Este trabalho foi apoiado por uma bolsa da Ciências Naturais e do Conselho de Investigação do Canadá Engenharia (NSERC, conceder nenhuma 298.515-2011). AL é o destinatário de um Ph.D. bolsa de estudos das ciências naturais e Council of Canada (NSERC) Pesquisa de Engenharia, e MS foi apoiada de uma concessão dos Institutos Canadenses de Pesquisa em Saúde (CIHR, conceder nenhuma. MOP123246).

Todos os procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com a Canadian Council on Animal Care orientações após a aprovação pelo Comitê Animal Care Institucional do Centro de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l&#39;Université de Montréal (CRCHUM). 1. Isolamento, identificação e Cultura de Murino macrófagos Peritoneal <ol><li> Prepare meio de tioglicolato de 3,8% de cerveja. Para fazê-lo, suspensão 38 g de tioglicolato em 1000 ml de água destilada. Traga solução para ferver para dissolver o meio completamente. Esterilizar por autoclavagem a 121 ° C durante 15 min. Armazenar até 3 meses no escuro, à temperatura ambiente 18. NOTA: Descarte se desenvolve turbidez o que indica uma contaminação bacteriana. A solução pode ser mantida por até um ano no escuro, se manteve estéril. </li><li> Usando seringas de 1 ml ligados a 23 agulhas G, injectar 1 ml de 3,8% de tioglicolato Brewer para dentro da cavidade peritoneal de cada mouse e esperar por 3 dias. Use nova seringa e agulha para cada rato. </li><li> Anestesiar ratos por injecção intraperitoneal de pentobarbital de sódio (100 mg / kg) e a eutanásia ratos por deslocamento cervical. Confirme anestesia adequada, verificando a freqüência respiratória. Normalmente respirações rápidas indicam que o mouse não está profundamente anestesiados. </li><li> Lavar o abdómen de cada rato com etanol a 70%. Usando uma tesoura, realizar uma incisão lateral ao longo da linha média inferior do peritônio. </li><li> Usando uma pinça, puxar para trás a pele abdominal para expor a pele peritoneal transparente. Usando 5 ml seringas unidas a 20 agulhas G, injectar 5 ml de DPBS frio para dentro da cavidade peritoneal de cada rato. </li><li> Realizar uma massagem suave na cavidade peritoneal e, em seguida, aspirar o fluido com cuidado, sem perfurar qualquer órgão. Remover a agulha e dispensar o fluido peritoneal em tubos de 50 ml de centrífuga cónicos. </li><li> Centrifugar durante 10 minutos a 400 xg numa centrifugadora refrigerada.As células devem ficar frio durante todo o procedimento. Descartar o sobrenadante e ressuspender o sedimento de células em meio RPMI 1640. </li><li> Usando um hemocitómetro, contagem de células e ajustar a densidade celular para 1 x 10 6 células / ml. </li><li> Caracterizar o fenótipo de células isoladas por citometria de fluxo utilizando 1 x 10 6 culas por rato e antibodie contra F4 / 80 (um antigénio de superfície expresso em macrófagos). </li></ol> 2. tratamentos com células- <ol><li> Directamente, após isolamento, adicionar 1 x 10 6 células em cada poço. Deixar os macrófagos peritoneais murinos para aderir em placas de 6 poços por cultura durante 1 a 2 horas a 37 ° C. Remover as células não aderentes por lavagem suave três vezes com PBS quente. </li><li> Subsequentemente, as células de cultura em 900 ul de DMEM isento de soro durante 24 horas na presença das seguintes ligandos de TLR: (Pam3CSK4-TLR1 / 2 (0,5 mg / ml); poli (I: C) -TLR3 (10 mg / ml) ; LPS-TLR4 (100 ng / mL); A flagelina-TLR5 (100 ng / ml); FSL1-TLR6 / 2 (100 ng / ml); ssRNA40-TLR7 (1 ug / ml); ODN1826-TLR9 (1 uM). NOTA: Prepare-se para cada ligando uma solução 10x estoque. Adicionar 100 ul desta última em cada poço, realizando assim uma diluição de 10 vezes. </li></ol> 3. Isolamento de ARN <ol><li> Remover todas as células de média e lisam directamente nas placas de seis poços por adição de 1 ml de TRIzol a cada poço e a passagem do ligado de células várias vezes através de uma pipeta. Incubar as amostras homogeneizadas durante 5 a 10 min à temperatura ambiente, para permitir a dissociação completa do complexo de nucleoproteínas. </li><li> Transferir ligado em 1,5 ml RNase- e microtubos livre de DNase. Adicionar 0,2 ml de clorofórmio por cada 1 mL de TRIzol. Agitar tubos vigorosamente à mão durante 15 segundos e incubar à temperatura ambiente durante 5 a 10 min. Centrifuga-se a 12000 xg durante 15 min a 4 ° C. Observe-se a mistura para uma fase de separação vermelho (fenol-clorofórmio) inferior, uma interfase e uma fase aquosa superior incolor. ARN permanece exclusivamente na fase aquosa. </li><li> Transfer cuidadosamente a fase aquosa superior para um tubo fresco, sem perturbar a interfase. Precipitar o ARN a partir dele por mistura com 0,5 ml de álcool isopropílico. Incubar as amostras à temperatura ambiente durante 10 min e centrifuga-se a 12.000 xg durante 10 min a 4 ° C. O ARN precipitados formando um sedimento branco no lado e no fundo do tubo. </li><li> Remover o sobrenadante. Lava-se a pelete de ARN, uma vez com 1 ml de etanol a 75%. Misturar as amostras com vórtex e centrifugar a 7500 xg durante 5 min a 4 ° C. Resumidamente secar o ARN (secar ao ar durante 10 min). Dissolve-se o ARN em 0,1 mL de DEPC (ARNase isenta de água) e incubar durante 10 min a 55 ° C. </li><li> Quantificar ARN utilizando um espectrofotómetro. Para fazê-lo, amostras diluídas 100 vezes em água com DEPC e lidas a comprimentos de onda de 260 nm. A concentração de RNA será então: OD 260 x 40 ng / ul x fator de diluição. </li><li> Equalizar as concentrações de RNA e síntese de cDNA, conforme as instruções do fabricante e utilizando RT-PCR Sistema de kit de primeiros-Strand cDNA Synthesis. Comoacordo com as instruções do fabricante, medir os níveis de ARNm do gene por PCR em tempo real (45 ciclos) em um sistema de detecção de ADN em tempo real. Normalizar os níveis de expressão gênica com gene dois arrumação por exemplo β-actina e GAPDH. NOTA: A concentração de RNA Normalizar a 500 ug / ml e 0,5 ug utilizar para a síntese de cDNA. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have no competing financial interests.

