The authors would like to thank the Biomarker Imaging&#160;Research Laboratory (BIRL) at Sunnybrook Research Institute for their histology services. Support for this work was provided by the Terry Fox Foundation, the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation&#8208;the Prairie&#8208;NWT as well as a CIHR grant, #MOP-97996.

1. Espécime <ol><li> Especial sobre o consumo das glândulas mamárias cirurgicamente de tipo selvagem CDH1, bem como camundongos IGFBP7 nulo três dias após a início da lactação. </li><li> Espalhe as glândulas em lâminas de vidro para ajudar a recuperar a morfologia natural da glândula mamária. </li></ol> 2. Fixação e processamento de tecidos <ol><li> Corrigir as glândulas mamárias em neutro tamponado 4% PFA O / N a 4 o C. </li><li> Armazenar as glândulas em etanol a 70% antes do processamento do tecido. </li><li> Transferir as glândulas para pequenas cassetes de transformação de tecidos. </li><li> Processar os tecidos utilizando um processador automático de tecido <ol><li> Desidratar os tecidos no aumento de etanol e de xileno banhos de etanol a 70% durante 45 minutos, duas vezes em etanol a 95% durante 45 minutos, três vezes em etanol a 100% durante 1 hora e duas vezes em xilol durante 45 minutos. </li><li> Permear os tecidos com parafina 3 vezes para cada 1 hora em um vácuo com pressão aplicada. </li></ol></li><li> Incorporar os tecidos em parafina para formar blocos, Para o corte. </li></ol> 3. Histologia e Blockface Imagem <ol><li> Aparar os blocos de parafina utilizando um micrótomo rotativo até que o excesso de parafinas é removido. </li><li> Use uma fresadora vertical para perfurar um milímetro furos em pelo menos dois cantos do bloco de parafina perpendicular à fita. </li><li> Monte o bloco de tecido em micrótomo rotativo. </li><li> Configure o sistema de imagem blockface 19 na frente do micrótomo. </li><li> Capturar imagem blockface óptico antes da corte. </li><li> Corte tiras de quatro seções em 5 mM espessura no micrótomo. <ol><li> Transferir as fitas para o banho de água fria. </li><li> Separe as segunda e quarta partes da fita e cole-as em lâminas de microscópio. Escolhendo a segunda ea quarta seções fornece uma lacuna 5 mm entre as seções. </li><li> Expanda cada seção em um banho de água quente (48 º C) para unwrinkle-lo, em seguida, re-montar-lo na lâmina de microscópio. NOTA: Cutting, montagem, unwrinkling as seções causar algumas distorções no seção, como lágrima, dobra, contração e expansão. Esses artefatos complicar o registro dos cortes histológicos. </li><li> Mancha as seções com H &amp; E usando um corante automática. </li><li> Lamela os slides usando um coverslipper automática. </li><li> Digitalize os slides usando um scanner de slides histologia digitais na resolução de interesse. Para este protocolo a ampliação for 20x ea resolução é de 0,47 m. </li><li> Down-provar as imagens de histologia para a resolução das imagens blockface, 18 mM. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Registro da Imagem <ol><li> Segmentação de imagem e ponto de Seleção <ol><li> Em blockface imagens medir os valores de pixel para os furos de registo e utilizar o valor médio como um limite fixo para o segmento de furos de registo nos cantos do bloco de parafina. </li><li> Uma vez que algumas peças adicionais também pode ser segmentado porutilizando o limiar fixo, utilizar a circularidade e a zona dos objectos segmentados para encontrar os furos e descartar os objectos adicionais. Para fazer isso, escrever um pequeno código e encontrar a relação de (4π x área) / (perímetro) 2 para os objetos segmentados. Esta relação de objetos redondos é 1. </li><li> Para cada glândula mamária, seleccionar uma imagem blockface como referência e alinhar o resto das imagens blockface para a referência, utilizando o centro dos furos de registo e de técnicas de registo baseados em marco. </li><li> Para as imagens blockface alinhados, o segmento manualmente ou extrair o tecido a partir do fundo. Use o objeto mais considerável na máscara para o resto do protocolo. </li><li> Para H &amp; E seções siga os passos abaixo para a segmentação automática. <ol><li> Use Otsu técnica limiar de 20 a segmentar imagens do fundo e criar máscaras binárias das imagens histológicas. </li><li> Identificar e selecionar o objeto mais considerável em cada máscara usando o histogram dos objectos etiquetados. </li><li> Extraia os um pixel de largura pontos de fronteira de ambos histologia e máscaras blockface. </li><li> Use o algoritmo de código Cadeia 21, para representar os pontos de fronteira por uma seqüência de linear por partes se encaixa. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Registro rígida inicial <ol><li> Use Descritores de Fourier algoritmo 22, para encontrar o inicial rígida transformar entre os pontos de fronteira de histologia e suas imagens blockface correspondentes. Este inicial transformar inclui os fatores translação, rotação e escala. </li><li> Transformar cada imagem histologia com a inicial transformada obtida no passo anterior. </li></ol></li><li> Refinamento do Registro rígida <ol><li> Remova as seções de alta ponta curvatura do contorno histologia usando um filtro bola rolar 23. </li><li> Selecione 500 pontos a partir dos pontos de fronteira de histologia restantes utilizando aleatoriamente distribuição uniforme. </li><li> Transformar o ahistologia pontos de fronteira aleatórios com a transformação inicial obtida a partir de descritores de Fourier. </li><li> Selecione o conjunto de blockface pontos de fronteira e usar iterativos pontos mais próximos (ICP) algoritmo 24 para encontrar a transformação rígida entre os pontos de fronteira blockface, destino e histologia pontos de fronteira aleatórios. </li><li> Transforme as imagens de histologia alinhados obtidos da etapa anterior e a pilha de imagens de histologia alinhados cria o volume histologia. </li><li> Use um software de visualização 3D para criar uma imagem visual do volume histologia. </li></ol></li><li> Visualizando a pilha de imagens com ampliação de 5x <ol><li> Down-provar as imagens histológicas originais 5x ampliação. </li><li> Cortar a região de interesse em uma das imagens de histologia. </li><li> Calcula-se a localização da região em outras imagens histológicas 5x utilizando a combinação das transformações rígidas das duas etapas de registo. </li><li> Corte a regions de interesse para a mesma região tamanho em todas as outras imagens histologia. </li><li> Finalmente refinar o alinhamento entre as regiões manualmente. Escreva um programa que se sobrepõe a duas imagens e permite selecionar os valores de rotação e translação de uma das imagens mais o outro e, em seguida, salva a imagem transformada quando o alinhamento é aceito. </li><li> Ver as pilhas de regiões histologia 5x alinhadas usando um software de visualização 3D. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose

Neste estudo, desenvolvemos um fluxo de trabalho de registro das imagens para reconstruir um volume 3D a partir de histologia série de imagens de histologia em 2D, que não requer marcos internos selecionados aleatoriamente ou marcadores fiduciais implantados dentro do tecido, o que pode distorcer o tecido. Pelo método descrito, as próprias imagens blockface ópticos são usados ​​como imagens de referência anteriores a corte. Usamos furos externos perfurados no bloco de parafina para auxiliar no alinhamento das...

IGFBP7 (insulina como factor de crescimento da proteína de ligação 7) é um membro da família de proteínas de ligação a IGF, e tem sido demonstrado que se ligam ao receptor de IGF1 4. Down-regulação da IGFBP7 é conhecido por ser correlacionados com mau prognóstico no câncer de mama 5, enquanto a reintrodução de IGFBP7 em modelos de tumores Xenoenxerto inibe significativamente os tumores de crescimento de 6 a indução de apoptose e senescência celular 7. A fim de estudar os efeitos da IGFPB7, um mouse IGFBP7 nulo foi criado 5 (dados não publicados). Enquanto estes ratinhos não desenvolveram tumores, que mostram alterações na histologia do ovário, músculo e fígado, assim como defeitos na padronização do desenvolvimento da glândula mamaria (dados não publicados). O fenótipo defeituoso foi indicado pela primeira vez como os ratos nulos têm tamanho das ninhadas menores e são incapazes de sustentar várias ninhadas grandes (dados não publicados). Volumes de histologia 3D têm o potencial de fornecer informat útilíon para análises quantitativas e comparativas e avaliação de achados patológicos em imagens médicas volumétricos. Confocal tridimensional, microscopia de dois fótons podem fornecer células de alta resolução informação morfológica da glândula em extensão local 14, mas tem um campo de visão limitado e profundidade. Reconstrução volume de Histologia fornece mais informações sobre uma extensão muito maior espacial. Usando abordagens tradicionais alguma distorção é antecipado durante a preparação dos cortes histológicos, como encolhimento, expansão, lágrimas e dobras. Essas distorções dificultam a registar imagens histológicas de série em uma pilha 3D para reconstruir um volume 3D. À medida que o número de secções consecutivas com defeitos aumenta as semelhanças entre as secções intactas é reduzida e, consequentemente, faz com que o processo de registo mais complicado. Diferentes métodos têm sido propostos para registar cortes histológicos e criar um vo histologia contínualume. Algumas técnicas dependerá variações de intensidade de 8, e os outros são baseados na forma de secções 9. Para alguns espécimes as estruturas anatômicas podem ser usados ​​como pontos de referência 10,11, juntamente com métodos de registo com base em marcos 12,13. Mas estas estruturas internas pode não ser detectável durante todo o volume e para algumas amostras sem estruturas anatómicas fiáveis ​​podem ser identificados. Alguns grupos têm usado uma abordagem de registro de pares e registrou imagens de histologia consecutivos de um para outro usando contornos ou estruturas anatômicas 16-18. Registrando cortes histológicos de série para um outro sem o uso de imagens de referência podem propagar o erro de registro e alterar a forma real do volume de histologia. Abordagem de registro de pares depende da consistência da forma dos cortes histológicos e as estruturas internas em toda a pilha de imagens; portanto, requer amostragem densa da amostra, o quepode nem sempre possível, por exemplo, para amostras clínicas. Neste oleoduto usamos imagens blockface como um conjunto de imagens de referência para o volume de histologia reconstrução 19. Imagens Blockface são tomadas dos blocos de parafina do tecido após a montagem no micrótomo e antes de cada seção é cortada. Assim, os danos ao indivíduo cortes seriados corte não interfere com o registro de cortes seriados 8,11,15. Nós capturar as imagens blockface de uma maneira diferente dos outros grupos. As imagens da face do bloco óptico são obtidos por uma lente telecêntrica para eliminar ou minimizar a distorção do tambor e em perspectiva, que normalmente ocorre quando se usa lentes regulares em óptica. Esta é uma das vantagens da abordagem proposta em relação aos outros métodos publicados, que realizam imagiologia blockface usando lentes normais. As imagens são obtidas com um ligeiro ângulo oblíquo para usar a reflexão da superfície do bloco, para aumento do contraste entre a tissue e parafina superfície e para eliminar a sombra do tecido em profundidade, abaixo da superfície da parafina. Um filtro fotográfico também é usada para polarizar a luz vinda a partir da superfície do bloco e o tecido para equilibrar o contraste 19. Para corrigir o deslocamento do bloco no micrótomo rotativo, 2-3 orifícios são perfurados nos cantos do bloco, que são facilmente detectáveis ​​nas imagens blockface. Os centróides desses buracos são usados ​​juntamente com registro rígido à base de referência para alinhar as imagens blockface.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">16% PFA</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">VWR International</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15710</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">16% Paraformaldehyde solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">Small tissue processing cassettes</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">VWR International</td>
			<td>CA95029-956</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:260px;">Leica ASP300 Automated Tissue processor</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Leica</td>
			<td>14047643515</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">100% ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S25307B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">Xylene</td>
			<td>VWR International&#160;</td>
			<td>CA95057-822</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">Paraffin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">39501006</td>
			<td>Paraplast Tissue Embedding Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">Leica EG 1160 Embedding Centre</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">Leica rotary microtome</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">Milling machine</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Argo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">Microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">VWR International&#160;</td>
			<td>CA48312-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">H&#38;E stain</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">VWR International</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">Automatic stainer</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">Coverslips&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">VWR International&#160;</td>
			<td>48404-452</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">MEDITE RCM 7000 Glass Coverslipper</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">MEDITE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">Leica SCN400 slide scanner</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">MathWorks Inc</td>
			<td>MATLAB 2007b</td>
			<td>Development software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:260px;">MeVisLab</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">MeVis Medical Solutions AG</td>
			<td>MeVisLab 2.1</td>
			<td>3D visualization software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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reconstruction of 3-dimensional histology volume and its application to study mouse mammary glands

