O apoio financeiro pela ERC através da avançada Investigator Grant HYMEM, pelo DFG através da Iniciativa Nanosystems Munich (NIM) e através do Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB1032), projeto A8 é reconhecido agradecimento. Somos gratos ao Dr. Alexander Ohlinger, Dr. Sol Carretero-Palacios e Spas Nedev de apoio e discussões frutíferas.

1. Setup Experimental <ol><li> Use um microscópio de up-direito e um óleo de condensador de campo escuro com uma abertura numérica (NA) = 1,2 para a iluminação de campo escuro. Utilize uma objectiva de imersão em água com aumento de 100X e uma NA = 1.0 para observações de partículas e trapping. Use um objetivo ar com aumento de 10x e uma NA = 0,2 para seguir o movimento do Nauplius. </li><li> Use uma configuração de pinça óptica com 1.064 nm laser de onda contínua acoplado ao microscópio vertical. Defina a potência do laser da armadilha óptica a 100 mW (medido com um medidor de energia após a objetiva). </li><li> Use uma câmera de alta velocidade CMOS ou uma reflex digital de lente única (DSLR) para detectar e imagem do movimento de partículas de ouro na armadilha óptica e o movimento do Nauplius. </li><li> Usar um filtro de entalhe para evitar que o laser de entrar na câmara. </li><li> Use um medidor de potência para medir a potência do laser após a objetiva. </li></ol> 2. Preparação de Amostras </p&gt; <ol><li> Pipetar uma gota de água (180 mL) em uma lâmina de vidro de microscópio e posicionar a amostra no microscópio de campo escuro. </li><li> Pipetar um Nauplius de um pequeno tanque de água à gota de água. </li><li> Usar um objectivo ar 10X para observar o movimento da Nauplius na solução e gravar um fluxo de vídeo. </li><li> Use uma nanopartícula de ouro com um diâmetro de 60 nm, como um detector para observar o movimento de fluido gerado pelo Nauplius. Por conseguinte, adicionam-se 5 mL de uma solução de partículas altamente diluído na gotícula de água, de modo que aproximadamente uma partícula pode ser visto no campo de visão com uma objectiva de imersão em água 100X. </li></ol> 3. Particle Experiment Rastreamento <ol><li> Armadilha uma nanopartícula de ouro com a pinça óptica. Portanto, trazer a 1.064 nm armadilhas a laser perto de uma nanopartícula de ouro que está difundindo em solução movendo o estágio do microscópio. As forças ópticas atraentes puxar a nanopartícula de ouro para o ponto focal do the feixe de laser. A partícula aprisionada não está a difundir mais e em vez mantém a sua posição. Faça um fluxo de vídeo da nanopartícula preso com a câmera DSLR em uma taxa de quadros de 50 Hz por 30 segundos. </li><li> Desligue o laser da pinça óptica e solte a nanopartículas de ouro da armadilha. </li><li> Use um programa de rastreamento de partículas para a leitura da posição da partícula de ouro opticamente preso em cada quadro do fluxo de vídeo. Uma transformação rápida de Fourier (FFT) de xy-posição da partícula ao longo do tempo revela um espectro de freqüência. NOTA: Aqui, um &quot;IGOR PRO &#39;código de programa de computador auto-escrito foi utilizado para analisar a posição central da partícula no plano xy com o tempo e para a análise FFT. </li><li> Como uma alternativa a um código IGOR auto-escrita usar o programa livremente disponível &#39;Spots Rastreio&#39; para controlar a partícula no vídeo. Use o