Os macrófagos são cruciais para a sobrevivência e fornecer um alvo tentador para manipular o host para objectivos imunológicos. A descoberta dos TLRs e outras moléculas de reconhecimento têm conduzido os macrófagos para o centro do debate imunológica. Os macrófagos responder a uma variedade de estímulos, incluindo citocinas, moléculas associadas a danos moleculares padrão (20) amortece e moléculas associadas com grupos de patógenos (PAMPs) 21. Estas respostas estímulos diferentes rep...

O sistema reticuloendotelial fagocítico é composto de células em vários tecidos e órgãos, tais como a medula óssea, sangue, fígado e baço. Os macrófagos são amplamente distribuídos ao redor do corpo, onde elas nomeadamente participar inata e adaptativa respostas imunes para controlar infecções e claras. Em adição ao seu papel na defesa do hospedeiro, os macrófagos desempenham também um papel importante na cicatrização de feridas e na manutenção da homeostase dos tecidos 1,2. Além disso, os macrófagos não só são importantes para a função imune, mas também participar activamente na homeostase do ferro 3. No corpo, cerca de 80% do ferro está presente na hemoglobina dentro de eritrócitos, que quando senescentes são fagocitadas por macrófagos 4. Diariamente, estes macrófagos reciclar 25 mg de ferro derivados do eritrócito e fornecer o seu transporte para o plasma 5. Além disso, durante a infecção e inflamação, os macrófagos pró-inflamatórias seqüestrar ferro sérico para reduzir availabili ferroty a patógenos, em ambos os níveis sistêmicos e locais 6-8. Assim, os estudos mostraram que os macrófagos e principalmente hepatócitos produzir um péptido antimicrobiano denominado hepcidina que é considerado o principal regulador do metabolismo do ferro 9, 10. A hepcidina é aumentado principalmente por estímulos inflamatórios e é parcialmente responsável pelo seqüestro de ferro em macrófagos em cima inflamação crônica 11-13. Como expressão da hepcidina em macrófagos não é muito bem compreendido, estudamos o possível papel dos receptores Toll-like (TLR) neste regulamento. Os TLRs são encontrados principalmente em macrófagos e desempenham um papel central na sua activação. Além disso, o LPS hepcidina expressão induzida no fígado é dependente de TLR4 13. Portanto, para executar o nosso estudo, foi utilizado um método com base no isolamento de macrófagos peritoneais murinos. Linhas celulares de macrófagos são amplamente utilizados em parafuso prisioneiro de macrófagoss; no entanto, a cultura prolongada pode provocar perda de gene e diminuiu funções imunológicas nestas linhas celulares. Assim, o isolamento de macrófagos da cavidade peritoneal é crucial. A cavidade peritoneal do rato apresenta um local ideal para a colheita macrófagos 13-15. Isolado macrófagos peritoneais de murino são convenientes para diversos estudos em relação à sua função imunológica. No entanto, o número de macrófagos do peritoneu é insuficiente para estudos extensivos e é estimado em cerca de 1 x 10 6 macrófagos por rato. Assim, para aumentar a produção de macrófagos, provocando um agente de estéril tal como tioglicolato foi injectada na cavidade peritoneal anterior à colheita de células. Após a injecção de tioglicolato, o rendimento de macrófagos por rato foi aumentada em 10 vezes. Apesar do aumento na produção de macrófagos, tioglicolato de Brewer médias atos como um irritante que induz uma resposta inflamatória, resultando no recrutamento de macrófagos, que may mas não é necessário afectar a expressão do gene. Assim, um grupo de controlo que consiste em macrófagos não-tratados devem ser incluídos em cada experiência. Nas nossas mãos, hepcidina expressão que é altamente estimulada pela inflamação não foi detectada em tioglicolato não-tratados induziu macrófagos peritoneais. Além disso, estudos têm mostrado que tioglicolato de cerveja recruta numerosos macrófagos, mas não ativá-los 16. Por outro lado, tioglicolato de Brewer eliciada macrófagos mostraram um aumento na enzima lisossómica, mas uma diminuição na morte de microorganismos ingeridos 17. No entanto, a capacidade fagocitária não foi afetado quando comparado com os macrófagos não provocou 16. Uma vez cultivadas em placas, os macrófagos peritoneais se tornar aderente, permitindo assim a sua separação a partir de outro tipo de células isoladas da cavidade peritoneal. Subsequentemente, os macrófagos isolados foram estimulados com diferentes agonistas de TLRs.Por fim, o ARNm foi extraído a partir das células cultivadas e a expressão do gene foi analisada utilizando reacção em cadeia da polimerase-transcriptase reversa quantitativo (qRT-PCR).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td>Charles River Laboratories, Inc. (Wilmington, MA, USA)</td>
			<td>475</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thioglycollate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO)</td>
			<td>19032-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% sodium pentobarbital (Used for mice anesthesia (80 mg/kg, i.p.))</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), placed on ice and will serve to harvest macrophages</td>
			<td>WISENT INC Canada (QC)</td>
