Declaração de Ética: Todos os experimentos foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Uso e Cuidado Animal Institucional. Cuidados com os animais foi de acordo com as diretrizes institucionais. Camundongos ICR feminino (7-8 semanas de idade; 25 - 30 g) foram alojados em ar condicionado, luz controlada biotério da Faculdade de Medicina Sackler na Universidade de Tel-Aviv. Pelo termo, os animais foram sacrificados com overdose de anestesia. 1. Fibred microscopia de fluorescência confocal (FCFM) Calibração <ol><li> Ligar o dispositivo. </li><li> Ligue a microssonda (mini0 / 30). </li><li> Calibrar o dispositivo de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. </li></ol> 2. Ratos Preparação for Imaging <ol><li> Anestesiar por uma injecção subcutânea de ambas Ketaset (100 mg / kg) e XYL-M2 (6 mg / kg). Confirme anesthetization adequada por falta de resposta aos toe-pinch. </li><li> Faça uma incisão na pele abaixo da virilha, a fim de<html> revelar os vasos arteriais femorais. Manter o local da incisão úmido com solução salina após a incisão. </li><li> Aqueça a cauda, ​​usando um saco (ou uma luva) cheia de água quente (não muito quente ao toque) durante aproximadamente 30 segundos. Prepara-se uma (IV) para a administração intravenosa de derivação de FITC dextrano (um agente de contraste) e de um ou outro agente quimioterapêutico ou de solução salina, por inserção de uma agulha (30 L, 1/2 polegada) na veia da cauda e ligando uma seringa de 1 ml a ele . Garantir a veia está aberto ao injetar soro fisiológico. NOTA: Uma administração IV de FITC dextrano (peso molecular elevado; 100 ul; 10 mg / ml; 2,000 kDa) facilita a visualização da microvasculatura femoral por FCFM. Doxorrubicina (100 ul; 8 mg / kg, adriamicina) ou solução salina também será mais tarde administrados IV na veia da cauda de pré-aquecida. </li><li> Posicione o mouse supinely em um palco de poliestireno. Prenda o mouse para a almofada e manter a posição usando fita adesiva cirúrgica. </li></ol>title &quot;&gt; 3. Imagens de fêmur vasos sanguíneos, FCFM Durante e após a administração de doxorrubicina ou Saline NOTA: O microscópio confocal desfibrado utilizado neste estudo é composto por duas unidades: (1) microssonda (mini0 / 30). (2) unidade de digitalização a laser (LSU-488; 488 nm de comprimento de onda). <ol><li> Executar todas as datas-voltas análises utilizando o laser de comprimento de onda nm LSU 488. NOTA: O principal detector unidade detecta o filtrado (500-650 nm) fluorescência emitida. As imagens obtidas são reconstruídos depois e exibido a uma taxa de 12 frames / seg. </li><li> Desligue cuidadosamente a seringa da agulha e anexar uma nova seringa contendo FITC dextrano. Administrar (IV) 100 uL de FITC dextrano. </li><li> Deslocar a microssonda (mini0 / 30) para um campo de vista apropriado e fixar-lo, após um ajuste para o eixo z, a fim de se obter a imagem correspondente. Aguarde até que o sinal inicial a desvanecer-se, até que um sinal claro e focado é visible. </li><li> Grave um fluxo de sangue linha de base para um curto período de estabilização (~ 30 segundos). Em seguida, conectar-se a agulha outra seringa, contendo doxorrubicina ou soro fisiológico. IV administrar doxorrubicina a 100 ul de solução salina ou. </li><li> Monitorar o fluxo de FITC-dextrano injectado continuamente durante 20 min. No software associado-FCFM, use o botão de diâmetro na régua superior, a fim de medir os vasos sanguíneos e categorizá-los como pequenos (&lt;15 mm) ou grande (&gt; 15 mm). </li><li> Eutanásia do animal com anestesia overdose. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Chow, A. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anthracyclines+cause+endothelial+injury+in+pediatric+cancer+patients:+a+pilot+study.">Anthracyclines cause endothelial injury in pediatric cancer patients: a pilot study.</a> J Clin Oncol. 24 (6), 925-928 (2006).</li><li>Nuver, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+chemotherapy-induced+cardiovascular+changes+in+patients+with+testicular+cancer.">Acute chemotherapy-induced cardiovascular changes in patients with testicular cancer.</a> J Clin Oncol. 23 (36), 9130-9137 (2005).</li><li>Vos, F. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+cell+effects+of+cytotoxics:+balance+between+desired+and+unwanted+effects.">Endothelial cell effects of cytotoxics: balance between desired and unwanted effects.