Os autores declaram que não têm interesses financeiros concorrentes.

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+recombinant+protein+derived+from+the+baculovirus+expression+system+using+glutathione+affinity+agarose.">Purification of recombinant protein derived from the baculovirus expression system using glutathione affinity agarose.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 3, 337-348 (1995).</li><li>Eckford, P. D., Li, C., Ramjeesingh, M., Bear, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+(CFTR)+potentiator+VX-770+(ivacaftor)+opens+the+defective+channel+gate+of+mutant+CFTR+in+a+phosphorylation-dependent+but+ATP-independent+manner.">Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) potentiator VX-770 (ivacaftor) opens the defective channel gate of mutant CFTR in a phosphorylation-dependent but ATP-independent manner.</a> J Biol Chem. 287 (44), 36639-36649 (2012).</li><li>Alkhouri, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+properties+of+molecular+probes+for+the+rescue+site+on+mutant+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator.">Synthesis and properties of molecular probes for the rescue site on mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator.</a> J Med Chem. 54 (24), 8693-8701 (2011).</li><li>Eckford, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VX-809+and+Related+Corrector+Compounds+Exhibit+Secondary+Activity+Stabilizing+Active+F508del-CFTR+after+Its+Partial+Rescue+to+the+Cell+Surface.">VX-809 and Related Corrector Compounds Exhibit Secondary Activity Stabilizing Active F508del-CFTR after Its Partial Rescue to the Cell Surface.</a> Chem Biol. 21 (5), 666-678 (2014).</li><li>Kim Chiaw, P., Wellhauser, L., Huan, L. J., Ramjeesingh, M., Bear, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chemical+corrector+modifies+the+channel+function+of+F508del-CFTR.">A chemical corrector modifies the channel function of F508del-CFTR.</a> Mol.Pharmacol. 78 (3), 411-418 (2010).</li><li>Verkman, A. S., Galietta, L. 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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+16.">Ch. 16.</a> Reliable Lab Solutions: Essential Ion Channel MethodsReliable Lab Solutions. , 337-357 (2010).</li><li>Wellhauser, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+small-molecule+modulator+interacts+directly+with+deltaPhe508-CFTR+to+modify+its+ATPase+activity+and+conformational+stability.">A small-molecule modulator interacts directly with deltaPhe508-CFTR to modify its ATPase activity and conformational stability.</a> Mol Pharmacol. 75 (6), 1430-1438 (2009).</li><li>Lee, S. Y., Letts, J. 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Os autores reconhecem o conselho do Dr. Mohabir Ramjeesingh durante o desenvolvimento dos métodos de purificação descritos aqui. Estes estudos foram apoiados por subvenções de funcionamento a CEB dos Institutos Canadenses de Pesquisa em Saúde (CIHR) e fibrose cística Canadá (CFC). PDWE foi apoiado em parte pela Irmandade prêmios através do CIHR e CFC. Os autores reconhecem a prestação de corrector, potenciador e compostos inibidores de Dr. R. Pontes (Rosalind Universidade de Medicina e Ciência) e distribuição pelos Fundação de Fibrose Cística Therapeutics (CFFT). Os autores reconhecem também um excelente serviço pela facilidade de cultura celular Baylor (NIH concessão P30 CA125123) em expressar Wt e proteína CFTR mutante usando o sistema de baculovirus. O inativo VX-770 analógico, V-09-1188, foi um presente de Vertex Pharmaceuticals.

Houve um número limitado de protocolos de purificação de comprimento completo, o isolamento de CFTR funcional, a partir de uma variedade de sistemas de sobre-expressão celulares. O método descrito aqui é vantajosa, pois permite rápida purificação do WT-CFTR ou altamente enriquecido de F508del- e G551D-CFTR em quantidades moderadas, que é altamente funcional em ensaios, incluindo ATPase e medidas diretas de função de canal, incluindo medições de canal único em bicamada planar sistemas e medidas comprovados...