			<td>311-425-CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI medium 1640 (Supplement with penicillin, streptomycin, L-glutamine, and 10 % fetal calf serum).</td>
			<td>WISENT INC Canada (QC)</td>
			<td>350-000-CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 and 5 ml syringes</td>
			<td>BD USA (NJ)</td>
			<td>309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Six-well plates</td>
			<td>Corning Incorporated (NY, USA)</td>
			<td>MCT-150-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacterial lipoprotein Pam3CSK4 (0.5 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLRL-pm25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyionosine&#8211;polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) (10 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLRL-PIC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LPS from Escherichia coli 055:B5 (100 ng/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>L2880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium (100 ng/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLR-FLIC-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipoprotein synthetic FSL1 (100 ng/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLR-FSL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ssRNA derived from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat ssRNA40 (1 &#956;g/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLR-LRNA-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type B CpG oligonucleotide ODN1826 (1 &#956;M)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>11B16-MM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIZOL</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, (Burlington, ON, Canada)</td>
			<td>15596-026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20g and 23g needles</td>
			<td>BD USA (NJ)</td>
			<td>305175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml conical tubes placed on ice</td>
			<td>Sarstedt (Newton, MA, USA)</td>
			<td>62.547.205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red Blood Cells Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO)</td>
			<td>R7757-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F4/80 antibody</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD ( CA, USA)</td>
			<td>MCA497APC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD16/CD32 antibodies</td>
			<td>Pharmingen, {Mississauga, ON, CA)</td>
			<td>553141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>Coulter Epics Elite counter, Coulter, (Hialeah, FL,USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Six-well plates</td>
			<td>Corning Incorporated (NY, USA)</td>
			<td>MCT-150-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacterial lipoprotein Pam3CSK4 (0.5 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLRL-pm25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyionosine&#8211;polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) (10 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLRL-PIC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LPS from Escherichia coli 055:B5 (100 ng/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>L2880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium (100 ng/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLR-FLIC-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipoprotein synthetic FSL1 (100 ng/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLR-FSL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ssRNA derived from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat ssRNA40 (1 &#956;g/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLR-LRNA-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type B CpG oligonucleotide ODN1826 (1 &#956;M)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>11B16-MM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIZOL</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, (Burlington, ON, Canada)</td>
			<td>15596-026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td>Axygen Scietific (CA,USA)</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific (ON, Canada)</td>
			<td>UN1888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>JT Baker (PA, USA)</td>
			<td>70566</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75% ethanol (in DEPC treated water)</td>
			<td>Commercial Alchohols (QC, Canada)</td>
			<td>17394</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.01% diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) treated water (let stand overnight and autoclave)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO)</td>
			<td>216.542.8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omniscript RT-PCR system</td>
			<td>Qiagen, (Mississauga, ON, Canada)</td>
			<td>205113</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotor Gene 3000</td>
			<td>Montreal Biotech, (Kirkland, QC, Canada)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuantiTect SYBR Green I PCR kits</td>
			<td>Qiagen, (Mississauga, ON, Canada)</td>
			<td>204141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of murine peritoneal macrophages to carry out gene expression analysis upon toll-like receptors stimulation