Reconstrução de volume Histologia facilita o estudo da forma 3D e variação de volume de um órgão a nível de macroestruturas formadas por células. Ele também pode ser usado para investigar e validar novas técnicas e algoritmos em imagiologia médica volumétrico e terapias. Criação de atlas de alta resolução em 3D de diferentes órgãos 1,2,3 é outra aplicação de reconstrução do volume histologia. Isto fornece um recurso para investigar estruturas de tecidos e as relações espaciais entre várias características celulares. Nós apresentamos uma abordagem registro de imagens para a reconstrução do volume histologia, que utiliza um conjunto de imagens blockface ópticos. O volume histologia reconstruída representa uma forma confiável do espécime processados ​​com nenhum erro de registro de pós-processamento propagada. Os (H &amp; E) cortes corados hematoxilina e eosina de duas glândulas mamárias do rato foram registrados às suas imagens blockface correspondentes usando pontos de fronteira extraídos do edges do espécime em histologia e blockface imagens. A precisão do registro foi avaliada visualmente. O alinhamento das macroestruturas das glândulas mamarias também foi avaliada visualmente em alta resolução. Este estudo delineia as diferentes etapas deste gasoduto registro de imagens, que vão desde a excisão da glândula mamária por meio de reconstrução 3D volume de histologia. Enquanto as imagens de histologia 2D revelar as diferenças estruturais entre pares de seções, o volume de histologia 3D proporciona a capacidade de visualizar as diferenças de forma e volume das glândulas mamárias.

Uma armadilha de técnicas de microscopia tradicionais é que a compreensão de um órgão a nível microscópico é limitado a um campo de visão de cada vez. Mesmo &quot;totais de divulgação&quot; slides, que fornecem seções de slides inteiros, não fornecem informações tridimensional. Com o desenvolvimento de slides todo, tecnologias dinâmicas de verificação, a nossa capacidade de ver uma seção em sua totalidade aumentou, porém extrapolando estruturas 3D requer a reconstrução do volume histologia. <...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reconstruction of 3-Dimensional Histology Volume and its Application to Study Mouse Mammary Glands at JoVE.com

Reconstruction of 3-Dimensional Histology Volume and its Application to Study Mouse Mammary Glands

We present an image registration approach for 3-dimensional (3D) histology volume reconstruction, which facilitates the study of the changes of an organ at the level of macrostructures made up of cells . Using this approach, we studied the 3D changes between wild-type and Igfbp7-null mammary glands.

Reconstrução de 3-Dimensional Volume Histologia e sua Aplicação para o Estudo de Rato glândulas mamárias

Histology volume reconstruction facilitates the study of 3D shape and volume change of an organ at the level of macrostructures made up of cells. It can ...

reconstruction-3-dimensional-histology-volume-its-application-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.3K visualizações.  University of Toronto. We present an image registration approach for 3-dimensional (3D) histology volume reconstruction, which facilitates the study of the changes of an organ at the level of macrostructures made up of cells . Using this approach, we studied the 3D changes between wild-type and Igfbp7-null mammary glands. 

