Intra-articular injection of MIA disrupts chondrocyte glycolysis by inhibiting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatase dehydrogenase and results in chondrocyte death, neovascularization, subchondral bone necrosis and collapse, as well as inflammation. The morphological changes of the articular cartilage and bone disruption are reflective of some aspects of patient pathology. Along with joint damage, MIA injection induces referred mechanical sensitivity in the ipsilateral hind paw and weight bearing deficits that are measurable and quantifiable. These behavioral changes resemble some of the symptoms reported by the patient population, thereby validating the MIA injection in the knee as a useful and relevant pre-clinical model of OA pain.
The aim of this article is to describe the methodology of intra-articular injections of MIA and the behavioral recordings of the associated development of hypersensitivity with a mind to highlight the necessary steps to give consistent and reliable recordings.

Osteoarthritis (OA), or degenerative joint disease, is a debilitating condition associated with pain that remains only partially controlled by available analgesics. Animal models are being developed to improve our understanding of OA-related pain mechanisms. Here we describe the methodology for the monoiodoacetate model of OA pain in the mouse.

Il modello Monoiodoacetate di osteoartrite Pain in the mouse

A major symptom of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) is pain that&#160;is triggered by peripheral as well as central changes within the pain pathways. The ...

Detecting Anastasis In Vivo by CaspaseTracker Biosensor

Anastasis (Greek for &#8220;rising to life&#8221;) is a recently discovered cell recovery phenomenon whereby dying cells can reverse late-stage cell death processes that are generally assumed to be intrinsically irreversible. Promoting anastasis could in principle rescue or preserve injured cells that are difficult to replace such as cardiomyocytes or neurons, thereby facilitating tissue recovery. Conversely, suppressing anastasis in cancer cells, undergoing apoptosis after anti-cancer therapies, may ensure cancer cell death and reduce the chances of recurrence. However, these studies have been hampered by the lack of tools for tracking the fate of cells that undergo anastasis in live animals. The challenge is to identify the cells that have reversed the cell death process despite their morphologically normal appearance after recovery. To overcome this difficulty, we have developed Drosophila and mammalian CaspaseTracker biosensor systems that can identify and permanently track the anastatic cells in vitro or in vivo. Here, we present in vivo protocols for the generation and use of the CaspaseTracker dual biosensor system to detect and track anastasis in Drosophila melanogaster after transient exposure to cell death stimuli. While conventional biosensors and protocols can label cells actively undergoing apoptotic cell death, the CaspaseTracker biosensor can permanently label cells that have recovered after caspase activation - a hallmark of late-stage apoptosis, and simultaneously identify active apoptotic processes. This biosensor can also track the recovery of the cells that attempted other forms of cell death that directly or indirectly involved caspase activity. Therefore, this protocol enables us to continuously track the fate of these cells and their progeny, facilitating future studies of the biological functions, molecular mechanisms, physiological and pathological consequences, and therapeutic implications of anastasis. We also discuss the appropriate controls to distinguish cells that undergo anastasis from those that display non-apoptotic caspase activity in vivo.

Detecting Anastasis In Vivo by CaspaseTracker Biosensor

Anastasis is technically challenging to detect in vivo because the cells that have reversed the cell death process can be morphologically indistinguishable from normal healthy cells. Here we describe protocols for detecting and tracking cells that undergo anastasis in live animals by using our newly developed in vivo CaspaseTracker biosensor system.

Rilevazione di Anastasis In Vivo di biosensore CaspaseTracker

Anastasis (Greek for &#8220;rising to life&#8221;) is a recently discovered cell recovery phenomenon whereby dying cells can reverse late-stage cell death ...