Durante a infecção e inflamação, os monócitos circulantes na corrente sanguínea e deixar migrar para os tecidos, onde eles diferenciam-se em macrófagos. Os macrófagos expressam receptores de superfície semelhantes a Toll (TLRs) que reconhecem padrões moleculares conservadas através da evolução de uma vasta gama de microorganismos. TLRs desempenhar um papel central na activação de macrófagos, que está geralmente associada com a expressão do gene alteração. Os macrófagos são críticas em muitas doenças e surgiram como alvos atractivos para terapia. No seguinte protocolo, que descrevem um procedimento para isolar macrófagos peritoneais de murino, utilizando meio de tioglicolato de Brewer. Este último irá aumentar a migração dos monócitos para o peritoneu, por conseguinte irá aumentar este rendimento de macrófagos por 10 vezes. Vários estudos têm sido realizados utilizando medula óssea, baço ou peritoneal derivada macrófagos. No entanto, os macrófagos peritoneais foram mostrados para ser mais maduro no isolamento e são mais estáveis ​​no seu funcionaldade e fenótipo. Assim, macrófagos isolados a partir da cavidade peritoneal de murino apresentar uma população de células importante que pode servir em diferentes estudos imunológicos e metabólicos. Uma vez isolados, os macrófagos foram estimulados com diferentes ligandos de TLR e, consequentemente, a expressão do gene foi avaliada.