Transporte de cloreto através das membranas apicais das células epiteliais em tais tecidos como o pulmão, intestino, pâncreas e glândulas sudoríparas é mediado principalmente pela fibrose cística condutância transmembrana regulador (CFTR), um ATP e membro regulada por fosforilação do ABC (ATP Binding Cassete) C subfamília de proteínas de membrana (revisto em 1). Tal como outros membros da subfamília ABCC, CFTR é um multi-medindo proteína de membrana grande, integrante que se liga ao ATP dois locais de ligação de nucleótidos formadas na interface dos seus domínios de ligação a nucleótidos (NBDs), onde possui a actividade de ATPase modesta em uma única site. No entanto, ao contrário de outros membros da subfamília ABCC, CFTR evoluiu como um canal Cl regulamentado único e não como um transportador de soluto ativa. Mutações em causa CFTR a fibrose cística, uma doença que afeta vários órgãos, incluindo os pulmões, o trato gastrintestinal, pâncreas e trato reprodutivo, levando a morbidity e mortalidade em adultos jovens. Doença pulmonar normalmente representa mortalidade precoce em fibrose cística e, na maioria dos casos é causada pela perda de função de CFTR no epitélio superficial das vias aéreas condutoras. A falta de actividade do canal de cloreto CFTR, causa uma redução no ambos Cl - e o movimento da água através do epitélio da superfície de modificar a camada de fluido sobre a superfície apical do epitélio respiratório ciliado. Isso resulta em um líquido viscoso superfície das vias aéreas que prejudica a capacidade das células epiteliais respiratórias ciliadas para efetivamente patógenos limpar das vias aéreas. Como consequência, a maioria dos pacientes com FC sofrem de crises recorrentes de infecção pulmonar e lesão pulmonar devido à inflamação. Como esperado, os estudos do mecanismo de acção da proteína CFTR normal, focado primariamente em estudos electrofisiológicos detalhados da sua actividade de canal de propagação. Estudos de canal único mostraram diretamente que funções CFTR como PKA-dependente Cl- Canal que possui um portão regulamentado ATP 2. Estudos eletrofisiológicos detalhados fornecem uma grande quantidade de informações sobre os canais CFTR individuais 1,3, no entanto, pode haver preocupação quanto a saber se as características de qualquer canal único especial, que tem sido estudado é o reflexo de toda a população de canais CFTR e, portanto, o único canal resultados devem ser sempre considerados, juntamente com métodos para estudar a população macroscópica. Ensaio direta da atividade do canal população de CFTR purificado tem o potencial de fornecer informações sobre o defeito molecular associado com mutações causadoras de doenças e de conduzir a descoberta de moduladores químicos que reparo proteínas CFTR mutante. Até o momento, existem mais de 1.900 mutações diferentes em CFTR pensados ​​para causar fibrose cística 4. A mutação major, F508del-CFTR, encontrado em pelo menos um alelo em aproximadamente 90% dos pacientes na América do Norte e Europa conduz a uma proteína misfoldingnd retenção no retículo endoplasmático 5. F508del-CFTR também tem outras consequências, incluindo a atividade do canal com defeito 6-9. A ausência resultante de CFTR a partir da superfície da célula está associada a doença grave. G551D-CFTR, uma mutação menos comum, é pensado para ser ainda devidamente dobrada é disfuncional como um canal de cloro na superfície da célula 6. O desenvolvimento de pequenas moléculas e correctores de potenciadores tem o objectivo de corrigir dobragem e / ou o tráfico de mutantes tais como F508del-CFTR à superfície da célula, e de potenciação ou aumentando a actividade do canal de mutações tais como G551D quando presente na superfície da célula, respectivamente . Enquanto os corretores VX-809 e VX-661 (ainda não está aprovado para uso em pacientes, o potenciador Kalydeco (ivacaftor; VX-770) está sendo usado em 150 mg a cada 12 horas em pacientes com FC&gt; 6 anos com pelo menos um G551D -CFTR mutação, e, mais recentemente, para os pacientes com um dos G178R, S549N, S549R, G551S, G1244E, S1251N, S1255Pe G1349D. Kalydeco é seguro e resulta em melhoria das medidas clínicas da doença CF 10, no entanto, o mecanismo de ação desta pequena molécula foi mal compreendida no momento da aprovação do FDA para uso em pacientes. Um punhado de métodos de purificação de CFTR foram descritos anteriormente 2,11-18, muitos dos quais exigem um considerável período de tempo para completar. Numa publicação recente 19, um método único de purificação e rápida reconstituição foi descrito para CFTR superexpresso no sistema de expressão de S f 9 célula, e esta proteína purificada em sistemas lipidicos definidos foi utilizada para desenvolver um ensaio de actividade de canal de halogeneto de CFTR para uma população de CFTR moléculas. O ensaio recapitula os efeitos conhecidos da fosforilação, nucleotídeos e inibidores sobre a função CFTR. O sistema foi utilizado para interrogar os efeitos do potenciador VX-770 / Kalydeco em WT (tipo selvagem), F508del- e G551D-CFTR e foi mostrado para o primeirovez que o fármaco interage directamente com a proteína CFTR para potenciar a sua actividade de canal de uma forma independente de ATP, demonstrando a utilidade e aplicabilidade destes métodos para o estudo da interacção de CFTR e os mutantes com nucleótidos e pequenas moléculas a partir de uma perspectiva de população responder a perguntas clinicamente relevantes sobre a proteína. Os métodos também têm sido utilizados para estudar outras moléculas potenciador e seus derivados 20, bem como os efeitos de uma pequena molécula corrector sobre a actividade da proteína de 21. Os ensaios de efluxo de ter sido usado em muitos estudos anteriormente para investigar a actividade de mutantes CFTR e os efeitos dos compostos de CFTR-moduladores sobre a sua actividade, incluindo ensaios de células inteiras usando eléctrodos, marcadores radioactivos e fluoróforos 22,23, vesículas de membrana com eléctrodos selectivos de iões 24 e purificado CFTR reconstituído com traçadores radioativos 25. No entanto the utilização de eléctrodos selectivos de iões para estudar CFTR reconstituído purificado foi relatada pela primeira vez recentemente 19. Uma adaptação do método actual tem sido utilizada para a reconstituição e caracterização funcional de duas proteínas de membrana em Pseudomonas aeruginosa, um agente patogénico comum CF. Reconstituição de proteína de membrana purificado Alge exterior juntamente com medidas de efluxo iodeto foram utilizados para apoiar um modelo para a secreção de alginato aniônicos através deste transportador 26. A reconstituição e medições de efluxo de iodeto foram aplicados à proteína purificada Wzx, o que permitiu um modelo a ser proposto que sugere um mecanismo antiporte dependente de H + para o oligossacárido ligado a translocação-lípido através da membrana interna bacteriana por esta proteína de 27. Em ambos os casos foi utilizado o iodeto como um substituto para o substrato aniónico, embora em menor rendimento do que se poderia esperar de um substrato nativo. O método pode ser adequado para adaptação a outras proteínas com ctransporte ou condução ationic caminhos para substratos aniônicos. Aqui, um processo de purificação rápida é descrito para a proteína CFTR, e sua reconstituição em proteolipossomas de lipidico definido. O procedimento de reconstituição rápida pode ser facilmente adaptado para utilização com CFTR purificado por outros métodos, desde que o tipo de detergente utilizado na purificação é passível de remoção através dos métodos utilizados aqui ou podem ser trocados por um detergente adequado, antes do procedimento de reconstituição. O método de efluxo de iodeto para medição da actividade de canal de purificado e reconstituído proteína CFTR é descrito em pormenor e alguns resultados típicos, que podem ser obtidos com este método são apresentados.