software comercial &quot;Origin&quot; para executar a transformação de Fourier dos dados de rastreamento: <ol&gt; <li> Arraste o arquivo de vídeo para o programa aberto &#39;Video Ponto Rastreador&#39;. </li><li> Clique do mouse sobre a partícula visto na primeira foto do fluxo de vídeo e uma região circular de aparecer juros. </li><li> Escolha &quot;simétrica&quot; ​​e &quot;otimizar&quot; na janela do prompt de comando top para otimizar o acompanhamento da partícula. </li><li> Clique do mouse &quot;logging&quot; na janela do prompt de comando superior e escolha uma pasta para guardar os dados. Os dados de monitoramento serão guardados como uma planilha de dados. </li><li> Clique do mouse &quot;video jogo&quot; no prompt de comando janela esquerda do programa de rastreamento e espere até que são analisados ​​todos os quadros do vídeo. </li><li> Feche o programa e abra a planilha de dados salvos com &#39;Origem&#39;. Defina os valores de coluna como &quot;y 1&quot; e &quot;y 2&quot;. </li><li> Definir intervalos de tempo para cada quadro do vídeo como &quot;x&quot; da planilha de dados &#39;Origem&#39;. </li><li> Marque a x-Posição da coluna e realizar uma FFT, escolhendo &quot;Análise de Dados&quot; e &quot;FFT&quot; na janela do prompt de comando top. Repita o passo para a coluna posição y. </li><li> Traçar as amplitudes do sinal FFT calculado em x-e y-direção em relação a freqüência. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Simulação Numérica <ol><li> Calcular as α polarizabilidade da partícula de ouro de 60 nm, utilizando o programa de computador &#39;Mathematica&#39;. <ol><li> Utilizar a equação (1) para calcular a polarizabilidade de acordo com Kuwata et al 16.: <img alt="Equação 1" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq1.jpg" width="300" /> (1) </li><li> Definir os seguintes três parâmetros no código do programa: a função dielétrica complexa dependente do comprimento de onda da partícula de ouro, o raio de nanopartículas, eo índice de refração do meio circundante. </li></ol></li><li> Use a descrição dos elecdistribuição de campo tric de um feixe focalizado de acordo com Gaussian Agayan et al 17 para calcular as forças ópticas que agem em uma partícula de ouro de 60 nm.: <img alt="Equação 2" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq2.jpg" width="500" /> (2) <ol><li> . Utilização das equações (3) - (6) a partir de Agayan et al 17 para calcular tanto, o gradiente e dispersar as forças que actuam sobre a partícula: <img alt="Equação 3" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq3.jpg" width="350" /> (3) <img alt="Equação 4" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq4.jpg" width="300" /> (4) <img alt="Equação 5" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq5.jpg" width="500" /> (5) <img alt="Equação 6" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq6.jpg" width="300" /> (6) </li><li> No código de programa, definir os parâmetros para a potência do laser, a abertura numérica da oobjective, ea polarizabilidade complexo das nanopartículas. </li><li> Soma-se a força do gradiente ea força de dispersão para calcular a força óptica total atuando sobre a partícula de ouro em uma armadilha óptica. </li></ol></li><li> Execute a simulação pressionando simultaneamente &quot;Control&quot; e &quot;Enter&quot;. </li></ol>