Vídeo: Reconstruction of 3-Dimensional Histology Volume and its Application to Study Mouse Mammary Glands

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of the visual system provide more empirical evidence for functional applications. Investigation into the sensory system provides information about the sensory capacity, learning and memory ability, and establishes known baseline behaviour in which to gauge deviations (Burghardt, 1977). However, unlike mammalian or avian systems, testing for learning and memory in a reptile species is difficult. Furthermore, using an operant paradigm as a psychophysical measure of sensory ability is likewise as difficult. Historically, reptilian species have responded poorly to conditioning trials because of issues related to motivation, physiology, metabolism, and basic biological characteristics. Here, I demonstrate an operant paradigm used a novel model lizard species, the Jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus) and describe how to test peripheral sensitivity to salient speed and motion characteristics. This method uses an innovative approach to assessing learning and sensory capacity in lizards. I employ the use of random-dot kinematograms (RDKs) to measure sensitivity to speed, and manipulate the level of signal strength by changing the proportion of dots moving in a coherent direction. RDKs do not represent a biologically meaningful stimulus, engages the visual system, and is a classic psychophysical tool used to measure sensitivity in humans and other animals. Here, RDKs are displayed to lizards using three video playback systems. Lizards are to select the direction (left or right) in which they perceive dots to be moving. Selection of the appropriate direction is reinforced by biologically important prey stimuli, simulated by computer-animated invertebrates.

Testing visual sensitivity in lizards using an operant conditioning paradigm that employs video playback of random-dot kinematograms and computer-generated invertebrates.

Teste de sensibilidade visual para a velocidade e direção do movimento em Lagartos

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of ...

Biologia

The Ladder Rung Walking Task: A Scoring System and its Practical Application.

Progress in the development of animal models for/stroke, spinal cord injury, and other neurodegenerative disease requires tests of high sensitivity to elaborate distinct aspects of motor function and to determine even subtle loss of movement capacity. To enhance efficacy and resolution of testing, tests should permit qualitative and quantitative measures of motor function and be sensitive to changes in performance during recovery periods. The present study describes a new task to assess skilled walking in the rat to measure both forelimb and hindlimb function at the same time. Animals are required to walk along a horizontal ladder on which the spacing of the rungs is variable and is periodically changed. Changes in rung spacing prevent animals from learning the absolute and relative location of the rungs and so minimize the ability of the animals to compensate for impairments through learning. In addition, changing the spacing between the rungs allows the test to be used repeatedly in long-term studies. Methods are described for both quantitative and qualitative description of both fore- and hindlimb performance, including limb placing, stepping, co-ordination. Furthermore, use of compensatory strategies is indicated by missteps or compensatory steps in response to another limb&#x2019;s misplacement. 

The ladder rung walking task is a new test to assess skilled walking and measure both forelimb and hindlimb placing, stepping, and inter-limb co-ordination.

O Ladder Rung Walking Tarefa: um sistema de pontuação e sua aplicação prática.

Progress in the development of animal models for/stroke, spinal cord injury, and other neurodegenerative disease requires tests of high sensitivity to ...

Lens Transplantation in Zebrafish and its Application in the Analysis of Eye Mutants

The lens plays an important role in the development of the optic cup[1,2]. Using the zebrafish as a model organism, questions regarding lens development can be addressed. The zebrafish is useful for genetic studies due to several advantageous characteristics, including small size, high fecundity, short lifecycle, and ease of care. Lens development occurs rapidly in zebrafish. By 72 hpf, the zebrafish lens is functionally mature [3]. Abundant genetic and molecular resources are available to support research in zebrafish. In addition, the similarity of the zebrafish eye to those of other vertebrates provides basis for its use as an excellent animal model of human defects[4-7]. Several zebrafish mutants exhibit lens abnormalities, including high levels of cell death, which in some cases leads to a complete degeneration of lens tissues [8]. To determine whether lens abnormalities are due to intrinsic causes or to defective interactions with the surrounding tissues, transplantation of a mutant lens into a wild-type eye is performed. Using fire-polished metal needles, mutant or wild-type lenses are carefully dissected from the donor animal, and transferred into the host. To distinguish wild-type and mutant tissues, a transgenic line is used as the donor. This line expresses membrane-bound GFP in all tissues, including the lens. This transplantation technique is an essential tool in the studies of zebrafish lens mutants.