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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:403px;">fos-choline 14 detergent</td>
			<td style="width:515px;">Anatrace Affymetrix (www.anatrace.affymetrix.com)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">F312</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Affymetrix: Anatrace Products; CAS#&#160;:77733-28-9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">cOmplete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail tablets</td>
			<td>Roche (www.roche-applied-science.com)</td>
			<td>04 693 132 001</td>
			<td>EDTA-free Protease inhibitor cocktail tablets (1 in 50 ml or mini:1 in 10 mL) (Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Ref: 11873 580 001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">cOmplete ULTRA Tablets, Mini, EDTA-free, EASYpack&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche (www.roche-applied-science.com)</td>
			<td>05 892 791 001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ni-NTA Agarose</td>
			<td>Qaigen GmbH</td>
			<td align="right">1018240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fisherbrand Screening columns</td>
			<td>Fisher Healthcare</td>
			<td>11-387-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Amicon Ultra Centrifugal filters, Ultracel-100K</td>
			<td>Millipore (www.millipore.com)</td>
			<td>UFC910008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase A (PKA), Catalytic Subunit</td>
			<td colspan="2">New England Biolabs (www.neb.com/products/p6000-camp-dependent-protein-kinase-pka-catalytic-subunit)</td>
			<td>Peirce PKA is also suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PC, Chicken Egg</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids (www.avantilipids.com)</td>
			<td>840051C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">POPC</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids (www.avantilipids.com)</td>
			<td>850457C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PS, Porcine Brain</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids (www.avantilipids.com)</td>
			<td>840032C</td>
			<td>(CFTR has been successfully reconstituted into Egg PC, POPC, 2:1 (w/w) Egg PC:POPC, or a mixture of PE:PS:PC:ergosterol, 5:2:2:1 (w/w))</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PE, Chicken Egg</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids (www.avantilipids.com)</td>
			<td>841118C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ergosterol</td>
			<td>Sigma (www.sigmaaldrich.com)</td>
			<td align="right">45480</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pierce Detergent removal spin column</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">87779</td>
			<td>1 ml capacity columns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">valinomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma (www.sigmaaldrich.com)</td>
			<td>V-0627</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">VX-770 (ivacaftor)</td>
			<td>Selleck Chemicals</td>
			<td>S1144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">iodide selective microelectrode</td>
			<td>Lazar Research Laboratories (www.shelfscientific.com/cgi-bin/tame/newlaz/microionn.tam)</td>
			<td>LIS-146ICM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Clampex 8.1 software</td>
			<td>Axon Instruments (www.axon.com)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>we use components of the ClampX system with a home made filter to monitor and record the response to our electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Alternate Software: ArrowLabb System&#160;</td>
			<td>Lazar Research Laboratories (www.shelfscientific.com/cgi-bin/tame/newlaz/ionsystems.tam)</td>
			<td>LIS-146LICM-XS</td>
			<td>Lazar Research sells a meter that can interface with a computer and software to record the probe response.&#160; This software should serve a similar function to our setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">small stir bars</td>
			<td>Big Science Inc (www.stirbars.com)</td>
			<td>SBM-0502-CMB</td>
			<td>choose a stir bar small enough to easily fit into a well of a 96-well plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sephadex G50, fine</td>
			<td>GE Health Care (www.gelifesciences.com)</td>
			<td>17-0042-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sonicator</td>
			<td>Laboratory Supplies Co, Inc.</td>
			<td>G112SP1G</td>
			<td>Bath sonicators from other manufacturers should also be suitable</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