Nós caracterizado pela primeira vez os macrófagos peritoneais murinos isolados por citometria de fluxo. Para isso, utilizou-se 80 / (F4) anticorpos que reconhecem especificamente marcadores única expressas por macrófagos. Esta caracterização é necessária para determinar a percentagem de macrófagos isolados e para os distinguir entre células obtidas durante o processo de isolamento. Tal como mostrado na (figura 1), a percentagem de células que expressam o antigénio F4 / 80 foi consistentement...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages to Carry Out Gene Expression Analysis Upon Toll-like Receptors Stimulation at JoVE.com

Isolation of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages to Carry Out Gene Expression Analysis Upon Toll-like Receptors Stimulation

We describe here a simple protocol to isolate murine peritoneal macrophages. This procedure is followed by RNA extraction to carry out gene expression analysis upon Toll-like receptors stimulation.

Isolamento de Murino macrófagos peritoniais de Cumprir a análise de expressão gênica Após Toll-like receptors Estimulação

During infection and inflammation, circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate into tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages. ...

isolation-murine-peritoneal-macrophages-to-carry-out-gene-expression

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

36.0K visualizações.  Institut du cancer de Montréal. We describe here a simple protocol to isolate murine peritoneal macrophages. This procedure is followed by RNA extraction to carry out gene expression analysis upon Toll-like receptors stimulation.

Vídeo: Isolation of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages to Carry Out Gene Expression Analysis Upon Toll-like Receptors Stimulation

Isolation of Mouse Peritoneal Cavity Cells

The peritoneal cavity is a membrane-bound and fluid-filled abdominal cavity of mammals, which contains the liver, spleen, most of the gastro-intestinal tract and other viscera. It harbors a number of immune cells including macrophages, B cells and T cells. The presence of a high number of na&iuml;ve macrophages in the peritoneal cavity makes it a preferred site for the collection of na&iuml;ve tissue resident macrophages (1). The peritoneal cavity is also important to the study of B cells because of the presence of a unique peritoneal cavity-resident B cell subset known as B1 cells in addition to conventional B2 cells. B1 cells are subdivided into B1a and B1b cells, which can be distinguished by the surface expression of CD11b and CD5. B1 cells are an important source of natural IgM providing early protection from a variety of pathogens (2-4). These cells are autoreactive in nature (5), but how they are controlled to prevent autoimmunity is still not understood completely. On the contrary, CD5+ B1a cells possess some regulatory properties by virtue of their IL-10 producing capacity (6). Therefore, peritoneal cavity B1 cells are an interesting cell population to study because of their diverse function and many unaddressed questions associated with their development and regulation. The isolation of peritoneal cavity resident immune cells is tricky because of the lack of a defined structure inside the peritoneal cavity. Our protocol will describe a procedure for obtaining viable immune cells from the peritoneal cavity of mice, which then can be used for phenotypic analysis by flow cytometry and for different biochemical and immunological assays.

The peritoneal cavity in mammals contains different immune cell populations crucial for innate immune responses. An efficient isolation method is required for biochemical and functional analyses of these cells. Here we provide a comprehensive method for the isolation of peritoneal cavity cells in the mouse.

Isolamento de células de camundongo Peritoneal Cavity

The peritoneal cavity is a membrane-bound and fluid-filled abdominal cavity of mammals, which contains the liver, spleen, most of the gastro-intestinal ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Detection of  Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation

Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Not only are TLRs crucial sensors of microbial (e.g., viruses, bacteria and parasite) infections, they also play an important role in the pathophysiology of infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, and possibly in autoimmune diseases. Thus, the intensity and duration of TLR responses against infectious diseases must be tightly controlled. It follows that understanding the structural integrity of sensor receptors, their ligand interactions and signaling components is essential for subsequent immunological protection. It would also provide important opportunities for disease modification through sensor manipulation. Although the signaling pathways of TLR sensors are well characterized, the parameters controlling interactions between the sensors and their ligands still remain poorly defined. We have recently identified a novel mechanism of TLR activation by its natural ligand, which has not been previously observed 1,2. It suggests that ligand-induced TLR activation is tightly controlled by Neu1 sialidase activation. We have also reported that Neu1 tightly regulates neurotrophin receptors like TrkA and TrkB 3, which involve Neu1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) cross-talk in complex with the receptors 4. The sialidase assay has been initially use to find a novel ligand, thymoquinone, in the activation of Neu4 sialidase on the cell surface of macrophages, dendritic cells and fibroblast cells via GPCR G&alpha;i proteins and MMP-9 5. For TLR receptors, our data indicate that Neu1 sialidase is already in complex with TLR-2, -3 and -4 receptors, and is induced upon ligand binding to either receptor. Activated Neu1 sialidase hydrolyzes sialyl &alpha;-2,3-linked &beta;-galactosyl residues distant from ligand binding to remove steric hinderance to TLR-4 dimerization, MyD88/TLR4 complex recruitment, NFkB activation and pro-inflammatory cell responses. In a collaborative report, Neu1 sialidase has been shown to regulate phagocytosis in macrophage cells 6. Taken together, the sialidase assay has provided us with powerful insights to the molecular mechanisms of ligand-induced receptor activation. Although the precise relationship between Neu1 sialidase and the activation of TLR, Trk receptors has yet to be fully elucidated, it would represent a new or pioneering approach to cell regulation pathways.

