We would like to thank Andrea Portbury and Davin Townley-Tilson for critical reading of the manuscript and the NIH (grant # R01HL061656) for funding support.

NOTA: Todos os experimentos foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Uso e Cuidado Animal Institucional da Universidade da Carolina do Norte em Chapel Hill. 1 Imposto de Válvula Aórtica <ol><li> Usando uma técnica de eutanásia aprovado para o estágio embrionário de interesse, a eutanásia um ratinho grávida com crias no dia embrionário desejado (E) de desenvolvimento. </li><li> Usar 70% de etanol para esterilizar o abdómen da mulher grávida. Levante a pele e músculos do abdômen inferior para cima e longe dos órgãos internos, e dissecar cavidade abdominal inferior aberta da fêmea para permitir o acesso ao corno uterino. </li><li> Para recuperar o corno uterino, manter o colo do útero com uma pinça e caudal cuidadosamente cortadas para a pinça. Levante o corno uterino, o corte de qualquer tecido conjuntivo que mantém o chifre no local, e concluir a remoção por corte da junção do corno uterino com a tuba uterina. </li><li> Coloque o corno uterino dissecado em uma placa de Petri contendo cold 0,1 M de tampão Tris (pH 7,6) e enxaguar, conforme necessário. Em seguida, corte o corno uterino aberto longitudinalmente para expor os sacos embrionários. </li><li> Para expor o embrião, cortar abrir um saco embrionário na junção da placenta e o embrião e o corte dos vasos umbilicais para libertar o embrião. Inserir o embrião dissecados numa segunda placa de Petri com frio de tampão Tris 0,1 M. Voltar a primeira placa de Petri com os restantes embriões não dissecado para gelo até estar pronta para a próxima embrião. </li><li> Para melhorar o acesso da parede torácica dentro do embrião, decapitar o embrião. Se genotipagem é necessário, remover e guardar um pedaço tecido extra em um tubo Eppendorf colocado no gelo. </li><li> Inserir o embrião em sua volta, e cortar a parede do peito verticalmente ao longo do lado da caixa torácica, perto de uma pata dianteira, e horizontalmente por cima do diafragma para visualizar o coração. Em seguida, abra a parede torácica para expor o coração. </li><li> Utilizando uma pinça para segurar alta ao longo dos grandes vasos, levante o coração usando uma pinça e cortar os vasos abaixo. An, corte acima do fórceps para libertar o coração. Se os vasos pulmonares permanecem não cortados, os pulmões podem ser removidos com o coração e deve ser removido antes de continuar. </li><li> Cortar e remover a artéria pulmonar acima do nível da válvula; nos estágios embrionários aqui descritos, a artéria pulmonar é ligeiramente opaca, o que ajuda na sua discriminação da região da válvula. Cortar logo abaixo da válvula pulmonar, evitando o miocárdio ventricular trabecular e recolher como descrito no passo 1.10, se esta região é também de interesse. Aqui e no passo seguinte, utilizar acção capilar para extrair o excesso de tampão Tris para longe da região de interesse antes da recolha em tampão de lise. </li><li> Cuidadosamente remover a aorta distai na válvula aórtica, imediatamente acima do nível da válvula; como a artéria pulmonar, a aorta permanece ligeiramente opaca nestes estágios embrionários, auxiliando na sua remoção. Corte logo abaixo da válvula aórtica, novamente evitando o miocárdio ventricular trabeculado e transferir oválvula utilizando uma pinça para um tubo de Eppendorf com um tampão de lise 2 ul (descrito na tabela de Materiais) contendo inibidores de protease e fosfatase em gelo. </li><li> Repita os passos 1,6-1,10 até as válvulas foram excisadas a partir de todos os embriões, recolhendo cada válvula num tubo de Eppendorf separados. Se todos os embriões têm o mesmo genótipo, todas as válvulas podem ser coletadas em um único tubo de Eppendorf. </li><li> Se a genotipagem é para ser realizado para determinar quais as válvulas para reunir, colocar imediatamente as amostras em tampão de lise a -80 ° C até à sua utilização. As amostras podem em seguida ser combinadas, após a genotipagem (passo 2.1.1). </li></ol> Extracção de Proteína 2. <ol><li> Descongelar tecidos colhidos em gelo e centrifugar a 13100 xg durante 1 minuto para recolher os tecidos em tampão de lise, na parte inferior do tubo. <ol><li> Se os embriões foram genotipados, use uma pipeta para coletar suavemente e pool de buffer de lise contendo as regiões de válvulas a partir de embriões com genótipos similares. Para garantir uma forte be, reunindo 3-4 regiões de válvulas a partir de embriões E13.5 é recomendado por exemplo. </li><li> Se todos os embriões eram do mesmo genótipo e todas as regiões de válvulas foram colhidas em conjunto no passo 1.10, lisar a totalidade da amostra, tal como descrito na etapa 2.2. </li></ol></li><li> Verificar o volume da amostra combinada resultante e adicionar tampão de lise para um volume total de 40 ul; então, interromper e homogeneizar amostras utilizando cinco milímetros esferas de aço inoxidável em tubos Eppendorf. Operar o lyser para 2-4 min a 50 Hz, de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. Tubos girar rapidamente, (~ 13.100 xg por 1 min) e de transferência de amostras para novos tubos, deixando para trás os escombros insolúvel. </li><li> Preparar e amostras separadas para SDS-PAGE e transferência para a subsequente análise de mancha de Western, seguindo um protocolo tal como Eslami et al, 9. Blotting para uma proteína de controlo de carga é essencial para a quantificação de proteínas. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Wirrig, E. E., Hinton, R. B., Yutzey, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expression+of+cartilage+and+bone-related+proteins+in+pediatric+and+adult+diseased+aortic+valves.">Differential expression of cartilage and bone-related proteins in pediatric and adult diseased aortic valves.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 50, 561-569 (2011).</li><li>Chakraborty, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Twist1+promotes+heart+valve+cell+proliferation+and+extracellular+matrix+gene+expression+during+development+in+vivo+and+is+expressed+in+human+diseased+aortic+valves.">Twist1 promotes heart valve cell proliferation and extracellular matrix gene expression during development in vivo and is expressed in human diseased aortic valves.</a> Dev Biol. 347, 167-179 (2010).</li><li>Lee, M. P., Yutzey, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Twist1+directly+regulates+genes+that+promote+cell+proliferation+and+migration+in+developing+heart+valves.">Twist1 directly regulates genes that promote cell proliferation and migration in developing heart valves.</a> PLoS One. 6 (e29758), (2011).</li><li>Peacock, J. D., Huk, D. J., Ediriweera, H. N., Lincoln, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sox9+transcriptionally+represses+Spp1+to+prevent+matrix+mineralization+in+maturing+heart+valves+and+chondrocytes.">Sox9 transcriptionally represses Spp1 to prevent matrix mineralization in maturing heart valves and chondrocytes.</a> PLoS One. 6 (e26769), (2011).</li><li>Chakraborty, S., Cheek, J., Sakthivel, B., Aronow, B. J., Yutzey, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shared+gene+expression+profiles+in+developing+heart+valves+and+osteoblast+progenitor+cells.">Shared gene expression profiles in developing heart valves and osteoblast progenitor cells.</a> Physiol Genomics. 35, 75-85 (2008).</li><li>Vogel, C., Marcotte, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insights+into+the+regulation+of+protein+abundance+from+proteomic+and+transcriptomic+analyses.">Insights into the regulation of protein abundance from proteomic and transcriptomic analyses.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 13, 227-232 (2012).</li><li>Meng, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+functional+Toll-like+receptors+2+and+4+in+human+aortic+valve+interstitial+cells:+potential+roles+in+aortic+valve+inflammation+and+stenosis.">Expression of functional Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in human aortic valve interstitial cells: potential roles in aortic valve inflammation and stenosis.</a> Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 294, 29-35 (2008).</li><li>Dyer, L. A., Wu, Y., Moser, M., Patterson, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BMPER-induced+BMP+signaling+promotes+coronary+artery+remodeling.">BMPER-induced BMP signaling promotes coronary artery remodeling.</a> Developmental Biology. 386, 385-394 (2014).</li><li>Eslami, A., Lujan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Western+blotting:+sample+preparation+to+detection.">Western blotting: sample preparation to detection.</a> J Vis Exp. (44), (2010).</li><li>Garside, V. C., Chang, A. C., Karsan, A., Hoodless, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-ordinating+Notch,+BMP,+and+TGF-beta+signaling+during+heart+valve+development.">Co-ordinating Notch, BMP, and TGF-beta signaling during heart valve development.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. 70, 2899-2917 (2013).</li><li>Jiang, X., Rowitch, D. H., Soriano, P., McMahon, A. P., Sucov, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fate+of+the+mammalian+cardiac+neural.">Fate of the mammalian cardiac neural.</a> Development. 127, 1607-1616 (2000).</li><li>Scherptong, R. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphogenesis+of+outflow+tract+rotation+during+cardiac+development:+the+pulmonary+push+concept.">Morphogenesis of outflow tract rotation during cardiac development: the pulmonary push concept.</a> Dev Dyn. 241, 1413-1422 (2012).</li><li>Mohler, E. R., Adam 3rd, L. P., McClelland, P., Graham, L., Hathaway, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+osteopontin+in+calcified+human+aortic+valves.">Detection of osteopontin in calcified human aortic valves.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 17, 547-552 (1997).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