functional reconstitution and channel activity measurements of purified wildtype and mutant cftr protein

A fibrose cística condutância transmembrana regulador (CFTR) é um membro de formação de canal único da ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamília de transportadores. A atividade do canal fosforilação e nucleotídeos cloreto dependente de CFTR foi freqüentemente estudada em sistemas de células inteiras e como canais de solteiro em pedaços de membrana extirpado. Muitas mutações causadoras de fibrose cística têm sido mostrados para alterar esta actividade. Embora um pequeno número de protocolos de purificação foram publicados, um método de reconstituição rápida, que retém a actividade de canal e de um método adequado para o estudo da actividade do canal de população num sistema purificado têm faltado. Métodos aqui descritos são rápidos para a purificação e a reconstituição funcional da proteína CFTR de comprimento completo em proteolipossomas de composição lipidico definido que retém a actividade como um canal de halogeneto regulamentado. Este método de reconstituição em conjunto com um ensaio baseado em fluxo romance de actividade de canal é um sistema adequado paraestudando as propriedades do canal população do tipo CFTR selvagem e os causadores de doenças mutantes F508del- e G551D-CFTR. Especificamente, o método tem utilidade em estudar os efeitos directos da fosforilação, os nucleótidos e as moléculas pequenas, tais como potenciadores e inibidores sobre a actividade do canal CFTR. Os métodos também são passíveis ao estudo de outros canais de membrana / transportadores para substratos aniónicos.

Descritos nesta publicação escrita são métodos para purificar, reconstituir e medir a atividade do canal regulamentado da proteína CFTR. Figura 1a mostra o fluxo de trabalho para a purificação, a reconstituição e procedimentos de efluxo de iodeto. Os métodos para a reconstituição e por medições de actividade do canal de fluxo iodeto também são mostrados em maior detalhe no vídeo associado. Purificação e reconstituição do CFTR em proteoliposomes <p cl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein at JoVE.com

Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein

Descrito aqui é um procedimento rápido e eficaz para a reconstituição funcional da purificado do tipo selvagem e proteína CFTR mutante que preserva a atividade para este canal de cloro, que está com defeito na Fibrose Cística. Efluxo de iodeto de proteoliposomes reconstituídos mediadas por CFTR permite estudos da atividade do canal e os efeitos de pequenas moléculas.

Reconstituição funcional e atividade do canal Medidas de purificada tipo selvagem e mutante CFTR Protein

The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a unique channel-forming member of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of ...

functional-reconstitution-channel-activity-measurements-purified

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.1K visualizações.  Hospital for Sick Children.  Descrito aqui é um procedimento rápido e eficaz para a reconstituição funcional da purificado do tipo selvagem e proteína CFTR mutante que preserva a atividade para este canal de cloro, que está com defeito na Fibrose Cística. Efluxo de iodeto de proteoliposomes reconstituídos mediadas por CFTR permite estudos da atividade do canal e os efeitos de pequenas moléculas. 

Vídeo: Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

Coloração de proteínas em géis com Coomassie G-250 sem ácido acético e Solventes Orgânicos

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Biologia

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based fractionation. The system is comprised of single-use, 8-sample capacity cartridges and a benchtop GELFREE Fractionation Instrument. During separation, a constant voltage is applied between the anode and cathode reservoirs, and each protein mixture is electrophoretically driven from a loading chamber into a specially designed gel column gel. Proteins are concentrated into a tight band in a stacking gel, and separated based on their respective electrophoretic mobilities in a resolving gel. As proteins elute from the column, they are trapped and concentrated in liquid phase in the collection chamber, free of the gel. The instrument is then paused at specific time intervals, and fractions are collected using a pipette. This process is repeated until all desired fractions have been collected. If fewer than 8 samples are run on a cartridge, any unused chambers can be used in subsequent separations.
This novel technology facilitates the quick and simple separation of up to 8 complex protein mixtures simultaneously, and offers several advantages when compared to previously available fractionation methods. This system is capable of fractionating up to 1mg of total protein per channel, for a total of 8mg per cartridge. Intact proteins over a broad mass range are separated on the basis of molecular weight, retaining important physiochemical properties of the analyte. The liquid phase entrapment provides for high recovery while eliminating the need for band or spot cutting, making the fractionation process highly reproducible1.