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Os autores declaram que não têm interesses financeiros concorrentes.

Microscopia de campo escuro é uma poderosa ferramenta para a visualização de nanopartículas de ouro com dimensões inferiores ao limite de difração óptica, uma vez que a seção de espalhamento transversal das nanopartículas metálicas superior à sua seção transversal geométrica (cf. Figura 2A) 18. Em uma configuração de pinça, esta abordagem ainda permite distinguir se apenas um único ou vários nanopartículas de ouro são presos pelo feixe de laser porque acoplamento plasm?...

Avaliação da qualidade da água com base em indicadores químicos e biológicos é de fundamental importância para obter insights sobre as condições de estado e ambientais de um ecossistema aquático 1-3. Os métodos clássicos de análise química de água baseiam-se em propriedades organolépticas ou a determinação dos parâmetros físico-químicos. Os indicadores biológicos, por outro lado, são as espécies animais cuja presença e viabilidade fornecer informações sobre as condições ambientais e os efeitos de poluentes para um ecossistema que elas ocorrem dentro Exemplos típicos de bioindicadores são copépodes, um grupo de pequenos crustáceos de água, que pode ser encontrados em praticamente qualquer habitat de água 4,5. Observando-se a actividade e a viabilidade destas espécies a partir de uma amostra de água pode assim ser utilizada para obter informação sobre as condições gerais de um ecossistema 5. As larvas de copépodes, que são chamados Nauplii, use traços rítmicos de suas antenas (cada larva tem três pares de appendages em sua região da cabeça) para nadar em água 6. A freqüência ea intensidade desses cursos é, assim, um indicador direto de idade, fitness, e as condições ambientais do animal 7-10. Quaisquer investigações sobre estes espécimes são geralmente feito com um microscópio, observando e contando os cursos de antena do Nauplii diretamente. Devido ao seu tamanho (~ 100-500 mm) 11, isso muitas vezes requer a fazer medições de um por um, ou para corrigir um único Nauplius a um substrato. Aqui, nós demonstramos uma nova abordagem para observar a atividade de Copépode larvas em amostras de água usando uma nanopartícula de ouro opticamente preso como um detector ultra-sensível. As pinças ópticas são geralmente usados ​​por muitos grupos como uma ferramenta experimental multa a aplicar ou medir forças entre as moléculas até a faixa piconewton 12-14. Mais recentemente, a gama de aplicações para pinça óptica foi expandida para observar vibrações acústicas e resolverflutuações nt em meios líquidos, monitorando o movimento de nano e micropartículas que estão confinados em uma armadilha óptica 15. As partículas que são imersos num líquido são submetidos a movimento Browniano. Dentro de uma armadilha óptica, no entanto, este movimento é parcialmente amortecido por um laser induzida, força forte, gradiente. Por conseguinte, a rigidez da armadilha óptica e a localização da partícula no interior do foco do feixe de laser pode ser afinado pela potência de laser. Ao mesmo tempo, é possível revelar características sobre o potencial de captura e a análise da interacção de moléculas com o de partículas através da monitorização do movimento das partículas em função do tempo na armadilha. Esta abordagem torna possível para pegar a freqüência, intensidade e direção do movimento fluídico que é gerado por um objeto em movimento em seu ambiente líquido. Demonstramos como esta ideia geral pode ser aplicada para obter um espectro de o movimento de um indivíduo Nauplius frequência sem o requisitode interferir diretamente com o modelo. Esta abordagem experimental apresenta um novo conceito geral para a observação do comportamento de motilidade das amostras aquáticas de uma forma muito sensível. Para observações sobre as espécies bioindicadoras, isso poderia expandir a atual metodologia para análise de água e pode ser aplicado para obter informações sobre a saúde ea integridade dos ecossistemas aquáticos.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Microscope Zeiss Axio Scope.A1</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">490035-0012-000</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">dark field illumination</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Water objective Achroplan</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">440087</td>
			<td>100x magnification, NA=1.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Air objective Epiplan</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">442934</td>
			<td>10x magnification, NA=0.2</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Dark field oil condenser</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">445323</td>
			<td>NA=1.2</td>
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		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:244px;">Cobolt Rumba CW 1064 nm DPSSL</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Cobolt&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">1064-05-01-2000-500</td>
			<td>1064nm, CW, &#955;=1064nm, 2 Watt, TEM00</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:244px;">Beam expander</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Edmund Optics</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td>Part no. 1064 2-8X 64414</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">High Speed Camera Dimax HD</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">PCO. Germany</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Color Camera Canon EOS 500 D&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Canon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FAQ-ID: 8201395700</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Notch filter StopLine 532/1064</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">A11149-711265</td>
			<td>Part no. NF01-532U</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Water&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Nauplius Artemia Salina</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Gold colloid</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BBInternational</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Batch 13741&#160;</td>
			<td>Diameter 60nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">MQMie Version 3.2&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">r. Michael Quinten</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mathematica 8.0</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Wolfram</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Comsol Multiphysics 4.0&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">COMSOL, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analyzing the movement of the nauplius 'artemia salina' by optical tracking of plasmonic nanoparticles

Demonstramos como pinças ópticas podem proporcionar um instrumento sensível para analisar as vibrações geradas fluídicos pelo movimento de pequenos organismos aquáticos. Uma única nanopartícula de ouro mantida por uma pinça óptica é usado como um sensor para quantificar o movimento rítmico de uma larva Nauplius (Artemia salina) em uma amostra de água. Isto é conseguido através da monitorização do tempo de deslocamento dependente da nanopartícula preso, como consequência da actividade Nauplius. Uma análise de Fourier da posição da nanopartícula proporciona então um espectro de frequência, que é característica para o movimento das espécies observadas. Esta experiência demonstra a capacidade deste método para medir e caracterizar a actividade de pequena larvas aquático sem a necessidade de observar directamente e para obter informações sobre a posição das larvas no que diz respeito à partícula aprisionada. No geral, esta abordagem poderia dar uma visão sobre a vitalidade de certas espécies encontradas em um e aquáticocosystem e poderia ampliar o leque de métodos convencionais para análise de amostras de água.