</a> Cancer Treat Rev. 30 (6), 495-513 (2004).</li><li>Kerbel, R. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term='Accidental'+anti-angiogenic+drugs.+anti-oncogene+directed+signal+transduction+inhibitors+and+conventional+chemotherapeutic+agents+as+examples.Eur.">'Accidental' anti-angiogenic drugs. anti-oncogene directed signal transduction inhibitors and conventional chemotherapeutic agents as examples.Eur.</a> J Cancer. 36 (10), 1248-1257 (2000).</li><li>Soultati, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+vascular+toxicity+from+chemotherapeutic+agents:+preclinical+evidence+and+clinical+implications.">Endothelial vascular toxicity from chemotherapeutic agents: preclinical evidence and clinical implications.</a> Cancer Treat Rev. 38 (5), 473-483 (2012).</li><li>Tempelhoff, G. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+coagulation+during+adjuvant+epirubicin/cyclophosphamide+chemotherapy+in+patients+with+primary+operable+breast+cancer.">Blood coagulation during adjuvant epirubicin/cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in patients with primary operable breast cancer.</a> J Clin Oncol. 14 (9), 2560-2568 (1996).</li><li>Ben Aharon, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin-induced+vascular+toxicity--targeting+potential+pathways+may+reduce+procoagulant+activity.">Doxorubicin-induced vascular toxicity--targeting potential pathways may reduce procoagulant activity.</a> PLoS One. 8 (9), e7515 (2013).</li><li>Laemmel, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibered+confocal+fluorescence+microscopy+(Cell-viZio)+facilitates+extended+imaging+in+the+field+of+microcirculation.+A+comparison+with+intravital+microscopy.">Fibered confocal fluorescence microscopy (Cell-viZio) facilitates extended imaging in the field of microcirculation. A comparison with intravital microscopy.</a> J Vasc Res. 41 (5), 400-411 (2004).</li><li>Al-Gubory, K. H., Houdebine, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+green+fluorescent+protein-expressing+cells+in+transgenic+animals+using+fibred+confocal+fluorescence+microscopy.">In vivo imaging of green fluorescent protein-expressing cells in transgenic animals using fibred confocal fluorescence microscopy.</a> Eur J Cell Biol. 85 (8), 837-845 (2006).</li><li>Bar-Joseph, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+bioimaging+as+a+novel+strategy+to+detect+doxorubicin-induced+damage+to+gonadal+blood+vessels.">In vivo bioimaging as a novel strategy to detect doxorubicin-induced damage to gonadal blood vessels.</a> PLoS One. 6 (9), e23492 (2011).</li><li>Kaushal, V., Kaushal, G. P., Mehta, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+toxicity+of+anthracyclines+on+cultured+endothelial+cells.">Differential toxicity of anthracyclines on cultured endothelial cells.</a> Endothelium. 11 (5-6), 253-258 (2004).</li><li>Kim, E. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin-induced+platelet+cytotoxicity:+a+new+contributory+factor+for+doxorubicin-mediated+thrombocytopenia.">Doxorubicin-induced platelet cytotoxicity: a new contributory factor for doxorubicin-mediated thrombocytopenia.</a> J Thromb Haemost. 7 (7), 1172-1183 (2009).</li><li>Walsh, J., Wheeler, H. R., Geczy, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+tissue+factor+on+human+monocytes+by+cisplatin+and+adriamycin.">Modulation of tissue factor on human monocytes by cisplatin and adriamycin.</a> Br J Haematol. 81 (4), 480-488 (1992).</li><li>Kotamraju, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin-induced+apoptosis+in+endothelial+cells+and+cardiomyocytes+is+ameliorated+by+nitrone+spin+traps+and+ebselen.+Role+of+reactive+oxygen+and+nitrogen+species.">Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes is ameliorated by nitrone spin traps and ebselen. Role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.</a> J Biol Chem. 275 (43), 33585-33592 (2000).</li><li>Vasquez-Vivar, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+nitric+oxide+synthase-dependent+superoxide+generation+from+adriamycin.">Endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent superoxide generation from adriamycin.</a> Biochemistry. 36 (38), 11293-11297 (1997).</li></ol>