The accompanying video describes the use of the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System, which partitions complex protein samples on the basis of molecular weight and recovers the fractions in liquid phase. The video describes how the technology works, how it is used, and provides resultant data, with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of fractionated bovine liver homogenate.

Usando o sistema de fracionamento GELFREE 8100 para Fracionamento baseada no peso molecular com Recovery Fase Líquida

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based ...

Biochemical Reconstitution of Steroid Receptor&#x2022;Hsp90 Protein  Complexes and Reactivation of Ligand Binding

Hsp90 is an essential and highly abundant molecular chaperone protein that has been found to regulate more than 150 eukaryotic signaling proteins, including transcription factors (e.g. nuclear receptors, p53) and protein kinases (e.g. Src, Raf, Akt kinase) involved in cell cycling, tumorigenesis, apoptosis, and multiple eukaryotic signaling pathways 1,2. Of these many 'client' proteins for hsp90, the assembly of steroid receptor&bull;hsp90 complexes is the best defined (Figure 1). We present here an adaptable glucocorticoid receptor (GR) immunoprecipitation assay and in vitro GR&bull;hsp90 reconstitution method that may be readily used to probe eukaryotic hsp90 functional activity, hsp90-mediated steroid receptor ligand binding, and molecular chaperone cofactor requirements. For example, this assay can be used to test hsp90 cofactor requirements and the effects of adding exogenous compounds to the reconstitution process. 
The GR has been a particularly useful system for studying hsp90 because the receptor must be bound to hsp90 to have an open ligand binding cleft that is accessible to steroid 3. Endogenous, unliganded GR is present in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells noncovalently bound to hsp90. As found in the endogenous GR&bull;hsp90 heterocomplex, the GR ligand binding cleft is open and capable of binding steroid. If hsp90 dissociates from the GR or if its function is inhibited, the receptor is unable to bind steroid and requires reconstitution of the GR&bull;hsp90 heterocomplex before steroid binding activity is restored 4 . GR can be immunoprecipitated from cell cytosol using a monoclonal antibody, and proteins such as hsp90 complexed to the GR can be assayed by western blot. Steroid binding activity of the immunoprecipitated GR can be determined by incubating the immunopellet with [3H]steroid. 
Previous experiments have shown hsp90-mediated opening of the GR ligand binding cleft requires hsp70, a second molecular chaperone also essential for eukaryotic cell viability. Biochemical activity of hsp90 and hsp70 are catalyzed by co-chaperone proteins Hop, hsp40, and p23 5. A multiprotein chaperone machinery containing hsp90, hsp70, Hop, and hsp40 are endogenously present in eukaryotic cell cytoplasm, and reticulocyte lysate provides a chaperone-rich protein source 6. 
In the method presented, GR is immunoadsorbed from cell cytosol and stripped of the endogenous hsp90/hsp70 chaperone machinery using mild salt conditions. The salt-stripped GR is then incubated with reticulocyte lysate, ATP, and K+, which results in the reconstitution of the GR&bull;hsp90 heterocomplex and reactivation of steroid binding activity 7. This method can be utilized to test the effects of various chaperone cofactors, novel proteins, and experimental hsp90 or GR inhibitors in order to determine their functional significance on hsp90-mediated steroid binding 8-11.

Biochemical Reconstitution of Steroid Receptor&amp;#x2022;Hsp90 Protein  Complexes and Reactivation of Ligand Binding

An in vitro method for preparing functional glucocorticoid receptor (GR)&#x2022;hsp90 protein complexes from purified proteins and cellular lysates is described. The method utilizes immunoadsorption of recombinant GR followed by salt-stripping and protein complex reconstitution. The importance of cofactors and buffer conditions are discussed, as are potential method applications.

Reconstituição bioquímica de receptor de esteróide • Hsp90 Complexos de Proteínas e Reativação da ligação do ligando

Hsp90 is an essential and highly abundant molecular chaperone protein that has been found to regulate more than 150 eukaryotic signaling proteins, ...