Lens development involves interactions with other tissues. Several zebrafish eye mutants are characterized by an abnormally small lens size. Here we demonstrate a lens transplantation experiment to determine whether this phenotype is due to intrinsic causes or defective interactions with tissues that surround the lens.

Transplante de lente em Zebrafish e sua Aplicação na Análise de Mutantes Eye

The lens plays an important role in the development of the optic cup[1,2]. Using the zebrafish as a model organism, questions regarding lens development ...

Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells form Mammospheres During Lactogenic Differentiation

A phenotypic measure commonly used to determine the degree of lactogenic differentiation in mouse mammary epithelial cell cultures is the formation of dome shaped cell structures referred to as mammospheres 1. The HC11 cell line has been employed as a model system for the study of regulation of mammary lactogenic differentiation both in vitro and in vivo 2. The HC11 cells differentiate and synthesize milk proteins in response to treatment with lactogenic hormones. Following the growth of HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells to confluence, lactogenic differentiation was induced by the addition of a combination of lactogenic hormones including dexamethasone, insulin, and prolactin, referred to as DIP. The HC11 cells induced to differentiate were photographed at times up to 120 hours post induction of differentiation and the number of mammospheres that appeared in each culture was enumerated. The size of the individual mammospheres correlates with the degree of differentiation and this is depicted in the images of the differentiating cells.

HC11 lactogenic differentiation can be characterized by the formation of domed structures referred to as mammospheres. The structures can be enumerated by phase contrast microscopy to aid in quantifying lactogenic differentiation.

Rato células epiteliais mamárias forma Mammospheres durante a diferenciação lactogênica

A phenotypic measure commonly used to determine the degree of lactogenic differentiation in mouse mammary epithelial cell cultures is the formation of ...

Evaluation of Mammary Gland Development and Function in Mouse Models

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves composed of a number of terminal duct lobular units made of secretory alveoli and converging ducts1. In mice, a similar architecture is observed at pregnancy in which ducts and alveoli are interspersed within the connective tissue stroma. The mouse mammary gland epithelium is a tree like system of ducts composed of two layers of cells, an inner layer of luminal cells surrounded by an outer layer of myoepithelial cells denoted by the confines of a basement membrane2. At birth, only a rudimental ductal tree is present, composed of a primary duct and 15-20 branches. Branch elongation and amplification start at the beginning of puberty, around 4 weeks old, under the influence of hormones3,4,5. At 10 weeks, most of the stroma is invaded by a complex system of ducts that will undergo cycles of branching and regression in each estrous cycle until pregnancy2. At the onset of pregnancy, a second phase of development begins, with the proliferation and differentiation of the epithelium to form grape-shaped milk secretory structures called alveoli6,7. Following parturition and throughout lactation, milk is produced by luminal secretory cells and stored within the lumen of alveoli. Oxytocin release, stimulated by a neural reflex induced by suckling of pups, induces synchronized contractions of the myoepithelial cells around the alveoli and along the ducts, allowing milk to be transported through the ducts to the nipple where it becomes available to the pups 8. Mammary gland development, differentiation and function are tightly orchestrated and require, not only interactions between the stroma and the epithelium, but also between myoepithelial and luminal cells within the epithelium9,10,11. Thereby, mutations in many genes implicated in these interactions may impair either ductal elongation during puberty or alveoli formation during early pregnancy, differentiation during late pregnancy and secretory activation leading to lactation12,13. In this article, we describe how to dissect mouse mammary glands and assess their development using whole mounts. We also demonstrate how to evaluate myoepithelial contractions and milk ejection using an ex-vivo oxytocin-based functional assay. The effect of a gene mutation on mammary gland development and function can thus be determined in situ by performing these two techniques in mutant and wild-type control mice.

This method describes how to dissect and assess mammary gland development and function from mice. Excised mammary glands are assessed for the degree of development using whole mount while milk ejection is evaluated using an oxytocin-based myoepithelial cell contraction assay.