Avaliar a toxicidade vascular induzida por quimioterapia é um desafio devido à dificuldade em visualizar a dinâmica da vasculatura em resposta a um estímulo em tempo real. Numerosos estudos clínicos têm implicado que várias quimioterapias causar lesão vascular direta, mas o mecanismo e as características desta toxicidade ainda não foi esclarecido. Nós estabelecemos um tempo real, in vivo plataforma de imagem molecular para avaliar a toxicidade vascular potencial de quimioterapia em ratos que compreen...

A evidência clínica indica que várias classes de quimioterapias provocar uma variedade de patologias vasculares manifestadas por fenômeno de Raynaud, hipertensão, infarto do miocárdio, ataque cerebrovascular, e veno-occlusivedisease hepática 1,2. &quot;As drogas anti-angiogênicos&quot; acidental &quot;&quot; é um termo relativamente novo, que descreve agentes quimioterápicos convencionais que atuam como inibidores da angiogénese possíveis, embora não originalmente desenvolvido para este fim de 3-5, mas projetado para eliminar as células tumorais através da imposição de tão pouco &quot;colateral danos &quot;para as células normais quanto possível 3. Vários quimioterapias têm sido implicados como vasculo-tóxicos como observado em estudos clínicos utilizando biomarcadores séricos. Entre estes estão os agentes (tais como ciclofosfamida), compostos de platina, tais como cisplatina () e antraciclinas 1,2,5-7 alquilação. Complicações cardiovasculares agudos podem ocorrer como result de toxicidade vascular induzida por quimioterapia. Eles podem evoluir para doenças crónicas como a aterosclerose e conta para o aumento do risco de morbidade vascular tarde. No entanto, apesar de montagem evidência clínica, há uma escassez de estudos designados enfatizando o mecanismo de toxicidade vascular e, portanto, maior elucidação da patogênese exata que infligem se justifica. Um grande desafio para revelar o mecanismo de toxicidade vascular induzida por quimioterapia resulta da complexidade de investigar a função vascular in vivo. Descrevemos aqui uma plataforma de alta resolução em imagem molecular in vivo em ratinhos que permite capturar características dos navios, o fluxo de sangue e. Esta plataforma facilita a detecção de efeitos directos vasculares induzidas pelo tratamento: em tempo real, bem como a segui-los durante um período de tempo dentro dos mesmos indivíduos.

<table><tbody><tr><td>general anesthesia</td><td>Fort Dodge Animal Health, IA, USA and Biove Laboratories, France</td><td></td><td>100 mg/kg ketaset and 6 mg/kg XYL-M2</td></tr><tr><td>depilatory cream (Veet)</td><td>ReckittBenckiser, Bristol, UK</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>30 G, 1/2 inch needle attached to 1 ml syringe</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FITC dextran (10 mg/ml; MW 2,000 kDa)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>FD2000S</td><td>100 &amp;mu;l volume</td></tr><tr><td>Doxorubicin</td><td>Teva, Israel</td><td></td><td>8 mg/kg, Adriamycin</td></tr><tr><td>paclitaxel</td><td>Taro, Israel</td><td></td><td>1.2 mg/kg, Medexel</td></tr><tr><td>saline</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

chemotherapy-induced vascular toxicity - real-time in vivo imaging of vessel impairment