Application of MassSQUIRM for Quantitative Measurements of Lysine Demethylase Activity

Recently, epigenetic regulators have been discovered as key players in many different diseases 1-3. As a result, these enzymes are prime targets for small molecule studies and drug development 4. Many epigenetic regulators have only recently been discovered and are still in the process of being classified. Among these enzymes are lysine demethylases which remove methyl groups from lysines on histones and other proteins. Due to the novel nature of this class of enzymes, few assays have been developed to study their activity. This has been a road block to both the classification and high throughput study of histone demethylases. Currently, very few demethylase assays exist. Those that do exist tend to be qualitative in nature and cannot simultaneously discern between the different lysine methylation states (un-, mono-, di- and tri-). Mass spectrometry is commonly used to determine demethylase activity but current mass spectrometric assays do not address whether differentially methylated peptides ionize differently. Differential ionization of methylated peptides makes comparing methylation states difficult and certainly not quantitative (Figure 1A). Thus available assays are not optimized for the comprehensive analysis of demethylase activity.
Here we describe a method called MassSQUIRM (mass spectrometric quantitation using isotopic reductive methylation) that is based on reductive methylation of amine groups with deuterated formaldehyde to force all lysines to be di-methylated, thus making them essentially the same chemical species and therefore ionize the same (Figure 1B). The only chemical difference following the reductive methylation is hydrogen and deuterium, which does not affect MALDI ionization efficiencies. The MassSQUIRM assay is specific for demethylase reaction products with un-, mono- or di-methylated lysines. The assay is also applicable to lysine methyltransferases giving the same reaction products. Here, we use a combination of reductive methylation chemistry and MALDI mass spectrometry to measure the activity of LSD1, a lysine demethylase capable of removing di- and mono-methyl groups, on a synthetic peptide substrate 5. This assay is simple and easily amenable to any lab with access to a MALDI mass spectrometer in lab or through a proteomics facility. The assay has ~8-fold dynamic range and is readily scalable to plate format 5.

We present a method for using MALDI mass spectrometry and reductive methylation chemistry to quantify changes in lysine methylation.

Aplicação de Medidas para MassSQUIRM quantitativa da actividade demetilase Lisina

Recently, epigenetic regulators have been discovered as key players in many different diseases 1-3. As a result, these enzymes are prime targets for small ...

Affinity Precipitation of Active Rho-GEFs Using a GST-tagged Mutant Rho Protein (GST-RhoA(G17A)) from Epithelial Cell Lysates

Proteins of the Rho family of small GTPases are central regulators of the cytoskeleton, and control a large variety of cellular processes, including cell migration, gene expression, cell cycle progression and cell adhesion 1. Rho proteins are molecular switches that are active in GTP-bound and inactive in GDP-bound state. Their activation is mediated by a family of Guanine-nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) proteins. Rho-GEFs constitute a large family, with overlapping specificities 2. Although a lot of progress has been made in identifying the GEFs activated by specific signals, there are still many questions remaining regarding the pathway-specific regulation of these proteins. The number of Rho-GEFs exceeds 70, and each cell expresses more than one GEF protein. In addition, many of these proteins activate not only Rho, but other members of the family, contributing further to the complexity of the regulatory networks. Importantly, exploring how GEFs are regulated requires a method to follow the active pool of individual GEFs in cells activated by different stimuli. Here we provide a step-by-step protocol for a method used to assess and quantify the available active Rho-specific GEFs using an affinity precipitation assay. This assay was developed a few years ago in the Burridge lab 3,4 and we have used it in kidney tubular cell lines 5,6,7. The assay takes advantage of a "nucleotide free" mutant RhoA, with a high affinity for active GEFs. The mutation (G17A) renders the protein unable to bind GDP or GTP and this state mimics the intermediate state that is bound to the GEF. A GST-tagged version of this mutant protein is expressed and purified from E. coli, bound to glutathione sepharose beads and used to precipitate active GEFs from lysates of untreated and stimulated cells. As most GEFs are activated via posttranslational modifications or release from inhibitory bindings, their active state is preserved in cell lysates, and they can be detected by this assay8. Captured proteins can be probed for known GEFs by detection with specific antibodies using Western blotting, or analyzed by Mass Spectrometry to identify unknown GEFs activated by certain stimuli.

Affinity Precipitation of Active Rho-GEFs Using a GST-tagged Mutant Rho Protein GST-RhoAG17A from Epithelial Cell Lysates

The method presented here describes an assay to follow activation of RhoA specific GDP/GTP Exchange Factors (GEFs) in cultured cells by making use of a mutant RhoA GST fusion protein that has high affinity for activated GEFs. GEFs are precipitated from cell lysates, detected by Western blotting and quantified by densitometry.

Afinidade Precipitação do Active Rho-GEFs Usando um GST-marcado Mutant proteína Rho (GST-RhoA (G17A)) a partir de lisados ​​de células epiteliais

Proteins of the Rho family of small GTPases are central regulators of the cytoskeleton, and control a large variety of cellular processes, including cell ...