A capacidade de quantificar os níveis de proteína no início de rato embrionárias e Chick regiões da válvula cardíaca fornece uma ferramenta adicional para a compreensão dos eventos de sinalização celular críticos para o desenvolvimento da válvula. Nosso protocolo aqui descrito não diferem muito de procedimentos de isolamento de proteína padrão. No entanto, modificando alguns passos fundamentais, temos obtido sucesso proteínas fosforiladas de extremamente pequenas amostras. Para alcançar este resultado, ...

Ser capaz de identificar e quantificar os níveis de expressão de proteínas é uma técnica padrão para sanidade animal e experimentos baseados em células. No entanto, apesar de um interesse de longa data no início do desenvolvimento embrionário da válvula cardíaca, avaliando a expressão da proteína neste tecido específico durante o desenvolvimento está actualmente limitada a imunohistoquímica, tanto a garota e rato 1,2. Parte da dificuldade de se quantificar a expressão da proteína nas válvulas de desenvolvimento da maioria dos organismos-modelo (por exemplo, grão e do rato) é o tamanho pequeno das válvulas, o que limita a quantidade de proteína que pode ser obtida. Assim, para análise quantitativa, os pesquisadores geralmente dependem de extração de RNA e amplificação por PCR quantitativa ou posterior análise microarray 2-5. No entanto, RNA e proteína níveis de expressão não são totalmente correlativo 6, portanto, com foco na expressão do RNA não pode fornecer uma explicação rigorosa das inúmeras mudanças que ocorrem em qualquer sinalizaçãocaminho em vários momentos durante a evolução. Com base neste limite na metodologia actualmente disponível, o objectivo deste procedimento é de desenvolver um protocolo para a obtenção de forma fiável uma quantidade suficiente de proteína a partir das regiões de rato embrionário de válvula cardíaca em desenvolvimento para a análise quantitativa das alterações que ocorrem em diversas vias de sinalização que são importantes em a maturação deste tecido. As válvulas são normalmente já embrionárias dissecados a partir de ratinhos para isolamento de ARN e a análise da expressão do gene posterior 2-5. No entanto, estes estudos têm sido limitados a usar a expressão do gene como ler-out de sinalização da ativação da via, que não permite a detecção de detectar modificações pós-traducionais de proteínas que podem afetar a sinalização a jusante. Usando as técnicas de isolamento de RNA como um ponto de partida, que começou com dissecando as regiões de interesse. Porque o nosso interesse foi detectar proteínas fosforiladas que eram indicativos de sinalização patatividade HWAY durante um período específico de desenvolvimento da valva aórtica (E13.5-14.5), realizamos todas as dissecções em tampão Tris livre de fosfato e recolheu as válvulas em um tampão de lise baseada em Tris com inibidores da protease e fosfatase. No nosso caso, apenas as regiões de válvulas aórticas foram recolhidas, mas a região da válvula pulmonar pode ser facilmente obtida ao mesmo tempo. As regiões valvares, foram homogeneizadas e combinado com um tampão de amostra que está sendo usado para estudar a expressão da proteína em válvulas cardíacas adultas 7. Usando pequenos volumes de amostras (por exemplo, 2 mL) e reunindo regiões de válvulas a partir de embriões com o mesmo genótipo, fomos capazes de detectar proteínas fosforiladas e não fosforilado no dia embrionário 13,5 8. Porque as regiões da válvula podem ser congeladas e armazenadas em tampão de lise, os embriões podem ser genotipados se necessário antes agrupamento. Esta técnica amplia o conjunto de ferramentas que estão disponíveis para avaliar signalin celularg vias durante o desenvolvimento e fornece um elogio quantitativo de imuno-histoquímica, especificamente para as válvulas cardíacas em desenvolvimento. Esta técnica deve ser um benefício não só para os cardiologistas de desenvolvimento, mas também a todos os biólogos do desenvolvimento que trabalham com embriões em estágio inicial está interessado em regiões que contêm tecido limitado.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Timed-pregnant mouse</td><td></td><td></td><td>To be dissected at the embryonic stage of interest</td></tr><tr><td>Stereoscopic microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>SMZ645</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.1 M Tris, pH 7.6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>15003-08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine forceps, #5</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting needle holders</td><td>Ted Pella Inc.</td><td>13560</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting needles</td><td>Ted Pella Inc.</td><td>13561-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette, 20 &amp;mu;l, with tips</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lysis buffer</td><td></td><td></td><td>50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 1% Triton</td></tr><tr><td>PhosSTOP</td><td>Roche</td><td>4906845001</td><td>Add 1 tablet to 10 ml lysis buffer</td></tr><tr><td>TissueLyser LT</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>85600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel beads</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>69989</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microcentrifuge</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