Avaliação do desenvolvimento da glândula mamária e Função em modelos de ratos

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves ...

Intraductal Injection for Localized Drug Delivery to the Mouse Mammary Gland

Herein we describe a protocol to deliver various reagents to the mouse mammary gland via intraductal injections. Localized drug delivery and knock-down of genes within the mammary epithelium has been difficult to achieve due to the lack of appropriate targeting molecules that are independent of developmental stages such as pregnancy and lactation. Herein, we describe a technique for localized delivery of reagents to the mammary gland at any stage in adulthood via intraductal injection into the nipples of mice. The injections can be performed on live mice, under anesthesia, and allow for a non-invasive and localized drug delivery to the mammary gland. Furthermore, the injections can be repeated over several months without damaging the nipple. Vital dyes such as Evans Blue are very helpful to learn the technique. Upon intraductal injection of the blue dye, the entire ductal tree becomes visible to the eye. Furthermore, fluorescently labeled reagents also allow for visualization and distribution within the mammary gland. This technique is adaptable for a variety of compounds including siRNA, chemotherapeutic agents, and small molecules.

A protocol for the non-invasive intraductal delivery of aqueous reagents to the mouse mammary gland is described. The method takes advantage of localized injection into the nipples of mammary glands targeting mammary ducts specifically. This technique is adaptable for a variety of compounds including siRNA, chemotherapeutic agents and small molecules.

Injeção Intraductal para localizada Drug Delivery ao Rato glândula mamária

Herein we describe a protocol to deliver various reagents to the mouse mammary gland via intraductal injections. Localized drug delivery and knock-down of ...

A Fluorescence-based Exonuclease Assay to Characterize DmWRNexo, Orthologue of Human Progeroid WRN Exonuclease, and Its Application to Other Nucleases

WRN exonuclease is involved in resolving DNA damage that occurs either during DNA replication or following exposure to endogenous or exogenous genotoxins. It is likely to play a role in preventing accumulation of recombinogenic intermediates that would otherwise accumulate at transiently stalled replication forks, consistent with a hyper-recombinant phenotype of cells lacking WRN. In humans, the exonuclease domain comprises an N-terminal portion of a much larger protein that also possesses helicase activity, together with additional sites important for DNA and protein interaction. By contrast, in Drosophila, the exonuclease activity of WRN (DmWRNexo) is encoded by a distinct genetic locus from the presumptive helicase, allowing biochemical (and genetic) dissection of the role of the exonuclease activity in genome stability mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate a fluorescent method to determine WRN exonuclease activity using purified recombinant DmWRNexo and end-labeled fluorescent oligonucleotides. This system allows greater reproducibility than radioactive assays as the substrate oligonucleotides remain stable for months, and provides a safer and relatively rapid method for detailed analysis of nuclease activity, permitting determination of nuclease polarity, processivity, and substrate preferences.

Exonucleases play critical roles in ensuring genome stability. Loss of WRN exonuclease function results in premature aging. Studying substrates and other requirements of the nuclease in vitro can help elucidate its role in vivo. Here we demonstrate a rapid and reproducible fluorescence-based assay to measure its nuclease activity.

WRN exonuclease is involved in resolving DNA damage that occurs either during DNA replication or following exposure to endogenous or exogenous genotoxins. ...

Application of Retinoic Acid to Obtain Osteocytes Cultures from Primary Mouse Osteoblasts

The need for osteocyte cultures is well known to the community of bone researchers; isolation of primary osteocytes is difficult and produces low cell numbers. Therefore, the most widely used cellular system is the osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cell line.
The method here described refers to the use of retinoic acid to generate a homogeneous population of ramified cells with morphological and molecular osteocyte features.
After isolation of osteoblasts from mouse calvaria, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is added to cell medium, and cell monitoring is conducted daily under an inverted microscope. First morphological changes are detectable after 2 days of treatment and differentiation is generally complete in 5 days, with progressive development of dendrites, loss of the ability to produce extracellular matrix, down-regulation of osteoblast markers and up-regulation of osteocyte-specific molecules.
Daily cell monitoring is needed because of the inherent variability of primary cells, and the protocol can be adapted with minimal variation to cells obtained from different mouse strains and applied to transgenic models. 
The method is easy to perform and does not require special instrumentation, it is highly reproducible, and rapidly generates a mature osteocyte population in complete absence of extracellular matrix, allowing the use of these cells for unlimited biological applications.