Uma ilustração esquemática da configuração experimental é mostrado na Figura 1A. A configuração de campo escuro é necessário para detectar opticamente a deslocação de uma partícula de ouro de 60 nm de uma armadilha óptica 15. O comprimento de onda de 1.064 nm para o laser trapping é escolhido para garantir um confinamento estável do detector de partículas de ouro 12,14. Um divisor de feixe no microscópio é utilizado para focar o feixe através de aprisionamento d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles at JoVE.com

Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius &#039;Artemia salina&#039; by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles

Usamos rastreamento óptico de nanopartículas plasmonic para investigar e caracterizar os movimentos de organismos aquáticos de freqüência.

Analisando o movimento da Nauplius &#39;<em&gt; Artemia salina</em&gt; &#39;Por Optical Rastreamento de plasmônicos Nanopartículas

We demonstrate how optical tweezers may provide a sensitive tool to analyze the fluidic vibrations generated by the movement of small aquatic organisms. A ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles

10.4K visualizações.  Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität.  Usamos rastreamento óptico de nanopartículas plasmonic para investigar e caracterizar os movimentos de organismos aquáticos de freqüência. 

Vídeo: Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

Os metamateriais usando o método de fabricação Desenho de Fibra

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Engenharia

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping and manipulating small biological particles. Ashkin and co-workers first demonstrated optical tweezers using a single focused beam1. The single beam trap can be described accurately using the perturbative gradient force formulation in the case of small Rayleigh regime particles1. In the perturbative regime, the optical power required for trapping a particle scales as the inverse fourth power of the particle size. High optical powers can damage dielectric particles and cause heating. For instance, trapped latex spheres of 109 nm in diameter were destroyed by a 15 mW beam in 25 sec1, which has serious implications for biological matter2,3.
A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trapping was proposed to trap 50 nm polystyrene spheres in the non-perturbative regime4. In a non-perturbative regime, even a small particle with little permittivity contrast to the background can influence significantly the ambient electromagnetic field and induce a large optical force. As a particle enters an illuminated aperture, light transmission increases dramatically because of dielectric loading. If the particle attempts to leave the aperture, decreased transmission causes a change in momentum outwards from the hole and, by Newton's Third Law, results in a force on the particle inwards into the hole, trapping the particle. The light transmission can be monitored; hence, the trap can become a sensor. The SIBA trapping technique can be further improved by using a double-nanohole structure.
The double-nanohole structure has been shown to give a strong local field enhancement5,6. Between the two sharp tips of the double-nanohole, a small particle can cause a large change in optical transmission, thereby inducing a large optical force. As a result, smaller nanoparticles can be trapped, such as 12 nm silicate spheres7 and 3.4 nm hydrodynamic radius bovine serum albumin proteins8. In this work, the experimental configuration used for nanoparticle trapping is outlined. First, we detail the assembly of the trapping setup which is based on a Thorlabs Optical Tweezer Kit. Next, we explain the nanofabrication procedure of the double-nanohole in a metal film, the fabrication of the microfluidic chamber and the sample preparation. Finally, we detail the data acquisition procedure and provide typical results for trapping 20 nm polystyrene nanospheres.

The following setup approach details low power optical trapping of dielectric nanoparticles using a double-nanohole in metal film.

Captura óptica de nanopartículas

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping ...