Certas classes de quimioterapias podem exercer alterações vasculares agudas que podem evoluir em condições de longo prazo que podem predispor o paciente a um risco aumentado de morbidade vascular. No entanto, embora a evidência clínica de montagem, há uma escassez de estudos claros de toxicidade vascular e, portanto, a etiologia de um grupo heterogêneo de distúrbios cardiovasculares vasculares / continua a ser elucidado. Além disso, o mecanismo que pode ser a base toxicidade vascular pode completamente diferentes dos princípios da cardiotoxicidade induzida por quimioterapia, a qual está relacionada a lesão directa dos miócitos. Nós estabelecemos um tempo real, in vivo plataforma de imagem molecular para avaliar a toxicidade vascular aguda potencial de terapias anti-cancerígenas. Criámos uma plataforma de in vivo, imagiologia molecular de alta resolução em camundongos, adequado para a visualização de vasos dentro de órgãos confinados e blo de referênciavasos od dentro dos mesmos indivíduos, enquanto que cada indivíduo servir como seu próprio controle. Paredes dos vasos sanguíneos foram prejudicadas após a administração de doxorrubicina, o que representa um único mecanismo de toxicidade vascular que pode ser o evento no início de lesão de órgãos-alvo. Aqui, o método de microscopia de fluorescência (FCFM) imagiologia confocal baseado fibered é descrito, o qual fornece um modo inovador para compreender os fenómenos fisiológicos nos níveis celulares e subcelulares nos sujeitos animais.

Em imagiologia contínua in vivo em tempo real O aparelho de imagem usada aqui é uma alta definição, microscópio confocal fibered, equipado com uma sonda que permite a visualização da vascularização e a sua resposta a vários estímulos como a quimioterapia. Este método é minimamente invasivo, uma vez que, embora possa facilitar a imagiologia de vasos profundos ou órgão, que exige uma pequena incisão para a sonda. Os feixes de sonda consistem em dezenas de milhare...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment at JoVE.com

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

We herein describe the method of fibered confocal fluorescent microscopy (FCFM) based imaging, which provides an innovative mode to understand physiological phenomena at the cellular and sub-cellular levels in animal subjects.

Induzida pela quimioterapia Vascular Toxicidade - em tempo real<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Imagem de Impairment Vessel

Certain classes of chemotherapies may exert acute vascular changes that may progress into long-term conditions that may predispose the patient to an ...

chemotherapy-induced-vascular-toxicity-real-time-vivo-imaging-vessel

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

7.4K visualizações.  Tel Aviv University. We herein describe the method of fibered confocal fluorescent microscopy (FCFM) based imaging, which provides an innovative mode to understand physiological phenomena at the cellular and sub-cellular levels in animal subjects.

Vídeo: Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

Contrast Enhanced Vessel Imaging using MicroCT

Microscopic computed tomography (microCT) offers high-resolution volumetric imaging of the anatomy of living small animals. However, the contrast between different soft tissues and body fluids is inherently poor in micro-CT images 1. Under these circumstances, visualization of blood vessels becomes a nearly impossible task. To overcome this and to improve the visualization of blood vessels exogenous contrast agents can be used. Herein, we present a methodology for visualizing the vascular network in a rodent model. By using a long-acting aqueous colloidal polydisperse iodinated blood-pool contrast agent, eXIA 160XL, we optimized image acquisition parameters and volume-rendering techniques for finding blood vessels in live animals. Our findings suggest that, to achieve a superior contrast between bone and soft tissue from vessel, multiple-frames (at least 5-8/ frames per view), and 360-720 views (for a full 360&deg; rotation) acquisitions were mandatory. We have also demonstrated the use of a two-dimensional transfer function (where voxel color and opacity was assigned in proportion to CT value and gradient magnitude), in visualizing the anatomy and highlighting the structure of interest, the blood vessel network. This promising work lays a foundation for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of anti-angiogenesis preclinical studies using transgenic or xenograft tumor-bearing mice.

Contrast enhanced small animal vessel imaging by microCT is a rapid, cost-effective and high-throughput technique for serial in situ examination for tumor development, for analyzing the network of blood vessels that nourish them, and for following the response of tumors to preclinical therapeutic intervention(s).