The sialidase assay is a simple technical approach that will elucidate novel molecular mechanism(s) of TLR sensors of microbial infections and involvement in inflammatory diseases at the receptor level on the cell surface of live macrophages.

Detecção de Atividade Neu1 sialidase em Regulação Toll-like receptor de ativação

Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Not only are TLRs crucial sensors of ...

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood

Individual variations in immune status determine responses to infection and contribute to disease severity and outcome. Aging is associated with an increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections and decreased responsiveness to vaccines with a well-documented decline in humoral as well as cell-mediated immune responses1,2. We have recently assessed the effects of aging on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), key components of the innate immune system that detect microbial infection and trigger antimicrobial host defense responses3. In a large cohort of healthy human donors, we showed that peripheral blood monocytes from the elderly have decreased expression and function of certain TLRs4 and similar reduced TLR levels and signaling responses in dendritic cells (DCs), antigen-presenting cells that are pivotal in the linkage between innate and adaptive immunity5. We have shown dysregulation of TLR3 in macrophages and lower production of IFN by DCs from elderly donors in response to infection with West Nile virus6,7. 
Paramount to our understanding of immunosenescence and to therapeutic intervention is a detailed understanding of specific cell types responding and the mechanism(s) of signal transduction. Traditional studies of immune responses through imaging of primary cells and surveying cell markers by FACS or immunoblot have advanced our understanding significantly, however, these studies are generally limited technically by the small sample volume available from patients and the inability to conduct complex laboratory techniques on multiple human samples. ImageStream combines quantitative flow cytometry with simultaneous high-resolution digital imaging and thus facilitates investigation in multiple cell populations contemporaneously for an efficient capture of patient susceptibility. Here we demonstrate the use of ImageStream in DCs to assess TLR7/8 activation-mediated increases in phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of a key transcription factor, NF-&kappa;B, which initiates transcription of numerous genes that are critical for immune responses8. Using this technology, we have also recently demonstrated a previously unrecognized alteration of TLR5 signaling and the NF-&kappa;B pathway in monocytes from older donors that may contribute to altered immune responsiveness in aging9.

We describe use of ImageStream technology (<a href="http://www.amnis.com/" target="_blank">www.amnis.com</a>), which combines quantitative flow cytometry with simultaneous high-resolution digital imaging, to quantify cellular mechanisms of primary immune cells from well-defined patient cohorts. Our studies provide a blueprint for translational investigations to quantify lineage specific cellular responses in small samples from subject cohorts.

Imagem quantitativa da linhagem específica Toll-like receptor-mediados sinalização em monócitos e células dendríticas a partir de pequenas amostras de sangue humano

Individual variations in immune status determine responses to infection and contribute to disease severity and outcome.  Aging is associated with an ...

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique and important tissue to study immune mechanisms because it is involved in host immune response against oral biofilm that might cause periodontal diseases. Furthermore, the close proximity of the gingiva to alveolar bone tissue enables also studying bone remodeling under inflammatory conditions. Our method yields large amount of immune cells that allows analysis of even rare cell populations such as Langerhans cells and T regulatory cells as we demonstrated previously 1. Employing mice to study local immune responses involved in alveolar bone loss during periodontal diseases is advantageous because of the availability of various immunological and experimental tools. Nevertheless, due to their small size and the relatively inconvenient access to the murine gingiva, many studies avoided examination of this critical tissue. The method described in this work could facilitate gingival analysis, which hopefully will increase our understating on the oral immune system and its role during periodontal diseases.