protein isolation from the developing embryonic mouse heart valve region

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis method may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect a protein of interest. To overcome these difficulties, we examined protocols for obtaining protein from adult human cardiac valves and modified these protocols for the developing early embryonic mouse counterparts. In brief, the mouse embryonic aortic valve regions, including the aortic valve and surrounding aortic wall, are collected in the minimal possible volume of a Tris-based lysis buffer with protease inhibitors. If required based on the breeding strategy, embryos are genotyped prior to pooling four embryonic aortic valve regions for homogenization. After homogenization, an SDS-based sample buffer is used to denature the sample for running on an SDS-PAGE gel and subsequent western blot analysis. Although the protein concentration remains too low to quantify using spectrophotometric protein quantification assays and have sample remaining for subsequent analyses, this technique can be used to successfully detect and semi-quantify phosphorylated proteins via western blot from pooled samples of four embryonic day 13.5 mouse aortic valve regions, each of which yields approximately 1 &#956;g of protein. This technique will be of benefit for studying cell signaling pathway activation and protein expression levels during early embryonic mouse valve development.

Usando esta técnica de preparação, nós fomos capazes de detectar fosforilada Smad 1,5,8 (pSmad) nas regiões única válvula aórtica de E13.5 embriões. Como mostrado na Figura 1A, a proteína isolada a partir de mesmo uma única região de válvula é capaz de detectar uma banda pSmad fraco. A intensidade de sinal aumenta proporcionalmente com o número de regiões de válvula, que são reunidas. É importante notar que a relação pSmad / β-actina permanece quase constante entre os di...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region at JoVE.com

Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region

The analysis of protein expression in young embryonic mouse valves has been hampered by the limited tissue available. This manuscript provides a protocol for preparing protein from developing embryonic mouse valve regions for western blot analysis.

Isolamento de proteínas a partir da Embryonic Rato Coração Região Válvula Desenvolvimento

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis ...

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9.3K visualizações.  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The analysis of protein expression in young embryonic mouse valves has been hampered by the limited tissue available. This manuscript provides a protocol for preparing protein from developing embryonic mouse valve regions for western blot analysis.

Vídeo: Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region

Induction of Endothelial Differentiation in Cardiac Progenitor Cells Under Low Serum Conditions

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) may have therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration after injury. In the adult mammalian heart, intrinsic CPCs are extremely scarce, but expanded CPCs could be useful for cell therapy. A prerequisite for their use is their ability to differentiate in a controlled manner into the various cardiac lineages using defined and efficient protocols. In addition, upon in vitro expansion, CPCs isolated from patients or preclinical disease models may offer fruitful research tools for the investigation of disease mechanisms.
Current studies use different markers to identify CPCs. However, not all of them are expressed in humans, which limits the translational impact of some preclinical studies. Differentiation protocols that are applicable irrespective of the isolation technique and marker expression will allow for the standardized expansion and priming of CPCs for cell therapy purpose. Here we describe that the priming of CPCs under a low fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentration and low cell density conditions facilitates the endothelial differentiation of CPCs. Using two different subpopulations of mouse and rat CPCs, we show that laminin is a more suitable substrate than fibronectin for this purpose under the following protocol: after culturing for 2 - 3 days in medium including supplements that maintain multipotency and with 3.5% FBS, CPCs are seeded on laminin at &#60;60% confluence and cultured in supplement-free medium with low concentrations of FBS (0.1%) for 20 - 24 hours before differentiation in endothelial differentiation medium. Because CPCs are a heterogeneous population, serum concentrations and incubation times may need to be adjusted depending on the properties of the respective CPC subpopulation. Considering this, the technique can be applied to other types of CPCs as well and provides a useful method to investigate the potential and mechanisms of differentiation and how they are affected by disease when using CPCs isolated from respective disease models.

This protocol describes an endothelial differentiation technique for cardiac progenitor cells. It particularly focuses on how serum concentration and cell-seeding density affect the endothelial differentiation potential.

Indução de diferenciação endotelial em células progenitoras cardíacas sob condições de baixo de soro

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) may have therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration after injury. In the adult mammalian heart, intrinsic CPCs are ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Isolation and Culture of Avian Embryonic Valvular Progenitor Cells

Proper formation and function of embryonic heart valves is critical for developmental progression. The early embryonic heart is a U-shaped tube of endocardium surrounded by myocardium. The myocardium secretes cardiac jelly, a hyaluronan-rich gelatinous matrix, into the atrioventricular (AV) junction and outflow tract (OFT) lumen. At stage HH14 valvulogenesis begins when a subset of endocardial cells receive signals from the myocardium, undergo endocardial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT), and invade the cardiac jelly. At stage HH25 the valvular cushions are fully mesenchymalized, and it is this mesenchyme that eventually forms the valvular and septal apparatus of the heart. Understanding the mechanisms that initiate and modulate the process of EMT and cell differentiation are important because of their connection to serious congenital heart defects. In this study we present methods to isolate pre-EMT endocardial and post-EMT mesenchymal cells, which are the two different cell phenotypes of the prevalvular cushion. Pre-EMT endocardial cells can be cultured with or without the myocardium. Post-EMT AV cushion mesenchymal cells can be cultured inside mechanically constrained or stress-free collagen gels. These 3D in vitro models mimic key valvular morphogenic events and are useful for deconstructing the mechanisms of early and late stage valvulogenesis.

This article will provide a method for isolating and culturing quail or chicken HH14- valve endocardial cells and HH25 valve cushion mesenchymal cells.

Isolamento e Cultura da Avian embrionárias Células Progenitoras Valvular

Proper formation and function of embryonic heart valves is critical for developmental progression. The early embryonic heart is a U-shaped tube of ...

Biologia

Isolamento de núcleos de células progenitoras cardíacas de camundongos em resolução de célula única

Nuclei Isolation from Mouse Cardiac Progenitor Cells for Epigenome and Gene Expression Profiling at Single-Cell Resolution

The developing heart is a complex structure containing various progenitor cells controlled by complex regulatory mechanisms. The examination of the gene expression and chromatin state of individual cells allows the identification of the cell type and state. Single-cell sequencing approaches have revealed a number of important characteristics of cardiac progenitor cell heterogeneity. However, these methods are generally restricted to fresh tissue, which limits studies with diverse experimental conditions, as the fresh tissue must be processed at once in the same run to reduce the technical variability. Therefore, easy and flexible procedures to produce data from methods such as single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and the single-nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (snATAC-seq) are needed in this area. Here, we present a protocol to rapidly isolate nuclei for subsequent single-nuclei dual-omics (combined snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq). This method allows the isolation of nuclei from frozen samples of cardiac progenitor cells and can be combined with platforms that use microfluidic chambers.

Autor em destaque: Isolamento de núcleos de células progenitoras cardíacas de camundongos para epigenoma e perfil de expressão gênica em resolução de célula única  

Here, we present a protocol describing cell nuclei preparation. After microdissection and enzymatic dissociation of cardiac tissue into single cells, the progenitor cells were frozen, followed by isolation of pure viable cells, which were used for single-nucleus RNA sequencing and the single-nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing analyses.

Isolamento de Núcleos de Células Progenitoras Cardíacas de Camundongos para Perfil de Epigenoma e Expressão Gênica em Resolução Unicelular

The developing heart is a complex structure containing various progenitor cells controlled by complex regulatory mechanisms. The examination of the gene ...

Isolating Primary Melanocyte-like Cells from the Mouse Heart

We identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial arrhythmia triggers in mice. To investigate the electrical and biological properties of cardiac melanocytes we developed a procedure to isolate them from mouse hearts that we derived from those designed to isolate neonatal murine cardiomyocytes. In order to obtain healthier cardiac melanocytes suitable for more extensive patch clamp or biochemical studies, we developed a refined procedure for isolating and plating cardiac melanocytes based on those originally designed to isolate cutaneous melanocytes. The refined procedure is demonstrated in this review and produces larger numbers of healthy melanocyte-like cells that can be plated as a pure population or with cardiomyocytes.

In this protocol, we identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial arrhythmia triggers in mice.&#160;

Isolar células de melanócito-like primárias do coração mouse

We identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial ...

Isolation, Culture, and Functional Characterization of Adult Mouse Cardiomyoctyes

The use of primary cardiomyocytes (CMs) in culture has provided a powerful complement to murine models of heart disease in advancing our understanding of heart disease. In particular, the ability to study ion homeostasis, ion channel function, cellular excitability and excitation-contraction coupling and their alterations in diseased conditions and by disease-causing mutations have led to significant insights into cardiac diseases. Furthermore, the lack of an adequate immortalized cell line to mimic adult CMs, and the limitations of neonatal CMs (which lack many of the structural and functional biomechanics characteristic of adult CMs) in culture have hampered our understanding of the complex interplay between signaling pathways, ion channels and contractile properties in the adult heart strengthening the importance of studying adult isolated cardiomyocytes. Here, we present methods for the isolation, culture, manipulation of gene expression by adenoviral-expressed proteins, and subsequent functional analysis of cardiomyocytes from the adult mouse. The use of these techniques will help to develop mechanistic insight into signaling pathways that regulate cellular excitability, Ca2+ dynamics and contractility and provide a much more physiologically relevant characterization of cardiovascular disease.

Here we describe the isolation of adult mouse cardiomyoctyes using a Langendorff perfusion system. The resulting cells are Ca2+-tolerant, electrically quiescent and can be cultured and transfected with adeno- or lentiviruses to manipulate gene expression. Their functionality can also be analyzed using the MMSYS system and patch clamp techniques.

Isolamento, cultura e caracterização funcional de rato adulto Cardiomyoctyes

The use of primary cardiomyocytes (CMs) in culture has provided a powerful complement to murine models of heart disease in advancing our understanding of ...

Isolation of Embryonic Ventricular Endothelial Cells

Cell culture has greatly enhanced our ability to assess individual populations of cells under myriad culture conditions. While immortalized cell lines offer significant advantages for their ease of use, these cell lines are unavailable for all potential cell types. By isolating primary cells from a specific region of interest, particularly from a transgenic mouse, more nuanced studies can be performed. The basic technique involves dissecting the organ or partial organ of interest (e.g. the heart or a specific region of the heart) and dissociating the organ to single cells. These cells are then incubated with magnetic beads conjugated to an antibody that recognizes the cell type of interest. The cells of interest can then be isolated with the use of a magnet, with a short trypsin incubation dissociating the cells from the beads. These isolated cells can then be cultured and analyzed as desired. This technique was originally designed for adult mouse organs but can be easily scaled down for use with embryonic organs, as demonstrated herein. Because our interest is in the developing coronary vasculature, we wanted to study this population of cells during specific embryonic stages. Thus, the original protocol had to be modified to be compatible with the small size of the embryonic ventricles and the low potential yield of endothelial cells at these developmental stages. Utilizing this scaled-down approach, we have assessed coronary plexus remodeling in transgenic embryonic ventricular endothelial cells.