Contraste de imagem aprimorada navio usando MicroCT

Microscopic computed tomography (microCT) offers high-resolution volumetric imaging of the anatomy of living small animals. However, the contrast between ...

Medicina

Live Imaging of Drug Responses in the Tumor Microenvironment in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional co-culture systems are frequently used to explicate tumor-stroma interactions, including their role in drug responses. However, many of the interactions that occur in vivo in the intact microenvironment cannot be completely replicated in these in vitro settings. Thus, direct visualization of these processes in real-time has become an important tool in understanding tumor responses to therapies and identifying the interactions between cancer cells and the stroma that can influence these responses. Here we provide a method for using spinning disk confocal microscopy of live, anesthetized mice to directly observe drug distribution, cancer cell responses and changes in tumor-stroma interactions following administration of systemic therapy in breast cancer models. We describe procedures for labeling different tumor components, treatment of animals for observing therapeutic responses, and the surgical procedure for exposing tumor tissues for imaging up to 40 hours. The results obtained from this protocol are time-lapse movies, in which such processes as drug infiltration, cancer cell death and stromal cell migration can be evaluated using image analysis software.

We describe a method for imaging response to anti-cancer treatment in vivo and at single cell resolution.

Viver de imagem de Respostas de drogas no microambiente tumoral em modelos do rato do cancro da mama

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional ...

Real-time Imaging of Heterotypic Platelet-neutrophil Interactions on the Activated Endothelium During Vascular Inflammation and Thrombus Formation in Live Mice

Interaction of activated platelets and leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) on the activated endothelium mediates thrombosis and vascular inflammation.1,2 During thrombus formation at the site of arteriolar injury, platelets adherent to the activated endothelium and subendothelial matrix proteins support neutrophil rolling and adhesion.3 Conversely, under venular inflammatory conditions, neutrophils adherent to the activated endothelium can support adhesion and accumulation of circulating platelets. Heterotypic platelet-neutrophil aggregation requires sequential processes by the specific receptor-counter receptor interactions between cells.4 It is known that activated endothelial cells release adhesion molecules such as von Willebrand factor, thereby initiating platelet adhesion and accumulation under high shear conditions.5 Also, activated endothelial cells support neutrophil rolling and adhesion by expressing selectins and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), respectively, under low shear conditions.4 Platelet P-selectin interacts with neutrophils through P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), thereby inducing activation of neutrophil &beta;2 integrins and firm adhesion between two cell types. Despite the advances in in vitro experiments in which heterotypic platelet-neutrophil interactions are determined in whole blood or isolated cells,6,7 those studies cannot manipulate oxidant stress conditions during vascular disease. In this report, using fluorescently-labeled, specific antibodies against a mouse platelet and neutrophil marker, we describe a detailed intravital microscopic protocol to monitor heterotypic interactions of platelets and neutrophils on the activated endothelium during TNF-&alpha;-induced inflammation or following laser-induced injury in cremaster muscle microvessels of live mice.

Here we report an experimental technique of fluorescence intravital microscopy to visualize heterotypic platelet-neutrophil interactions on the activated endothelium during vascular inflammation and thrombus formation in live mice. This microscopic technology will be valuable to study the molecular mechanism of vascular disease and to test pharmacologic agents under pathophysiological conditions.

Imagens em tempo real de heterotípica plaquetas neutrófilos Interações sobre o endotélio ativado durante a inflamação vascular e formação de trombos em camundongos vivos

Interaction of activated platelets and leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) on the activated endothelium mediates thrombosis and vascular inflammation.1,2 ...