In Vitro Analysis of PDZ-dependent CFTR Macromolecular Signaling Complexes

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel located primarily at the apical membranes of epithelial cells, plays a crucial role in transepithelial fluid homeostasis1-3. CFTR has been implicated in two major diseases: cystic fibrosis (CF)4 and secretory diarrhea5. In CF, the synthesis or functional activity of the CFTR Cl- channel is reduced. This disorder affects approximately 1 in 2,500 Caucasians in the United States6. Excessive CFTR activity has also been implicated in cases of toxin-induced secretory diarrhea (e.g., by cholera toxin and heat stable E. coli enterotoxin) that stimulates cAMP or cGMP production in the gut7.
Accumulating evidence suggest the existence of physical and functional interactions between CFTR and a growing number of other proteins, including transporters, ion channels, receptors, kinases, phosphatases, signaling molecules, and cytoskeletal elements, and these interactions between CFTR and its binding proteins have been shown to be critically involved in regulating CFTR-mediated transepithelial ion transport in vitro and also in vivo8-19. In this protocol, we focus only on the methods that aid in the study of the interactions between CFTR carboxyl terminal tail, which possesses a protein-binding motif [referred to as PSD95/Dlg1/ZO-1 (PDZ) motif], and a group of scaffold proteins, which contain a specific binding module referred to as PDZ domains. So far, several different PDZ scaffold proteins have been reported to bind to the carboxyl terminal tail of CFTR with various affinities, such as NHERF1, NHERF2, PDZK1, PDZK2, CAL (CFTR-associated ligand), Shank2, and GRASP20-27. The PDZ motif within CFTR that is recognized by PDZ scaffold proteins is the last four amino acids at the C terminus (i.e., 1477-DTRL-1480 in human CFTR)20. Interestingly, CFTR can bind more than one PDZ domain of both NHERFs and PDZK1, albeit with varying affinities22. This multivalency with respect to CFTR binding has been shown to be of functional significance, suggesting that PDZ scaffold proteins may facilitate formation of CFTR macromolecular signaling complexes for specific/selective and efficient signaling in cells16-18.
Multiple biochemical assays have been developed to study CFTR-involving protein interactions, such as co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down assay, pair-wise binding assay, colorimetric pair-wise binding assay, and macromolecular complex assembly assay16-19,28,29. Here we focus on the detailed procedures of assembling a PDZ motif-dependent CFTR-containing macromolecular complex in vitro, which is used extensively by our laboratory to study protein-protein or domain-domain interactions involving CFTR16-19,28,29.

In Vitro Analysis of PDZ-dependent CFTR Macromolecular Signaling Complexes

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), an epithelial chloride channel, has been reported to interact with various proteins and regulate important cellular processes; among them the CFTR PDZ motif-mediated interactions have been well documented. This protocol describes methods we developed to assemble a PDZ-dependent CFTR macromolecular signaling complex in vitro.

Análise in vitro de PDZ-dependentes Complexos Macromoleculares CFTR Sinalização

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel located primarily at the apical membranes of epithelial cells, plays a ...

Reconstitution of a Kv Channel into Lipid Membranes for Structural and Functional Studies

To study the lipid-protein interaction in a reductionistic fashion, it is necessary to incorporate the membrane proteins into membranes of well-defined lipid composition. We are studying the lipid-dependent gating effects in a prototype voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel, and have worked out detailed procedures to reconstitute the channels into different membrane systems. Our reconstitution procedures take consideration of both detergent-induced fusion of vesicles and the fusion of protein/detergent micelles with the lipid/detergent mixed micelles as well as the importance of reaching an equilibrium distribution of lipids among the protein/detergent/lipid and the detergent/lipid mixed micelles. Our data suggested that the insertion of the channels in the lipid vesicles is relatively random in orientations, and the reconstitution efficiency is so high that no detectable protein aggregates were seen in fractionation experiments. We have utilized the reconstituted channels to determine the conformational states of the channels in different lipids, record electrical activities of a small number of channels incorporated in planar lipid bilayers, screen for conformation-specific ligands from a phage-displayed peptide library, and support the growth of 2D crystals of the channels in membranes. The reconstitution procedures described here may be adapted for studying other membrane proteins in lipid bilayers, especially for the investigation of the lipid effects on the eukaryotic voltage-gated ion channels.

Procedures for complete reconstitution of a prototype voltage-gated potassium channel into lipid membranes are described. The reconstituted channels are suitable for biochemical assays, electrical recordings, ligand screening and electron crystallographic studies. These methods may have general applications to the structural and functional studies of other membrane proteins.

Reconstituição de um canal de Kv para membranas lipídicas de Estudos estruturais e funcionais

To study the lipid-protein interaction in a reductionistic fashion, it is necessary to incorporate the membrane proteins into membranes of well-defined ...