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to microperimetry (MY) in eyes affected by dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) over time through the production and secretion of growth factors (GFs) on surrounding tissue. Patients were randomly assigned to each study group. All patients were diagnosed with dry AMD and with BCVA equal to or greater than 1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). A suprachoroidal autologous graft by Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT) was carried out on group A, which included 11 eyes from 11 patients. The technique was performed by implanting adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells obtained from the stromal vascular fraction, and platelets from platelet-rich plasma in the suprachoroidal space. Conversely, group B, including 14 eyes of 14 patients, was used as a control group. For each patient, diagnosis was verified by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). In group A, BCVA improved by 0.581 to 0.504 at 90 days and to 0.376 logMAR at 180 days (+32.20%) postoperatively. Furthermore, MY test increased by 11.44 dB to 12.59 dB at 180 days. The different cell types grafted behind the choroid were able to ensure constant GF secretion in the choroidal flow. Consequently, the results indicate that visual acuity (VA) in the grafted group can increase more than in the control group after six months.

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

The goal of this study is to assess whether the suprachoroidal graft of adipose-derived stem cells included in the stromal vascular fraction and platelets derived from platelet-rich plasma by the Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique can improve visual acuity and retinal sensitivity responses in eyes affected by dry age-related macular degeneration.

La terapia rigenerativa da Suprachoroidal cella autoinnesto nella degenerazione maculare senile secca: Report preliminare In Vivo

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Misurazione di contrattilità isometrica dell'arteria mesenterica Mouse con filo Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Evaluation of Capillary and Other Vessel Contribution to Macular Perfusion Density Measured with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Parafoveal circulation of the superficial retinal capillary plexus is usually measured with vessel density, which determines the length of capillaries with circulation, and perfusion density, which calculates the percentage of the evaluated area that has circulation. Perfusion density also considers the circulation of vessels larger than capillaries, although the contribution of these vessels to the first is not usually evaluated. As both measurements are automatically generated by optical coherence tomography angiography devices, this paper proposes a method for estimating the contribution of vessels larger than capillaries by using a coefficient of determination between vessel and perfusion densities. This method can reveal a change in the proportion of perfusion density from vessels larger than capillaries, even when mean values do not differ. This change could reflect compensatory arterial vasodilatation as a response to capillary dropout in the initial stages of retinal vascular diseases before clinical retinopathy appears. The proposed method would allow the estimation of the changes in the composition of perfusion density without the need for other devices.

We describe the evaluation of a coefficient of determination between vessel and perfusion density of the parafoveal superficial capillary plexus to identify the contribution of vessels larger than capillaries to perfusion density.

Valutazione del contributo capillare e di altri vasi alla densità di perfusione maculare misurata con tomografia a coerenza ottica Angiografia

Parafoveal circulation of the superficial retinal capillary plexus is usually measured with vessel density, which determines the length of capillaries ...

A Neonatal BALB/c Mouse Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight infants, with high mortality and unclear pathogenesis. The cause of NEC may be related to inflammatory immune regulatory system abnormalities. An NEC animal model is an indispensable tool for NEC disease immune research. NEC animal models usually use C57BL/6J neonatal mice; BALB/c neonatal mice are rarely used. Related studies have shown that when mice are infected, Th2 cell differentiation is predominant in BALB/c mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Studies have suggested that the occurrence and development of NEC are associated with an increase in T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and are generally accompanied by infection. Therefore, this study used neonatal BALB/c mice to induce an NEC model with similar clinical characteristics and intestinal pathological changes as those observed in children with NEC. Further study is warranted to determine whether this animal model could be used to study Th2 cell responses in NEC.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight infants, with high mortality and unclear pathogenesis. The cause of NEC may be related to inflammatory immune regulatory system abnormalities. An NEC animal model is an indispensable tool for NEC disease immune research. NEC animal models usually use C57BL/6J neonatal mice; BALB/c neonatal mice are rarely used. Related studies have shown that when mice are infected, Th2 cell differentiation is predominant in BALB/c mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Studies have suggested that the occurrence and development of NEC are associated with an increase in T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and are generally accompanied by infection. Therefore, this study used neonatal BALB/c mice to induce an NEC model with similar clinical characteristics and intestinal pathological changes as those observed in children with NEC. Further study is warranted to determine whether this animal model could be used to study Th2 cell responses in NEC.

Un modello murino BALB/c neonatale di enterocolite necrotizzante

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight ...