この作品は、失明（RPB）を防止するためにNIHの助成金1R01EY022901、リサーチからキャリア開発賞によってサポートされていました、CMReeves＆MAリーブス財団、視覚障害者のためのE.マチルダチーグラー財団、テンプル騎士団アイ財団、学科への無制限の助成金RPBからのユタ大学の眼科。 私たちは、原稿議論やコメントのためのSpectralisマルチモダリティイメージングシステムとタオ張に関する技術支援をBalamurali Ambatiに感謝します。

1。楽器の準備<ol><li>手順は、動物施設で手術室で行われる。 </li><li>実験を開始する前に、フェイスマスク、ヘアボンネット、手術用ガウン、無菌フットカバー、手袋を着用してください。 </li><li>ホットプレート上でビーカーを〜40℃の熱水。 </li><li>撮影時のマウスの体温を維持するために後で使用します加熱パッドの上に無菌青パッドを配置。加熱パッドをオンにします。 </li><li>イメージングシステムを準備します。 <ol><li>ダストカバーを外して、レーザーをオンにします。 </li><li> 55°レンズを取り出し、マシンにマウントします。 </li><li>コンピュータと入力、新しい患者のシートの下にイメージングのためのマウスの情報（ 例えば 、遺伝子型、年齢など ）からイメージングソフトウェアを開きます。 「デバイスの種類」の下では、赤外線（IR）モードを選択します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 注：これは、報告されているoを使用我々は（ 図1-4、代表的な結果を参照）、外部のレンズを用いることなく、IV-ICGAことにより、高品質の画像を得ることに問題はないものの、外部の二重非球面レンズfの画質を向上させることができる17-20。 2。 ICGAの尾静脈注射<ol><li> 1％トロピカミド点眼液をマウスの眼を拡張し、5分待ちます。 </li><li>必要に応じて麻酔（ケタミン/キシラジン/アセプロマジン65-100/10-20/1-3 mg / kg）の量を決定するために、マウスを秤量する。 </li><li> 32 Gの針と一緒に、滅菌1 mLの注射器を取り出す。麻酔薬（13 mg / mlのケタミン、2.6 mg / mlのキシラジン、滅菌PBS中の0.3 mg / mlのアセプロマジン）を腹腔内にマウスを注入する。マウスが完全に麻酔されるまで待ちます（約5分）。 </li><li>静脈の血管拡張を引き起こすために40℃の温水中にマウスの尾を置きます。 </li><li> 32 Gの針を1ミリリットルの注射器を取り出す。 ICの所望の量を撤回G、1 mg / mlの25gのマウス（2 mg / kg）のために、無菌のチューブに0.2μMのシリンジフィルターで無菌濾過しICG、典型的に50μl。シリンジ内に空気を導入しないように注意してください。 </li><li>注入されるべき領域を殺菌するアルコール綿で尾を拭きます。 </li><li>外側尾静脈が上になるように、片手で尻尾を持ちます。針のベベルを上に向けて、最小限の角度で静脈に針〜2ミリメートルを注入する。静脈を穿孔しないように注意してください。少しシリンジに引くと針が正常に静脈に挿入されたことを示す針ハブ、への血流の痕跡を探します。 </li><li>ゆっくり静脈にICGを注入する。注入する際、最小の抵抗があるはずです。針を外して、任意の出血を止めるために〜5月10日秒間注入部位に直接アルコール綿を適用します。マウスは、撮影のための準備ができる。初期段階（注入後0-4分）をキャッチするためには、ESSEですすぐにイメージにマウスをntial。 </li></ol> 注：マウスの眼は、簡単に乾燥得ることができますし、麻酔下で白内障を開発することができます。これは、手術中の滅菌PBSを適用することにより、しっとり目を離さないことが重要です。 ICGA記録する前に、滅菌綿棒で過剰のPBSを拭き取る。他のラボは、角膜17から20の脱水を避けるために、コンタクトレンズを使用している。 3。 ICG血管造影<ol><li>網膜と脈絡膜の循環が最大輝度（0-4分）であるまで、イメージを脈絡膜の充填の初期段階の捕獲を許可するICG注入後30〜40秒を取るために開始します。網膜血管は、最良の焦点〜35〜45ジオプトリーで可視化され、脈絡膜血管系10〜15ジオプトリーで可視化される。 注意：動物モデルの最初の検査中に、それはすべての可能なABNOを識別するために、全ての角度（鼻、時間的、背側と腹側）から画像をキャプチャすることをお勧めします血管系におけるrmalities。初期段階で、中規模および大規模脈絡膜動脈と静脈の両方がよく可視化する。このプロトコルで使用される動物モデルにおいて、脈絡膜病変（ 例えば、polypoidalの拡張部分）は初期段階中に1分間現れ始めることができる。 </li><li>血管系の画像のフォーカスを設定します。明るさ制御と、それぞれ、制御モジュールおよびフォーカスノブを使用して焦点を合わせる。これらの値は、デジタル的に調整可能であり、容易に一定に保たれる。画像品質は、以下の技術を用いて再現可能であることを保証するためにカメラのレンズ定数にマウスの眼からの距離を保つ。 注：デバイスは、イメージ後部の目の部分を、我々は、フォーカス、明るさを維持しようとすると、カメラのレンズと我々の画像を異なる角度からの全体の後部の目のような一定のマウスの眼の間の距離ができるからである。このための鍵は、VIEの分野で目ICGにより放出された円形の発光を揃えることですカメラのW。これは、全体のイメージは、暗い領域を有しなくなるまで、左から右、上下、及びカメラ位置の調整·アンド·アウトすることによって達成される。発光とカメラの視野が並んでいる場合には、レンズの眼からの距離は、次の画像の集合だけでなく、品質の画像のための最適な距離でのための再現可能になります。 </li><li>脈管構造に焦点が合っていると、取得モジュールに丸い黒ボタンを押すことによって画像フレームをキャプチャする。黒い丸ボタンも最高の画像品質のためのICGの信号を低減または増強するために使用することができる。 </li><li>画像脈絡膜病変に対する最適な画角や焦点深度を決定します。それは、目の位置、焦点深度、全体の経時ICGA固定他のデバイスの設定を維持することが重要である。画像が取得モジュールのタッチスクリーンパネルの[取得]ボタンを押すと、保存されます。 </li><li> 6月15日分の後方で中間相での画像を取得ER注入。 注意：脈絡膜および網膜血管の両方があまり明確ななる。脈絡膜血管系は、拡散蛍光として表示されます。 hyperfluorescenceを示す脈絡膜病変は、通常のバックグラウンド蛍光を取り囲むフェージングとは対照的に現れる。 </li><li>注射後の17〜25分で後期相での画像を取得する。 注意：Hyperfluorescenceはフェード。脈絡膜および網膜血管の両方が表示されなくなり。視神経頭が黒くなります。 Hyperfluorescent脈絡膜病変は、フェージング背景に最大限のコントラストを持っています。 </li><li>画像の取得が終了した後、マウスの眼に明確な潤滑アイジェルを適用し、回復のための加熱パッド上でマウスを残す。 </li><li>ケージや保持領域にマウスを返します。さらに分析するために、TIFFやJPEGファイルとして書き出す画像。 </li></ol> 注：各フェーズのタイミングが絶対的なものではない。我々が発見したEAのタイミングCh相は、注入されたICGの量に応じて変更される可能性があります。より多くのICGは、各相を延長する傾向がある。位相を定義するための最良の方法は、上記の各フェーズの主な機能に応じてある。

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YFは本研究で使用したAMDのマウスモデルに関連する2出願中の特許の発明者である。 SK、ZB、及びADJは、開示することは何もありません。

本研究では、HTRA1トランスジェニックマウスにおける画像脈絡膜病変ICGAの使用を実証した。私達のマウスモデルにおける初期、中期、及びICGAの後期相の特徴は、ヒトの研究1でよく時間経過と一致する。これは、AMDのような脈絡膜に関連する症状の病態生理学的メカニズムと治療戦略の研究に貴重であるヒト病理と動物の表現型の間のよりよい比較を行うことが重要です。 <p class="...

インドシアニングリーン血管造影（ICGA）は、目の血管に関連した画像の問題の診断テストです。発光スペクトルは835 nmの1にピークを有する発光770-880 nmの範囲でありながら、ICGの吸収スペクトルは790-805 nmの範囲である。これは、そのスペクトルが可視範囲内にある他の一般的な染料、フルオレセインナトリウム、異なる。赤外スペクトルは簡単に​​ナトリウム - フルオレセインベースのフルオレセイン血管造影（FA）で可視化をブロックすることができますすべてが網膜色素上皮（RPE）、漿液血液状流体、および脂質滲出液、貫通するICGを可能にします。 ICGは脈絡膜血管や脈絡膜病変の1,2の強化された画像化を可能にする98％のタンパク質結合少なく溢出、その結果、血管系である。 ICGAはほとんどRPEに後方で脈絡膜血管系を可視化するための唯一の選択肢となります。 図1は、マウスの眼の撮像血管系におけるICGAとFAの比較を示す。 FAはできるBイメージに網膜血管系井戸ではなく、脈絡膜血管系を使用した電子。対照的に、ICGAは、網膜および脈絡膜血管系の両方の画像に使用することができる。 ICGAを一緒に我々はこの研究で使用する赤外線感受性ビデオカメラ、高解像度のデジタル画像化システムまたは走査レーザー検眼鏡（SLO）を用いて行われる。 診療所では、ICGAはPolypoidal脈絡膜血管障害（PCV）、網膜血管腫増殖（RAP）、網膜色素線条、卵黄様黄斑ジストロフィー、中心性漿液性網脈絡膜、脈絡膜血管腫、出血、網膜などの脈絡膜血管系が関与する網脈絡膜疾患の数を診断する際に推奨されている細動脈macroaneurysms、脈絡膜腫瘍、および後部ブドウ膜炎1,3の特定の形態。 FAと光コヒーレンストモグラフィー（OCT）とICGAの組み合わせは、滲出性加齢黄斑の診断および管理における臨床医のための強力なツールを提供変性（AMD）4月10日 。 ICGAは脈絡膜を含む状態を診断するために特に有用である。実際、ICGAはPCV、滲出性AMD 11月13日のバリアントを診断するためのゴールドスタンダードと考えられている。 PCVは、脈絡膜血管系11-13に、端末polypoidal拡張部分で血管の分岐ネットワークによって特徴づけられる。 PCVが頻繁に漏れやpolypoidalコンポーネント11,14,15からの出血とRPEと網膜の再発漿液血液状分遣と関連している。我々は最近、トランスジェニックマウスの網膜色素上皮（RPE）16で、ヒトHTRA1、多官能性セリンプロテアーゼを発現することによって第PCV動物モデルの作製を報告した。我々は、増加HTRA1は、PCVの特徴、 例えば polypoidal病変を誘発することが示された。 ここでは、私たちのHTRA1のマウスモデルを用いて、AMD研究の尾静脈注射による経時ICGAの使用を実証した。我々のデータは示唆しているIV-ICGAは現在、脈絡膜病変を特徴づけるためのフィールド17,18に使用されるIP（又は皮下（SC））ICGAよりも優れている。 動物研究に関する声明動物実験は、施設内動物管理使用委員会（IACUC）によって承認されたプロトコールに従って実施され、眼科と視覚研究における動物の使用に関するARVO声明に従って行った。

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			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:216px;">Spectralis Multi-Modality Imaging System</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Heidelberg Engineering, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">SPECTRALIS HRA+OCT</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tropicamide ophthalmic solution (1%)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Bausch &#38; Lomb</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">NDC 24208-585-64</td>
			<td>for dilation of pupils</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GenTeal Gel</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Genteal</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">NDC 58768-791-15</td>
			<td>&#160;clear lubricant eye gel&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ketamine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Vedco Inc</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">NDC 50989-996-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Xylazine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Lloyd Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">NADA 139-236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Acepromazine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Vedco Inc</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">NDC 50989-160-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">32-G Needle</td>
			<td>Steriject</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">PRE-32013</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1-ml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Indocyanine Green</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Pfaltz &#38; Bauer</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">I01250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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detecting abnormalities in choroidal vasculature in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration by time-course indocyanine green angiography

インドシアニングリーン血管造影（またはICGA）は脈絡膜や、加齢性黄斑変性症（AMD）のような種々の眼疾患の網膜血管系の異常を診断するために眼科医によって実行される手法である。 ICGAは赤外線スペクトルで着色層を貫通するその能力に起因する眼の後脈絡膜血管系の画像に特に便利です。 ICGAの時間経過は、初期、中期、後期の段階に分けることができます。 3相目の問題の病態に関する貴重な情報を提供しています。静脈内（IV）による経時ICGAが注射が広く脈絡問題の診断および管理のために臨床で使用されているが、腹腔内注射によりICGA（IP）は、一般に、動物研究において使用される。ここでは、尾静脈注射し、共焦点走査型レーザー検眼鏡検査によってマウスにおいて高解像度ICGAの経時的画像を得るための技術を実証した。私たちは、脈絡膜ルイメージにこのテクニックを使用加齢性黄斑変性症のマウスモデルにおける排出。それはIPによるマウス脈管構造へのICGを導入することがはるかに簡単であるが、我々のデータは、それがIP-ICGAによって再現可能なICGA経時画像を得ることが困難であることを示している。対照的に、尾静脈注射を介してICGAはヒトでの研究に匹敵する高品質ICGA経時画像を提供する。加えて、我々はICGAは着色されたマウスで行っ比べ脈絡膜血管の鮮明画像を提供しますアルビノマウスで行っていることを示した。私たちは、時間経過IV-ICGAは、動物モデルに基づいてAMDの研究における標準的になってなければならないことを示唆している。

私たちは、CD1の背景が、どちらも、HTRA1トランスジェニックマウスと対照WT同腹仔でICGAタイムコースを実施した。アルビノのCD1背景がインドシアニングリーン血管造影（ICGA）イメージング（説明を参照）を容易にするように選択した。拡張部分のようないくつかの動脈瘤がHTRA1マウスにおける初期段階で表示されるようになった（ 図2、赤い矢印は、容器の先端に拡張を示し、赤?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Abnormalities in Choroidal Vasculature in a Mouse Model of Age-related Macular Degeneration by Time-course Indocyanine Green Angiography at JoVE.com

Detecting Abnormalities in Choroidal Vasculature in a Mouse Model of Age-related Macular Degeneration by Time-course Indocyanine Green Angiography

尾静脈注射によって行われるインドシアニングリーン血管造影（またはICGA）は、マウス脈絡膜の異常を特徴付けるために、高品質のICGA経時画像を提供する。

経時インドシアニングリーン血管造影による加齢黄斑変性症のマウスモデルにおける脈絡膜血管系の異常を検出する

Indocyanine Green&#160;Angiography (or ICGA) is a technique performed by ophthalmologists to diagnose abnormalities of the choroidal and retinal ...

detecting-abnormalities-choroidal-vasculature-mouse-model-age-related

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.6K ビュー.  University of Utah Health Sciences Center. 尾静脈注射によって行われるインドシアニングリーン血管造影（またはICGA）は、マウス脈絡膜の異常を特徴付けるために、高品質のICGA経時画像を提供する。 

ビデオ: Detecting Abnormalities in Choroidal Vasculature in a Mouse Model of Age-related Macular Degeneration by Time-course Indocyanine Green Angiography

Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, including mental retardation due to disordered and damaged brain development. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a term used to cover a continuum of birth defects that occur due to maternal alcohol consumption, and occurs in approximately 4% of children born in the United States. With 50% of child-bearing age women reporting consumption of alcohol, and half of all pregnancies being unplanned, unintentional exposure is a continuing issue2. In order to best understand the damage produced by ethanol, plus produce a model with which to test potential interventions, we developed a model of developmental ethanol exposure using the zebrafish embryo. Zebrafish are ideal for this kind of teratogen study3-8. Each pair lays hundreds of eggs, which can then be collected without harming the adult fish. The zebrafish embryo is transparent and can be readily imaged with any number of stains. Analysis of these embryos after exposure to ethanol at different doses and times of duration and application shows that the gross developmental defects produced by ethanol are consistent with the human birth defect. Described here are the basic techniques used to study and manipulate the zebrafish FAS model.

In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of the ethanol-induced developmental damage, we have developed a zebrafish model of ethanol exposure and are exploring the physical, cellular, and genetic alterations that occur after ethanol exposure1. We then seek to find potential interventions and rapidly test them in this animal model.

胎児性アルコール暴露のゼブラフィッシュモデルの催奇形性変化を評価する

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, ...

医学

Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Abnormalities in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Imaging in the Mouse

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, but only ~10% of those affected show clinical manifestations of the disease. To study the immune events of myocardial injuries, various mouse models of myocarditis have been widely used. This study involved experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) induced with cardiac myosin heavy chain (Myhc)-&#945; 334-352 in A/J mice; the affected animals develop lymphocytic myocarditis but with no apparent clinical signs. In this model, the utility of magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) as a non-invasive modality to determine the cardiac structural and functional changes in animals immunized with Myhc-&#945; 334-352 is shown. EAM and healthy mice were imaged using a 9.4 T (400 MHz) 89 mm vertical core bore scanner equipped with a 4 cm millipede radio-frequency imaging probe and 100 G/cm triple axis gradients. Cardiac images were acquired from anesthetized animals using a gradient-echo-based cine pulse sequence, and the animals were monitored by respiration and pulse oximetry. The analysis revealed an increase in the thickness of the ventricular wall in EAM mice, with a corresponding decrease in the interior diameter of ventricles, when compared with healthy mice. The data suggest that morphological and functional changes in the inflamed hearts can be non-invasively monitored by MRM in live animals. In conclusion, MRM offers an advantage of assessing the progression and regression of myocardial injuries in diseases caused by infectious agents, as well as response to therapies.

This study demonstrates the successful establishment of magnetic resonance microscopy imaging as a non-invasive tool to assess the cardiac abnormalities in mice affected with autoimmune myocarditis. The data indicate that the technique can be used to monitor the disease-progression in live animals.

マウスでの磁気共鳴イメージング顕微鏡による実験的自己免疫性心筋炎における心臓の異常を非侵襲的に評価

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, but only ~10% of those affected show clinical manifestations of the disease. To study the immune events ...

A Mouse Model for Laser-induced Choroidal Neovascularization

The mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model has been a crucial mainstay model for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) research. By administering targeted laser injury to the RPE and Bruch&#8217;s membrane, the procedure induces angiogenesis, modeling the hallmark pathology observed in neovascular AMD. 
First developed in non-human primates, the laser-induced CNV model has come to be implemented into many other species, the most recent of which being the mouse. Mouse experiments are advantageously more cost-effective, experiments can be executed on a much faster timeline, and they allow the use of various transgenic models. The miniature size of the mouse eye, however, poses a particular challenge when performing the procedure. Manipulation of the eye to visualize the retina requires practice of fine dexterity skills as well as simultaneous hand-eye-foot coordination to operate the laser. However, once mastered, the model can be applied to study many aspects of neovascular AMD such as molecular mechanisms, the effect of genetic manipulations, and drug treatment effects. 
The laser-induced CNV model, though useful, is not a perfect model of the disease. The wild-type mouse eye is otherwise healthy, and the chorio-retinal environment does not mimic the pathologic changes in human AMD. Furthermore, injury-induced angiogenesis does not reflect the same pathways as angiogenesis occurring in an age-related and chronic disease state as in AMD.
Despite its shortcomings, the laser-induced CNV model is one of the best methods currently available to study the debilitating pathology of neovascular AMD. Its implementation has led to a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of AMD, as well as contributing to the development of many of the AMD therapies currently available.

Here, we present the mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) protocol, an experimental model that re-creates the vascular hallmarks of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Once mastered, it can reliably and effectively induce CNV as a model system to test various experimental measures.

レーザ誘起脈絡膜血管新生のためのマウスモデル

The mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model has been a crucial mainstay model for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) ...

The Monoiodoacetate Model of Osteoarthritis Pain in the Mouse

A major symptom of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) is pain that&#160;is triggered by peripheral as well as central changes within the pain pathways. The current treatments for OA pain such as NSAIDS or opiates are neither sufficiently effective nor devoid of detrimental side effects. Animal models of OA are being developed to improve our understanding of OA-related pain mechanisms and define novel pharmacological targets for therapy. Currently available models of OA in rodents include surgical and chemical interventions into one knee joint. The monoiodoacetate (MIA) model has become a standard for modelling joint disruption in OA in both rats and mice. The model, which is easier to perform in the rat, involves injection of MIA into a knee joint that induces rapid pain-like responses in the ipsilateral limb, the level of which can be controlled by injection of different doses. Intra-articular injection of MIA disrupts chondrocyte glycolysis by inhibiting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatase dehydrogenase and results in chondrocyte death, neovascularization, subchondral bone necrosis and collapse, as well as inflammation. The morphological changes of the articular cartilage and bone disruption are reflective of some aspects of patient pathology. Along with joint damage, MIA injection induces referred mechanical sensitivity in the ipsilateral hind paw and weight bearing deficits that are measurable and quantifiable. These behavioral changes resemble some of the symptoms reported by the patient population, thereby validating the MIA injection in the knee as a useful and relevant pre-clinical model of OA pain.
The aim of this article is to describe the methodology of intra-articular injections of MIA and the behavioral recordings of the associated development of hypersensitivity with a mind to highlight the necessary steps to give consistent and reliable recordings.

Osteoarthritis (OA), or degenerative joint disease, is a debilitating condition associated with pain that remains only partially controlled by available analgesics. Animal models are being developed to improve our understanding of OA-related pain mechanisms. Here we describe the methodology for the monoiodoacetate model of OA pain in the mouse.

マウスにおける変形性関節症の痛みのMonoiodoacetateモデル

A major symptom of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) is pain that&#160;is triggered by peripheral as well as central changes within the pain pathways. The ...

Detecting Anastasis In Vivo by CaspaseTracker Biosensor

Anastasis (Greek for &#8220;rising to life&#8221;) is a recently discovered cell recovery phenomenon whereby dying cells can reverse late-stage cell death processes that are generally assumed to be intrinsically irreversible. Promoting anastasis could in principle rescue or preserve injured cells that are difficult to replace such as cardiomyocytes or neurons, thereby facilitating tissue recovery. Conversely, suppressing anastasis in cancer cells, undergoing apoptosis after anti-cancer therapies, may ensure cancer cell death and reduce the chances of recurrence. However, these studies have been hampered by the lack of tools for tracking the fate of cells that undergo anastasis in live animals. The challenge is to identify the cells that have reversed the cell death process despite their morphologically normal appearance after recovery. To overcome this difficulty, we have developed Drosophila and mammalian CaspaseTracker biosensor systems that can identify and permanently track the anastatic cells in vitro or in vivo. Here, we present in vivo protocols for the generation and use of the CaspaseTracker dual biosensor system to detect and track anastasis in Drosophila melanogaster after transient exposure to cell death stimuli. While conventional biosensors and protocols can label cells actively undergoing apoptotic cell death, the CaspaseTracker biosensor can permanently label cells that have recovered after caspase activation - a hallmark of late-stage apoptosis, and simultaneously identify active apoptotic processes. This biosensor can also track the recovery of the cells that attempted other forms of cell death that directly or indirectly involved caspase activity. Therefore, this protocol enables us to continuously track the fate of these cells and their progeny, facilitating future studies of the biological functions, molecular mechanisms, physiological and pathological consequences, and therapeutic implications of anastasis. We also discuss the appropriate controls to distinguish cells that undergo anastasis from those that display non-apoptotic caspase activity in vivo.

Detecting Anastasis In Vivo by CaspaseTracker Biosensor

Anastasis is technically challenging to detect in vivo because the cells that have reversed the cell death process can be morphologically indistinguishable from normal healthy cells. Here we describe protocols for detecting and tracking cells that undergo anastasis in live animals by using our newly developed in vivo CaspaseTracker biosensor system.

アナスタシスはIn Vivo CaspaseTracker バイオ センサーによる検出

Anastasis (Greek for &#8220;rising to life&#8221;) is a recently discovered cell recovery phenomenon whereby dying cells can reverse late-stage cell death ...

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to microperimetry (MY) in eyes affected by dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) over time through the production and secretion of growth factors (GFs) on surrounding tissue. Patients were randomly assigned to each study group. All patients were diagnosed with dry AMD and with BCVA equal to or greater than 1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). A suprachoroidal autologous graft by Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT) was carried out on group A, which included 11 eyes from 11 patients. The technique was performed by implanting adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells obtained from the stromal vascular fraction, and platelets from platelet-rich plasma in the suprachoroidal space. Conversely, group B, including 14 eyes of 14 patients, was used as a control group. For each patient, diagnosis was verified by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). In group A, BCVA improved by 0.581 to 0.504 at 90 days and to 0.376 logMAR at 180 days (+32.20%) postoperatively. Furthermore, MY test increased by 11.44 dB to 12.59 dB at 180 days. The different cell types grafted behind the choroid were able to ensure constant GF secretion in the choroidal flow. Consequently, the results indicate that visual acuity (VA) in the grafted group can increase more than in the control group after six months.

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

The goal of this study is to assess whether the suprachoroidal graft of adipose-derived stem cells included in the stromal vascular fraction and platelets derived from platelet-rich plasma by the Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique can improve visual acuity and retinal sensitivity responses in eyes affected by dry age-related macular degeneration.

乾燥 - 加齢黄斑変性症の視細胞の細胞移植による再生療法:体内の予備的なレポート

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

ワイヤー図法を使用してマウスの腸間膜動脈の等尺性収縮力測定

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

A Neonatal BALB/c Mouse Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight infants, with high mortality and unclear pathogenesis. The cause of NEC may be related to inflammatory immune regulatory system abnormalities. An NEC animal model is an indispensable tool for NEC disease immune research. NEC animal models usually use C57BL/6J neonatal mice; BALB/c neonatal mice are rarely used. Related studies have shown that when mice are infected, Th2 cell differentiation is predominant in BALB/c mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Studies have suggested that the occurrence and development of NEC are associated with an increase in T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and are generally accompanied by infection. Therefore, this study used neonatal BALB/c mice to induce an NEC model with similar clinical characteristics and intestinal pathological changes as those observed in children with NEC. Further study is warranted to determine whether this animal model could be used to study Th2 cell responses in NEC.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight infants, with high mortality and unclear pathogenesis. The cause of NEC may be related to inflammatory immune regulatory system abnormalities. An NEC animal model is an indispensable tool for NEC disease immune research. NEC animal models usually use C57BL/6J neonatal mice; BALB/c neonatal mice are rarely used. Related studies have shown that when mice are infected, Th2 cell differentiation is predominant in BALB/c mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Studies have suggested that the occurrence and development of NEC are associated with an increase in T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and are generally accompanied by infection. Therefore, this study used neonatal BALB/c mice to induce an NEC model with similar clinical characteristics and intestinal pathological changes as those observed in children with NEC. Further study is warranted to determine whether this animal model could be used to study Th2 cell responses in NEC.

壊死性腸炎の新生児BALB/cマウスモデル

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight ...