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

In plants and green algae, light is captured by the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), a family of integral membrane proteins that coordinate chlorophylls and carotenoids. In vivo, these proteins are folded with pigments to form complexes which are inserted in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The high similarity in the chemical and physical properties of the members of the family, together with the fact that they can easily lose pigments during isolation, makes their purification in a native state challenging. An alternative approach to obtain homogeneous preparations of LHCs was developed by Plumley and Schmidt in 19871, who showed that it was possible to reconstitute these complexes in vitro starting from purified pigments and unfolded apoproteins, resulting in complexes with properties very similar to that of native complexes. This opened the way to the use of bacterial expressed recombinant proteins for in vitro reconstitution. The reconstitution method is powerful for various reasons: (1) pure preparations of individual complexes can be obtained, (2) pigment composition can be controlled to assess their contribution to structure and function, (3) recombinant proteins can be mutated to study the functional role of the individual residues (e.g., pigment binding sites) or protein domain (e.g., protein-protein interaction, folding). This method has been optimized in several laboratories and applied to most of the light-harvesting complexes. The protocol described here details the method of reconstituting light-harvesting complexes in vitro currently used in our laboratory, and examples describing applications of the method are provided.

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

This protocol details the reconstitution of light-harvesting complexes in vitro. These integral membrane proteins coordinate chlorophylls and carotenoids and are responsible for harvesting light in higher plants and green algae.

In Vitro Reconstituição de Complexos de Light-colheita de plantas e algas verdes

In plants and green algae, light is captured by the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), a family of integral membrane proteins that coordinate chlorophylls ...

Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an affinity purified yeast kinase fusion protein containing a V5-epitope tag for read-out. Purified kinase is obtained through culture of a yeast strain optimized for high copy protein production harboring a plasmid containing a Kinase-V5 fusion construct under a GAL inducible promoter. The yeast is grown in restrictive media with a neutral carbon source for 6 hr followed by induction with 2% galactose. Next, the culture is harvested and kinase is purified using standard affinity chromatographic techniques to obtain a highly purified protein kinase for use in the assay. The purified kinase is diluted with kinase buffer to an appropriate range for the assay and the protein microarrays are blocked prior to hybridization with the protein microarray. After the hybridization, the arrays are probed with monoclonal V5 antibody to identify proteins bound by the kinase-V5 protein. Finally, the arrays are scanned using a standard microarray scanner, and data is extracted for downstream informatics analysis1,2 to determine a high confidence set of protein interactions for downstream validation in vivo.

Using protein microarrays containing nearly the entire S. cerevisiae proteome is probed for rapid unbiased interrogation of thousands of protein-protein interactions in parallel. This method can be utilized for protein-small molecule, posttranslational modification, and other assays in high-throughput.

Sondagem de alta densidade microarrays proteína funcional para detectar interacções proteína-proteína

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an ...

Reconstitution of a Transmembrane Protein, the Voltage-gated Ion Channel, KvAP, into Giant Unilamellar Vesicles for Microscopy and Patch Clamp Studies

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are a popular biomimetic system for studying membrane associated phenomena. However, commonly used protocols to grow GUVs must be modified in order to form GUVs containing functional transmembrane proteins. This article describes two dehydration-rehydration methods &#8212; electroformation and gel-assisted swelling &#8212; to form GUVs containing the voltage-gated potassium channel, KvAP. In both methods, a solution of protein-containing small unilamellar vesicles is partially dehydrated to form a stack of membranes, which is then allowed to swell in a rehydration buffer. For the electroformation method, the film is deposited on platinum electrodes so that an AC field can be applied during film rehydration. In contrast, the gel-assisted swelling method uses an agarose gel substrate to enhance film rehydration. Both methods can produce GUVs in low (e.g., 5 mM) and physiological (e.g., 100 mM) salt concentrations. The resulting GUVs are characterized via fluorescence microscopy, and the function of reconstituted channels measured using the inside-out patch-clamp configuration. While swelling in the presence of an alternating electric field (electroformation) gives a high yield of defect-free GUVs, the gel-assisted swelling method produces a more homogeneous protein distribution and requires no special equipment.

The reconstitution of the transmembrane protein, KvAP, into giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) is demonstrated for two dehydration-rehydration methods &#8212; electroformation, and gel-assisted swelling. In both methods, small unilamellar vesicles containing the protein are fused together to form GUVs that can then be studied by fluorescence microscopy and patch-clamp electrophysiology.

Reconstituição de uma proteína transmembrana, a voltagem-Ion Channel, KvAP, em Gigante Unilamelares Vesicles para microscopia e de Patch Estudos Grampo

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are a popular biomimetic system for studying membrane associated phenomena. However, commonly used protocols to grow ...