This study describes an efficient technique to isolate and process gingival tissues from the mouse oral cavity in order to produce a single-cell culture. The resulting cells can be further used for flow cytometry analysis and molecular studies.

Isolamento, processamento e análise de células gengivais murino

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique ...

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote its motility and dissemination. New work has shown that proteins involved in actin-based motility are also linked to autophagy, an intracellular degradation process crucial for cell autonomous immunity. Strikingly, host cells may prevent actin-based motility of S. flexneri by compartmentalizing bacteria inside &#8216;septin cages&#8217; and targeting them to autophagy. These observations indicate that a more complete understanding of septins, a family of filamentous GTP-binding proteins, will provide new insights into the process of autophagy. This report describes protocols to monitor autophagy-cytoskeleton interactions caused by S. flexneri in vitro using tissue culture cells and in vivo using zebrafish larvae. These protocols enable investigation of intracellular mechanisms that control bacterial dissemination at the molecular, cellular, and whole organism level.

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

To counteract pathogen dissemination, host cells reorganize their cytoskeleton to compartmentalize bacteria and induce autophagy. Using Shigella infection of tissue culture cells, host and pathogen determinants underlying this process are identified and characterized. Using zebrafish models of Shigella infection, the role of discovered molecules and mechanisms are investigated in vivo.

Utilização de<em&gt; Shigella flexneri</em&gt; Para estudar interações Autophagy-Cytoskeleton

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote ...

Legionella pneumophila Outer Membrane Vesicles: Isolation and Analysis of Their Pro-inflammatory Potential on Macrophages

Bacteria are able to secrete a variety of molecules via various secretory systems. Besides the secretion of molecules into the extracellular space or directly into another cell, Gram-negative bacteria can also form outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). These membrane vesicles can deliver their cargo over long distances, and the cargo is protected from degradation by proteases and nucleases. 
Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is an intracellular, Gram-negative pathogen that causes a severe form of pneumonia. In humans, it infects alveolar macrophages, where it blocks lysosomal degradation and forms a specialized replication vacuole. Moreover, L. pneumophila produces OMVs under various growth conditions. To understand the role of OMVs in the infection process of human macrophages, we set up a protocol to purify bacterial membrane vesicles from liquid culture. The method is based on differential ultracentrifugation. The enriched OMVs were subsequently analyzed with regard to their protein and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) amount and were then used for the treatment of a human monocytic cell line or murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. The pro-inflammatory responses of those cells were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, alterations in a subsequent infection were analyzed. To this end, the bacterial replication of L. pneumophila in macrophages was studied by colony-forming unit assays. 
Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the purification of L. pneumophila OMVs from liquid culture by ultracentrifugation and for the downstream analysis of their pro-inflammatory potential on macrophages.

Legionella pneumophila Outer Membrane Vesicles: Isolation and Analysis of Their Pro-inflammatory Potential on Macrophages

Here, we describe the purification of Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from liquid cultures. These purified vesicles are then used for the treatment of macrophages to analyze their pro-inflammatory potential.

Legionella pneumophila Outer Membrane vesículas: Isolamento e Análise do seu potencial pró-inflamatórios em macrófagos

Bacteria are able to secrete a variety of molecules via various secretory systems. Besides the secretion of molecules into the extracellular space or ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