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information support1,2,3. In this context, metal nanowires are especially desirable for realizing dense routing networks4. A prerequisite to operate such shared nanowire-based platform relies on our ability to electrically contact individual metal nanowires and efficiently excite surface plasmon polaritons5 in this information support. In this article, we describe a protocol to bring electrical terminals to chemically-synthesized silver nanowires6 randomly distributed on a glass substrate7. The positions of the nanowire ends with respect to predefined landmarks are precisely located using standard optical transmission microscopy before encapsulation in an electron-sensitive resist. Trenches representing the electrode layout are subsequently designed by electron-beam lithography. Metal electrodes are then fabricated by thermally evaporating a Cr/Au layer followed by a chemical lift-off. The contacted silver nanowires are finally transferred to a leakage radiation microscope for surface plasmon excitation and characterization8,9. Surface plasmons are launched in the nanowires by focusing a near infrared laser beam on a diffraction-limited spot overlapping one nanowire extremity5,9. For sufficiently large nanowires, the surface plasmon mode leaks into the glass substrate9,10. This leakage radiation is readily detected, imaged, and analyzed in the different conjugate planes in leakage radiation microscopy9,11. The electrical terminals do not affect the plasmon propagation. However, a current-induced morphological deterioration of the nanowire drastically degrades the flow of surface plasmons. The combination of surface plasmon leakage radiation microscopy with a simultaneous analysis of the nanowire electrical transport characteristics reveals the intrinsic limitations of such plasmonic circuitry.

Silver nanowires can simultaneously transport electrons and optical information in the form of surface plasmons. A procedure is described here to realize such a shared circuitry and the limitations at propagating both information carriers are evaluated.

Avaliando plasmônicos Transporte em Prata atual de transporte de nanofios

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information ...

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST). In this technique the chemical properties of organic photochromic molecules that undergo single-photon reactions are exploited, enabling rapid top-down nanopatterning over large areas at low light intensities, thereby, allowing for the circumvention of the far-field diffraction barrier.4 Simple, cost-effective, high throughput and resolution alternatives to nanopatterning are being explored, such as, two-photon polymerization5,6, beam pen lithography (BPL)7, scanning electron beam lithography (SEBL), and focused ion beam (FIB) patterning. However, multi-photon approaches require high light intensities, which limit their potential for high throughput and offer low image contrast. Although, electron and ion beam lithographic processes offer increased resolution, the serial nature of the process is limited to slow writing speeds, which also prevents patterning of features over large areas. Beam-pen lithography is an approach towards parallel near-field optical lithography. However, the gap between the source of the beam and the surface of the photoresist needs to be controlled extremely precisely for good pattern uniformity and this is very challenging to accomplish for large arrays of beams. Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST) is an alternative optical nanopatterning technique for patterning sub-wavelength features1-3. Since this technique uses single photons instead of electrons, it is extremely fast and does not require high light intensities1-3, opening the door to massive parallelization.

We report that the diffraction limit of conventional optical lithography can be overcome by exploiting the transitions of organic photochromic derivatives induced by their photoisomerization at low light intensities.1-3 This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two locking mechanisms, namely: dissolution of one photoisomer and electrochemical oxidation.

Patterning via ópticos de saturação Transitions - Fabricação e caracterização

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical ...

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at a frequency above the acoustic range (20 kHz). As a solid-state technology, ultrasonic lubrication can be used where conventional lubricants are unfeasible or undesirable. Further, ultrasonic lubrication allows for electrical modulation of the effective friction coefficient between two sliding surfaces. This property enables adaptive systems that modify their frictional state and associated dynamic response as the operating conditions change. Surface wear can also be reduced through ultrasonic lubrication. We developed a protocol to investigate the dependence of friction force reduction and wear reduction on the linear sliding velocity between ultrasonically lubricated surfaces. A pin-on-disc tribometer was built which differs from commercial units in that a piezoelectric stack is used to vibrate the pin at 22 kHz normal to the rotating disc surface. Friction and wear metrics including effective friction force, volume loss, and surface roughness are measured without and with ultrasonic vibrations at a constant pressure of 1 to 4 MPa and three different sliding velocities: 20.3, 40.6, and 87 mm/sec. An optical profilometer is utilized to characterize the wear surfaces. The effective friction force is reduced by 62% at 20.3 mm/sec. Consistently with existing theories for ultrasonic lubrication, the percent reduction in friction force diminishes with increasing speed, down to 29% friction force reduction at 87 mm/sec. Wear reduction remains essentially constant (49%) at the three speeds considered.