Treatment of primary mouse osteoblasts with retinoic acid produces a homogeneous population of ramified cells bearing morphological and molecular features of osteocytes. The method overcomes the difficulty of obtaining and maintaining primary osteocytes in culture, and can be advantageous to study cells derived from transgenic models.&#160;

A aplicação de ácido retinóico para obter culturas de osteócitos principal do mouse osteoblastos

The need for osteocyte cultures is well known to the community of bone researchers; isolation of primary osteocytes is difficult and produces low cell ...

High-throughput Image Analysis of Tumor Spheroids: A User-friendly Software Application to Measure the Size of Spheroids Automatically and Accurately

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to large-scale screening formats in every step of a drug screen, including large-scale image analysis. Currently there is no ready-to-use and free image analysis software to meet this large-scale format. Most existing methods involve manually drawing the length and width of the imaged 3D spheroids, which is a tedious and time-consuming process. This study presents a high-throughput image analysis software application &#8211; SpheroidSizer, which measures the major and minor axial length of the imaged 3D tumor spheroids automatically and accurately; calculates the volume of each individual 3D tumor spheroid; then outputs the results in two different forms in spreadsheets for easy manipulations in the subsequent data analysis. The main advantage of this software is its powerful image analysis application that is adapted for large numbers of images. It provides high-throughput computation and quality-control workflow. The estimated time to process 1,000 images is about 15 min&#160;on a minimally configured laptop, or around 1 min&#160;on a multi-core performance workstation. The graphical user interface (GUI) is also designed for easy quality control, and users can manually override the computer results. The key method used in this software is adapted from the active contour algorithm, also known as Snakes, which is especially suitable for images with uneven illumination and noisy background that often plagues automated imaging processing in high-throughput screens. The complimentary &#8220;Manual Initialize&#8221; and &#8220;Hand Draw&#8221; tools provide the flexibility to SpheroidSizer in dealing with various types of spheroids and diverse quality images. This high-throughput image analysis software remarkably reduces labor and speeds up the analysis process. Implementing this software is beneficial for 3D tumor spheroids to become a routine in vitro model for drug screens in industry and academia.

We present a high-throughput image analysis software application to measure the size of three-dimensional tumor spheroids imaged with bright-field microscopy. This application provides a fast and effective way to examine the effects of therapeutic drugs on spheroids, which is beneficial for researchers who wish to use spheroids in drug screens.

De alta capacidade Análise de Imagem de esferóides tumorais: uma aplicação de software de fácil utilização para medir o tamanho de esferóides automaticamente e com precisão

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to ...

Measuring Pressure Volume Loops in the Mouse

Understanding the causes and progression of heart disease presents a significant challenge to the biomedical community. The genetic flexibility of the mouse provides great potential to explore cardiac function at the molecular level. The mouse&#39;s small size does present some challenges in regards to performing detailed cardiac phenotyping. Miniaturization and other advancements in technology have made many methods of cardiac assessment possible in the mouse. Of these, the simultaneous collection of pressure and volume data provides a detailed picture of cardiac function that is not available through any other modality. Here a detailed procedure for the collection of pressure-volume loop data is described. Included is a discussion of the principles underlying the measurements and the potential sources of error. Anesthetic management and surgical approaches are discussed in great detail as they are both critical to obtaining high quality hemodynamic measurements. The principles of hemodynamic protocol development and relevant aspects of data analysis are also addressed.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for the collection of pressure-volume data from the mouse.

Medição do volume Pressão Loops no mouse

Understanding the causes and progression of heart disease presents a significant challenge to the biomedical community. The genetic flexibility of the ...