Imunologia e Infecção

In vivo Imaging of Tumor Angiogenesis using Fluorescence Confocal Videomicroscopy

Fibered confocal fluorescence in vivo imaging with a fiber optic bundle uses the same principle as fluorescent confocal microscopy. It can excite fluorescent in situ elements through the optical fibers, and then record some of the emitted photons, via the same optical fibers. The light source is a laser that sends the exciting light through an element within the fiber bundle and as it scans over the sample, recreates an image pixel by pixel. As this scan is very fast, by combining it with dedicated image processing software, images in real time with a frequency of 12 frames/sec can be obtained.
We developed a technique to quantitatively characterize capillary morphology and function, using a confocal fluorescence videomicroscopy device. The first step in our experiment was to record 5 sec movies in the four quadrants of the tumor to visualize the capillary network. All movies were processed using software (ImageCell, Mauna Kea Technology, Paris France) that performs an automated segmentation of vessels around a chosen diameter (10 &mu;m in our case). Thus, we could quantify the 'functional capillary density', which is the ratio between the total vessel area and the total area of the image. This parameter was a surrogate marker for microvascular density, usually measured using pathology tools.
The second step was to record movies of the tumor over 20 min to quantify leakage of the macromolecular contrast agent through the capillary wall into the interstitium. By measuring the ratio of signal intensity in the interstitium over that in the vessels, an 'index leakage' was obtained, acting as a surrogate marker for capillary permeability.

In vivo Imaging of Tumor Angiogenesis using Fluorescence Confocal Videomicroscopy

In this paper, we present a method to analyze tumor microvessels in vivo using dynamic contrast-enhanced fluorescence videomicroscopy. Two quantitative parameters were acquired: functional capillary density reflecting the vascularity of the tumor, and index leakage reflecting the leakiness of the endothelial wall.

Imagem in vivo da angiogênese tumoral utilizando fluorescência confocal Videomicroscopia

Fibered confocal fluorescence in vivo imaging with a fiber optic bundle uses the same principle as fluorescent confocal microscopy. It can excite ...

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a novel platform that allows for direct long-term visualization of tissue structure changes intracranially. Imaging at a single cell resolution in a real-time fashion provides supplementary dynamic information beyond that provided by standard end-point histological analysis, which looks solely at 'snap-shot' cross sections of tissue.
Establishing this intravital imaging technique in fluorescent chimeric mice, we are able to image four fluorescent channels simultaneously. By incorporating fluorescently labeled cells, such as GFP+ bone marrow, it is possible to track the fate of these cells studying their long-term migration, integration and differentiation within tissue. Further integration of a secondary reporter cell, such as an mCherry glioma tumor line, allows for characterization of cell:cell interactions. Structural changes in the tissue microenvironment can be highlighted through the addition of intra-vital dyes and antibodies, for example CD31 tagged antibodies and Dextran molecules.
Moreover, we describe the combination of our ICW imaging model with a small animal micro-irradiator that provides stereotactic irradiation, creating a platform through which the dynamic tissue changes that occur following the administration of ionizing irradiation can be assessed.
Current limitations of our model include penetrance of the microscope, which is limited to a depth of up to 900 &mu;m from the sub cortical surface, limiting imaging to the dorsal axis of the brain. The presence of the skull bone makes the ICW a more challenging technical procedure, compared to the more established and utilized chamber models currently used to study mammary tissue and fat pads 5-7. In addition, the ICW provides many challenges when optimizing the imaging.

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We describe a novel in vivo imaging technique that couples fluorescent chimeric mice with intracranial windows and high-resolution 2-photon microscopy. This imaging platform aids studies of dynamic changes in brain tissue and microvasculature, at a single-cell level, following pathological insults and is adaptable to assess intracranial drug delivery and distribution.

A Novel de alta resolução<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Técnica de Imagem para estudar a resposta dinâmica de estruturas intracranianas ao crescimento do tumor e Terapêutica

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a ...

Preparando um modelo de microtumor humano vascularizado baseado em microfluídica

Establishing a Physiologic Human Vascularized Micro-Tumor Model for Cancer Research