Isolamento de Salmonella typhimurium-contendo Phagosomes de macrófagos

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

Using Phylogenetic Analysis to Investigate Eukaryotic Gene Origin

Phylogenetic analysis uses nucleotide or amino acid sequences or other parameters, such as domain sequences and three-dimensional structure, to construct a tree to show the evolutionary relationship among different taxa (classification units) at the molecular level. Phylogenetic analysis can also be used to investigate domain relationships within an individual taxon, particularly for organisms that have undergone substantial change in morphology and physiology, but for which researchers lack fossil evidence due to the organisms&#39; long evolutionary history or scarcity of fossilization.
In this text, a detailed protocol is described for using the phylogenetic method, including amino acid sequence alignment using Clustal Omega, and subsequent phylogenetic tree construction using both Maximum Likelihood (ML) of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) and Bayesian Inference via MrBayes. To investigate the origin of eukaryotic Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEET) genes, 228 SWEETs including 35 SWEET proteins from unicellular eukaryotes and 57 SemiSWEET proteins from prokaryotes were analyzed. Interestingly, SemiSWEETs were found in prokaryotes, but SWEETs were found in eukaryotes. Two phylogenetic trees constructed using theoretically distinct methods have consistently&#160;suggested that the first eukaryotic SWEET gene might stem from the fusion of a bacterial SemiSWEET gene and an archaeal SemiSWEET gene.&#160;It is worth noting that one should be cautious to draw a conclusion based only on phylogenetic analysis, although it is useful to explain the underlying relationship between different taxa, which is difficult or even impossible to discern through experimental means.

A method of constructing a phylogenetic tree based on sequence homology of SWEETs from eukaryotes and SemiSWEETs from prokaryotes is described. Phylogenetic analysis is a useful tool for explaining the evolutionary relatedness between homologous proteins or genes from different organism groups.

Usando a análise filogenética para investigar a origem de genes eucariontes

Phylogenetic analysis uses nucleotide or amino acid sequences or other parameters, such as domain sequences and three-dimensional structure, to construct ...

Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages are equally important in turning off inflammatory responses. We have shown that macrophages stimulated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can produce high amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IVIg is a polyvalent antibody, primarily immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), pooled from the plasma of more than 1,000 blood donors. It is used to supplement antibodies in patients with immune deficiencies or to suppress immune responses in patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. Infliximab, a therapeutic anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;) antibody, has also been shown to activate macrophages to produce IL-10 in response to inflammatory stimuli. IVIg and other antibody-based biologics can be tested to determine their effects on macrophage activation. This paper describes methods for derivation, stimulation, and assessment of murine bone marrow macrophages activated by antibodies in vitro and murine peritoneal macrophages activated with antibodies in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate the use of western blotting to determine the contribution of specific cell signaling pathways to anti-inflammatory macrophage activity. These protocols can be used with genetically modified mice, to determine the effect of a specific protein(s) on anti-inflammatory macrophage activation. These techniques can also be used to assess whether specific biologics may act by changing macrophages to an IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory activation state that reduces inflammatory responses in vivo. This can provide information on the role of macrophage activation in the efficacy of biologics during disease models in mice, and provide insight into a potential new mechanism of action in people. Conversely, this may caution against the use of specific antibody-based biologics to treat infectious disease, particularly if macrophages play an important role in host defense against that infection.

Antibody-based drugs have revolutionized treatment for inflammatory diseases. In addition to having direct effects on specific targets, antibodies can activate macrophages to become anti-inflammatory. This protocol describes how anti-inflammatory macrophage activation can be assessed in vitro, using mouse bone marrow macrophages, and in vivo, using peritoneal macrophages.

Avaliação dos efeitos de drogas baseados em anticorpo murino da medula óssea e ativação de macrófagos peritoneais

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages ...

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and their important role in lung development and function, as well as their lung-localized responses to infection and inflammation. To date, no unified method for identification, isolation, and handling of alveolar macrophages from humans and mice exists. Such a method is needed for studies on these important innate immune cells in various experimental settings. The method described here, which can be easily adopted by any laboratory, is a simplified approach to harvesting alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or from lung tissue and maintaining them in vitro. Because alveolar macrophages primarily occur as adherent cells in the alveoli, the focus of this method is on dislodging them prior to harvest and identification. The lung is a highly vascularized organ, and various cell types of myeloid and lymphoid origin inhabit, interact, and are influenced by the lung microenvironment. By using the set of surface markers described here, researchers can easily and unambiguously distinguish alveolar macrophages from other leukocytes, and purify them for downstream applications. The culture method developed herein supports both human and mouse alveolar macrophages for in vitro growth, and is compatible with cellular and molecular studies.

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

This communication describes methodologies for isolation and culture of alveolar macrophages from humans and murine models for experimental purposes.

Isolamento e cultura In Vitro de macrófagos alveolares murino e humanos

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and ...