Robotic Left Hepatectomy using Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging for an Intrahepatic Complex Biliary Cyst

Biliary cysts (BC) are rare congenital dilatations of intra- and extrahepatic parts of the biliary tract and bear a significant risk of carcinogenesis. Surgery is the cornerstone treatment for patients with BC. While total BC excision and Roux-Y hepaticojejunostomy is the treatment method of the choice in patients with extrahepatic BC (i.e., Todani I-IV), patients with intrahepatic BC (i.e., Todani V) benefit the most from a surgical liver resection. In recent years, minimally invasive liver surgery (MILS) including robotic MILS has gained more acceptance as a feasible, safe, and effective procedure for the treatment of both benign and malignant indications. Robotic major MILS is still considered technically demanding and a detailed description of the technical approach during robotic major MILS has only been limitedly discussed in the literature. The current article describes the main steps for a robotic left hepatectomy in a patient with a large BC Todani Type V. The patient is in French position with 5 trocars placed (4 robotic, 1 laparoscopic assistant). After mobilizing the left hemiliver, the left and right hepatic artery are dissected carefully followed by a cholecystectomy. Intraoperative ultrasound is performed to confirm localization and margins of the BC. The Left hepatic artery and left portal vein are isolated, clipped, and divided. Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging is used regularly during the entire procedure to visualize and confirm biliary tract anatomy and the BC. Parenchymal transection is performed with robotic cautery hook for the superficial part and robotic cautery spatula, bipolar cautery, and vessel sealer for the deeper parenchyma. The postoperative course was uncomplicated. A robotic left hepatectomy is technically demanding, yet a feasible and safe procedure. ICG-fluorescence imaging aids in delineating the BC and bile duct anatomy. Further, comparative studies are needed to confirm clinical benefits of robotic MILS for benign and malignant indications.

Robotic liver surgery has gained more acceptance as a feasible, safe, and effective procedure for the treatment of both benign and malignant indications. However, robotic left hepatectomy is still technically demanding. We describe our surgical technique of a robotic left hepatectomy using indocyanine green fluorescence imaging for a large biliary cyst.

肝臓内複合体胆道嚢胞のためのインドシアニングリーン蛍光イメージングを用いたロボット左肝切除術

Biliary cysts (BC) are rare congenital dilatations of intra- and extrahepatic parts of the biliary tract and bear a significant risk of carcinogenesis. ...

Fluorescent Laparoscopic Central Hepatectomy for Liver Cancer Using Indocyanine Green Negative Staining

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is an important treatment method for liver cancer. In the past, the resection boundary was usually determined by intraoperative ultrasound, important vascular structures, and surgeon experience. With the development of anatomical hepatectomy, visual surgery technology has gradually been applied to this type of surgery, particularly indocyanine green (ICG)-guided anatomical hepatectomy. As ICG can be specifically ingested by hepatocytes and used for fluorescence tracing, negative staining techniques have been applied according to different tumor positions. Under ICG fluorescent guidance, the surface boundary and deep resection plane can be more accurately displayed during liver resection. Thus, the tumor-bearing liver segment can be anatomically removed, which helps to avoid damage to important vessels and reduce ischemia or congestion of the remaining liver tissue. Finally, the incidence of postoperative biliary fistula and liver dysfunction is reduced; therefore, a better prognosis is obtained after the resection of liver cancer. Centrally located liver cancer is usually defined as a tumor located at segments 4, 5, or 8 that requires resection of the middle section of the liver. These are among the most difficult hepatectomies to perform because of the large surgical wounds and multiple vessel transections. Based on the specific tumor location, we formulated the required resection ranges by designing personalized fluorescent staining strategies. By completing anatomical resection based on the portal territory, this work aims to achieve the best therapeutic effect.

The present protocol describes fluorescent negative staining in laparoscopic central hepatectomy. This technique can make hepatectomy more accurate and precise.

インドシアニングリーンネガティブ染色を用いた肝癌に対する蛍光腹腔鏡下中央肝切除術

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is an important treatment method for liver cancer. In the past, the resection boundary was usually determined by intraoperative ...