A lack of validated cancer models that recapitulate the tumor microenvironment of solid cancers in vitro remains a significant bottleneck for preclinical cancer research and therapeutic development.&#160;To overcome this problem, we have developed the vascularized microtumor (VMT), or tumor chip, a microphysiological system that realistically models the complex human tumor microenvironment. The VMT forms de novo within a microfluidic platform by co-culture of multiple human cell types under dynamic, physiological flow conditions. This tissue-engineered micro-tumor construct incorporates a living perfused vascular network that supports the growing tumor mass just as newly formed vessels do in vivo. Importantly, drugs and immune cells must cross the endothelial layer to reach the tumor, modeling in vivo physiological barriers to therapeutic delivery and efficacy. Since the VMT platform is optically transparent, high-resolution imaging of dynamic processes such as immune cell extravasation and metastasis can be achieved with direct visualization of fluorescently labeled cells within the tissue. Further, the VMT retains in vivo tumor heterogeneity, gene expression signatures, and drug responses. Virtually any tumor type can be adapted to the platform, and primary cells from fresh surgical tissues grow and respond to drug treatment in the VMT, paving the way toward truly personalized medicine. Here, the methods for establishing the VMT and utilizing it for oncology research are outlined. This innovative approach opens new possibilities for studying tumors and drug responses, providing researchers with a powerful tool to advance cancer research.

Autor em destaque: Criando microtumores vascularizados humanos como modelos para pesquisa translacional do câncer 

This protocol presents a physiologically relevant tumor-on-a-chip model to perform high-throughput basic and translational human cancer research, advancing drug screening, disease modeling, and personalized medicine approaches with a description of loading, maintenance, and evaluation procedures.

Estabelecendo um Modelo Fisiológico de Microtumor Vascularizado Humano para Pesquisa em Câncer

A lack of validated cancer models that recapitulate the tumor microenvironment of solid cancers in vitro remains a significant bottleneck for preclinical ...

Pesquisa do câncer

Inoculação tumoral guiada e imagem multimodal em camundongos

A Dorsal Skinfold Window Chamber Tumor Mouse Model for Combined Intravital Microscopy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Translational Cancer Research

Preclinical intravital imaging such as microscopy and optical coherence tomography have proven to be valuable tools in cancer research for visualizing the tumor microenvironment and its response to therapy. These imaging modalities have micron-scale resolution but have limited use in the clinic due to their shallow penetration depth into tissue. More clinically applicable imaging modalities such as CT, MRI, and PET have much greater penetration depth but have comparatively lower spatial resolution (mm scale). 
To translate preclinical intravital imaging findings into the clinic, new methods must be developed to bridge this micro-to-macro resolution gap. Here we describe a dorsal skinfold window chamber tumor mouse model designed to enable preclinical intravital and clinically applicable (CT and MR) imaging in the same animal, and the image analysis platform that links these two disparate visualization methods. Importantly, the described window chamber approach enables the different imaging modalities to be co-registered in 3D using fiducial markers on the window chamber for direct spatial concordance. This model can be used for validation of existing clinical imaging methods, as well as for the development of new ones through direct correlation with "ground truth" high-resolution intravital findings. 
Finally, the tumor response to various treatments-chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy-can be monitored longitudinally with this methodology using preclinical and clinically applicable imaging modalities. The dorsal skinfold window chamber tumor mouse model and imaging platforms described here can thus be used in a variety of cancer research studies, for example, in translating preclinical intravital microscopy findings to more clinically applicable imaging modalities such as CT or MRI.

Autor em destaque: Integrando imagens intravitais de alta resolução e ressonância magnética para melhorar o planejamento da radioterapia corporal estereotáxica

Translation of Intravital microscopy findings is challenged by its shallow depth penetration into tissue. Here we describe a dorsal window chamber mouse model that enables co-registration of intravital microscopy and clinically applicable imaging modalities (e.g., CT, MRI) for direct spatial correlation, potentially streamlining clinical translation of intravital microscopy findings.

Um modelo de camundongo tumoral de câmara de janela de dobra cutânea dorsal para microscopia intravital combinada e ressonância magnética na pesquisa translacional do câncer

Preclinical intravital imaging such as microscopy and optical coherence tomography have proven to be valuable tools in cancer research for visualizing the ...

Induzida pela quimioterapia Vascular Toxicidade - em tempo real

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Um modelo de camundongo tumoral de câmara de janela de dobra cutânea dorsal para microscopia intravital combinada e ressonância magnética na pesquisa translacional do câncer

Um modelo de camundongo tumoral de câmara de janela de dobra cutânea dorsal para microscopia intravital combinada e ressonância magnética na pesquisa translacional do câncer