We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties.

Experimentos em Ultrasonic Lubrificação Usando um tribômetro piezoelectricamente-assistida e Profilometer Optical

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at ...

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating

One of the most widely used methods for manufacturing colloidal gold nanospherical particles involves the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to neutral gold Au(0) by reducing agents, such as sodium citrate or sodium borohydride. The extension of this method to decorate iron oxide or similar nanoparticles with gold nanoparticles to create multifunctional hybrid Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles is straightforward. This approach yields fairly good control over Au nanoparticle dimensions and loading onto Fe2O3. Additionally, the Au metal size, shape, and loading can easily be tuned by changing experimental parameters (e.g., reactant concentrations, reducing agents, surfactants, etc.). An advantage of this procedure is that the reaction can be done in air or water, and, in principle, is amenable to scaling up. The use of such optically tunable Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles for hyperthermia studies is an attractive option as it capitalizes on plasmonic heating of gold nanoparticles tuned to absorb light strongly in the VIS-NIR region. In addition to its plasmonic effects, nanoscale Au provides a unique surface for interesting chemistries and catalysis. The Fe2O3 material provides additional functionality due to its magnetic property. For example, an external magnetic field could be used to collect and recycle the hybrid Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles after a catalytic experiment, or alternatively, the magnetic Fe2O3 can be used for hyperthermia studies through magnetic heat induction. The photothermal experiment described in this report measures bulk temperature change and nanoparticle solution mass loss as functions of time using infrared thermocouples and a balance, respectively. The ease of sample preparation and the use of readily available equipment are distinct advantages of this technique. A caveat is that these photothermal measurements assess the bulk solution temperature and not the surface of the nanoparticle where the heat is transduced and the temperature is likely to be higher.

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating

We describe the synthesis and properties of multifunctional Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles produced by a wet chemical approach and investigate their photothermal properties using laser irradiation. The composite Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles retain the properties of both materials, creating a multifunctional structure with excellent magnetic and plasmonic properties.

Híbrido multifuncional Fe<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; ó<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; -au Nanopartículas para Aquecimento plasmonic Eficiente

One of the most widely used methods for manufacturing colloidal gold nanospherical particles involves the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to ...

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step process that finishes with Negishi coupling. Negishi coupling is a cross-coupling process in which a chemical precursor is first lithiated, followed by transmetallation with ZnCl2. The resultant organozinc compound can be coupled to a dibrominated aromatic precursor to give the conjugated monomer. Polymer films can be prepared via electropolymerization of the monomer and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy. Nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared via emulsion polymerization of the monomer using a two-surfactant system to yield an aqueous dispersion of the polymer NPs. The NPs are characterized using dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and UV-Vis-NIR-spectroscopy. Cytocompatibility of NPs is investigated using the cell viability assay. Finally, the NP suspensions are irradiated with a NIR laser to determine their effectiveness as potential materials for photothermal therapy (PTT).

A protocol is presented for the synthesis and preparation of nanoparticles consisting of electroactive polymers.

Propriedades eletroativo Polymer Nanopartículas Exhibiting fototérmicos

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step ...

Use of Sacrificial Nanoparticles to Remove the Effects of Shot-noise in Contact Holes Fabricated by E-beam Lithography