Primary cell culture is a useful technique for analyzing specific populations of cells, particularly from transgenic mouse embryos at specific developmental stages. Herein, embryonic ventricles are dissected and dissociated, and antibody-conjugated beads recognize and separate out the endothelial cells for further analysis.

Isolamento de Células Embrionárias ventriculares endoteliais

Cell culture has greatly enhanced our ability to assess individual populations of cells under myriad culture conditions. While immortalized cell lines ...

In Vitro Model of Coronary Angiogenesis

Here, we describe an in vitro culture assay to study coronary angiogenesis. Coronary vessels feed the heart muscle and are of clinical importance. Defects in these vessels represent severe health risks such as in atherosclerosis, which can lead to myocardial infarctions and heart failures in patients. Consequently, coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite its clinical importance, relatively little progress has been made on how to regenerate damaged coronary arteries. Nevertheless, recent progress has been made in understanding the cellular origin and differentiation pathways of coronary vessel development. The advent of tools and technologies that allow researchers to fluorescently label progenitor cells, follow their fate, and visualize progenies in vivo have been instrumental in understanding coronary vessel development. In vivo studies are valuable, but have limitations in terms of speed, accessibility, and flexibility in experimental design. Alternatively, accurate in vitro models of coronary angiogenesis can circumvent these limitations and allow researchers to interrogate important biological questions with speed and flexibility. The lack of appropriate in vitro model systems may have hindered the progress in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of coronary vessel growth. Here, we describe an in vitro culture system to grow coronary vessels from the sinus venosus (SV) and endocardium (Endo), the two progenitor tissues from which many of the coronary vessels arise. We also confirmed that the cultures accurately recapitulate some of the known in vivo mechanisms. For instance, we show that the angiogenic sprouts in culture from SV downregulate COUP-TFII expression similar to what is observed in vivo. In addition, we show that VEGF-A, a well-known angiogenic factor in vivo, robustly stimulates angiogenesis from both the SV and Endo cultures. Collectively, we have devised an accurate in vitro culture model to study coronary angiogenesis.

In vitro models of coronary angiogenesis can be utilized for the discovery of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of coronary angiogenesis. In vitro explant cultures of sinus venosus and endocardium tissues show robust growth in response to VEGF-A and display a similar pattern of COUP-TFII expression as in vivo.

Modelo In Vitro de Angiogênese Coronariana

Here, we describe an in vitro culture assay to study coronary angiogenesis. Coronary vessels feed the heart muscle and are of clinical importance. Defects ...

Medicina

Isolation of Murine Valve Endothelial Cells

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and surrounded by a monolayer of valve endothelial cells (VECs). VECs play essential roles in establishing the valve structures during embryonic development, and are important for maintaining life-long valve integrity and function. In contrast to a continuous endothelium over the surface of healthy valve leaflets, VEC disruption is commonly observed in malfunctioning valves and is associated with pathological processes that promote valve disease and dysfunction. Despite the clinical relevance, focused studies determining the contribution of VECs to development and disease processes are limited. The isolation of VECs from animal models would allow for cell-specific experimentation. VECs have been isolated from large animal adult models but due to their small population size, fragileness, and lack of specific markers, no reports of VEC isolations in embryos or adult small animal models have been reported. Here we describe a novel method that allows for the direct isolation of VECs from mice at embryonic and adult stages. Utilizing the Tie2-GFP reporter model that labels all endothelial cells with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), we have been successful in isolating GFP-positive (and negative) cells from the semilunar and atrioventricular valve regions using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Isolated GFP-positive VECs are enriched for endothelial markers, including CD31 and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and retain endothelial cell expression when cultured; while, GFP-negative cells exhibit molecular profiles and cell shapes consistent with VIC phenotypes. The ability to isolate embryonic and adult murine VECs allows for previously unattainable molecular and functional studies to be carried out on a specific valve cell population, which will greatly improve our understanding of valve development and disease mechanisms.

The ability to isolate heart valve endothelial cells (VECs) is critical for understanding mechanisms of valve development, maintenance, and disease. Here we describe the isolation of VECs from embryonic and adult Tie2-GFP mice using FACS that will allow for studies determining the contribution of VECs in developmental and disease processes.

O isolamento de células endoteliais de Murino Válvula

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and ...

Isolamento de proteínas a partir da Embryonic Rato Coração Região Válvula Desenvolvimento

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