Nano-patterns fabricated with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or electron-beam (E-beam) lithography exhibit unexpected variations in size. This variation has been attributed to statistical fluctuations in the number of photons/electrons arriving at a given nano-region arising from shot-noise (SN). The SN varies inversely to the square root of a number of photons/electrons. For a fixed dosage, the SN is larger in EUV and E-beam lithographies than for traditional (193 nm) optical lithography. Bottom-up and top-down patterning approaches are combined to minimize the effects of shot noise in nano-hole patterning. Specifically, an amino-silane surfactant self-assembles on a silicon wafer that is subsequently spin-coated with a 100 nm film of a PMMA-based E-beam photoresist. Exposure to the E-beam and the subsequent development uncover the underlying surfactant film at the bottoms of the holes. Dipping the wafer in a suspension of negatively charged, citrate-capped, 20 nm gold nanoparticles (GNP) deposits one particle per hole. The exposed positively charged surfactant film in the hole electrostatically funnels the negatively charged nanoparticle to the center of an exposed hole, which permanently fixes the positional registry. Next, by heating near the glass transition temperature of the photoresist polymer, the photoresist film reflows and engulfs the nanoparticles. This process erases the holes affected by SN but leaves the deposited GNPs locked in place by strong electrostatic binding. Treatment with oxygen plasma exposes the GNPs by etching a thin layer of the photoresist. Wet-etching the exposed GNPs with a solution of I2/KI yields uniform holes located at the center of indentations patterned by E-beam lithography. The experiments presented show that the approach reduces the variation in the size of the holes caused by SN from 35% to below 10%. The method extends the patterning limits of transistor contact holes to below 20 nm.

Uniformly sized nanoparticles can remove fluctuations in contact hole dimensions patterned in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) photoresist films by electron beam (E-beam) lithography. The process involves electrostatic funneling to center and deposit nanoparticles in contact holes, followed by photoresist reflow and plasma- and wet-etching steps.

Uso de sacrificiais nanopartículas para eliminar os efeitos do Plano de ruído em contato Buracos fabricada por E-beam litografia

Nano-patterns fabricated with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or electron-beam (E-beam) lithography exhibit unexpected variations in size. This variation has ...

Plasmonic Trapping and Release of Nanoparticles in a Monitoring Environment

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few can observe immobilized particles. Moreover, a limited number of studies have experimentally measured the exertable forces on the particles. The designs can be classified as the protruding nanodisk type or the suppressed nanohole type. For the latter, microscopic observation is extremely challenging. In this paper, a new plasmonic tweezer system is introduced to monitor particles, both in directions parallel and orthogonal to the symmetric axis of a plasmonic nanohole structure. This feature enables us to observe the movement of each particle near the rim of the nanohole. Furthermore, we can quantitatively estimate the maximal trapping forces using a new fluidic channel.

A microchip fabrication process that incorporates plasmonic tweezers is presented here. The microchip enables the imaging of a trapped particle to measure maximal trapping forces.

Plasmonic captura e liberação de nanopartículas em um ambiente de Monitoramento

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few ...

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy (ATOM)

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the main trend in the advanced development of flow cytometry. Notably, adding high-resolution imaging capabilities allows for the complex morphological analysis of cellular/sub-cellular structures. This is not possible with standard flow cytometers. However, it is valuable for advancing our knowledge of cellular functions and can benefit life science research, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. Incorporating imaging capabilities into flow cytometry compromises the assay throughput, primarily due to the limitations on speed and sensitivity in the camera technologies. To overcome this speed or throughput challenge facing imaging flow cytometry while preserving the image quality, asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy (ATOM) has been demonstrated to enable high-contrast, single-cell imaging with sub-cellular resolution, at an imaging throughput as high as 100,000 cells/s. Based on the imaging concept of conventional time-stretch imaging, which relies on all-optical image encoding and retrieval through the use of ultrafast broadband laser pulses, ATOM further advances imaging performance by enhancing the image contrast of unlabeled/unstained cells. This is achieved by accessing the phase-gradient information of the cells, which is spectrally encoded into single-shot broadband pulses. Hence, ATOM is particularly advantageous in high-throughput measurements of single-cell morphology and texture &#8211; information indicative of cell types, states, and even functions. Ultimately, this could become a powerful imaging flow cytometry platform for the biophysical phenotyping of cells, complementing the current state-of-the-art biochemical-marker-based cellular assay. This work describes a protocol to establish the key modules of an ATOM system (from optical frontend to data processing and visualization backend), as well as the workflow of imaging flow cytometry based on ATOM, using human cells and micro-algae as the examples.

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy ATOM

This protocol describes the implementation of an asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy system for single-cell imaging in ultrafast microfluidic flow and its applications in imaging flow cytometry.

Citometria de Fluxo de Imagem Microfluídica por Microscopia Óptica de Tempo-estiramento com detecção assimétrica (ATOM)

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the ...