Name: imaging cleared embryonic and postnatal hearts at single-cell resolution
Uploaded: 2016-10-07T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Cleared Embryonic and Postnatal Hearts at Single-cell Resolution at JoVE.com

We thank M.W. laboratory members for scientific discussion. This work is supported by AHA [13SDG16920099] to M.W., and by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grants [R01HL121700] to M.W. Images were captured in the Imaging Core Facility at the Albany Medical College.

All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Albany Medical College and performed according to the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
1. Solution Preparations
NOTE: The Rosa26CreERT2 15, R26R-Confetti16, &#945;MHC-Cre17,and Rosa26-mTmG (mTmG)20 mouse lines were purchased commercially. cTnT-Cre18 ...

<ol>
	<li>Vincent, S. D., Buckingham, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+make+a+heart:+the+origin+and+regulation+of+cardiac+progenitor+cells.">How to make a heart: the origin and regulation of cardiac progenitor cells.</a> Curr Top Dev Biol. 90, 1-41 (2010).</li><li>Olson, E. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+decade+of+discoveries+in+cardiac+biology.">A decade of discoveries in cardiac biology.</a> Nat Med. 10, 467-474 (2004).</li><li>Olson, E. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+regulatory+networks+in+the+evolution+and+development+of+the+heart.">Gene regulatory networks in the evolution and development of the heart.</a> Science. 313, 1922-1927 (2006).</li><li>Bruneau, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+developmental+genetics+of+congenital+heart+disease.">The developmental genetics of congenital heart disease.</a> Nature. 451, 943-948 (2008).</li><li>Mohun, T. J., Weninger, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embedding+embryos+for+high-resolution+episcopic+microscopy+(HREM).">Embedding embryos for high-resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM).</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. , 678-680 (2012).</li><li>Soufan, A. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+reconstruction+of+gene+expression+patterns+during+cardiac+development.">Three-dimensional reconstruction of gene expression patterns during cardiac development.</a> Physiol Genomics. 13, 187-195 (2003).</li><li>Richardson, D. S., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clarifying+Tissue+Clearing.">Clarifying Tissue Clearing.</a> Cell. 162, 246-257 (2015).</li><li>Susaki, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-brain+imaging+with+single-cell+resolution+using+chemical+cocktails+and+computational+analysis.">Whole-brain imaging with single-cell resolution using chemical cocktails and computational analysis.</a> Cell. 157, 726-739 (2014).</li><li>Becker, K., Jahrling, N., Saghafi, S., Weiler, R., Dodt, H. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+clearing+and+dehydration+of+GFP+expressing+mouse+brains.">Chemical clearing and dehydration of GFP expressing mouse brains.</a> PLoS One. 7, e33916 (2012).</li><li>Erturk, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+imaging+of+solvent-cleared+organs+using+3DISCO.">Three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organs using 3DISCO.</a> Nat Protoc. 7, 1983-1995 (2012).</li><li>Ke, M. T., Fujimoto, S., Imai, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SeeDB:+a+simple+and+morphology-preserving+optical+clearing+agent+for+neuronal+circuit+reconstruction.">SeeDB: a simple and morphology-preserving optical clearing agent for neuronal circuit reconstruction.</a> Nat Neurosci. 16, 1154-1161 (2013).</li><li>Chung, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+and+molecular+interrogation+of+intact+biological+systems.">Structural and molecular interrogation of intact biological systems.</a> Nature. 497, 332-337 (2013).</li><li>Yang, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+phenotyping+within+transparent+intact+tissue+through+whole-body+clearing.">Single-cell phenotyping within transparent intact tissue through whole-body clearing.</a> Cell. 158, 945-958 (2014).</li><li>Hama, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scale:+a+chemical+approach+for+fluorescence+imaging+and+reconstruction+of+transparent+mouse+brain.">Scale: a chemical approach for fluorescence imaging and reconstruction of transparent mouse brain.</a> Nat Neurosci. 14, 1481-1488 (2011).</li><li>Badea, T. C., Wang, Y., Nathans, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+noninvasive+genetic/pharmacologic+strategy+for+visualizing+cell+morphology+and+clonal+relationships+in+the+mouse.">A noninvasive genetic/pharmacologic strategy for visualizing cell morphology and clonal relationships in the mouse.</a> J Neurosci. 23, 2314-2322 (2003).</li><li>Livet, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+strategies+for+combinatorial+expression+of+fluorescent+proteins+in+the+nervous+system.">Transgenic strategies for combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins in the nervous system.</a> Nature. 450, 56-62 (2007).</li><li>Agah, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+recombination+in+postmitotic+cells.+Targeted+expression+of+Cre+recombinase+provokes+cardiac-restricted,+site-specific+rearrangement+in+adult+ventricular+muscle+in+vivo.">Gene recombination in postmitotic cells. Targeted expression of Cre recombinase provokes cardiac-restricted, site-specific rearrangement in adult ventricular muscle in vivo.</a> J Clin Invest. 100, 169-179 (1997).</li><li>Jiao, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+essential+role+of+Bmp4+in+the+atrioventricular+septation+of+the+mouse+heart.">An essential role of Bmp4 in the atrioventricular septation of the mouse heart.</a> Genes Dev. 17, 2362-2367 (2003).</li><li>Wu, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endocardial+cells+form+the+coronary+arteries+by+angiogenesis+through+myocardial-endocardial+VEGF+signaling.">Endocardial cells form the coronary arteries by angiogenesis through myocardial-endocardial VEGF signaling.</a> Cell. 151, 1083-1096 (2012).</li><li>Muzumdar, M. D., Tasic, B., Miyamichi, K., Li, L., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+global+double-fluorescent+Cre+reporter+mouse.">A global double-fluorescent Cre reporter mouse.</a> Genesis. 45, 593-605 (2007).</li><li>Wu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epicardial+spindle+orientation+controls+cell+entry+into+the+myocardium.">Epicardial spindle orientation controls cell entry into the myocardium.</a> Dev Cell. 19, 114-125 (2010).</li><li>Zhao, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Numb+family+proteins+are+essential+for+cardiac+morphogenesis+and+progenitor+differentiation.">Numb family proteins are essential for cardiac morphogenesis and progenitor differentiation.</a> Development. 141, 281-295 (2014).</li><li>Kaufman, M. H., Kaufman, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The atlas of mouse development. , (1992).</li><li>Nagy, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manipulating the mouse embryo : a laboratory manual. , (2003).</li><li>Buckingham, M., Meilhac, S., Zaffran, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Building+the+mammalian+heart+from+two+sources+of+myocardial+cells.">Building the mammalian heart from two sources of myocardial cells.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 6, 826-835 (2005).</li><li>Kelly, R. G., Buckingham, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+anterior+heart-forming+field:+voyage+to+the+arterial+pole+of+the+heart.">The anterior heart-forming field: voyage to the arterial pole of the heart.</a> Trends Genet. 18, 210-216 (2002).</li><li>Verzi, M. P., McCulley, D. J., De Val, S., Dodou, E., Black, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+right+ventricle,+outflow+tract,+and+ventricular+septum+comprise+a+restricted+expression+domain+within+the+secondary/anterior+heart+field.">The right ventricle, outflow tract, and ventricular septum comprise a restricted expression domain within the secondary/anterior heart field.</a> Dev Biol. 287, 134-145 (2005).</li><li>Ward, C., Stadt, H., Hutson, M., Kirby, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ablation+of+the+secondary+heart+field+leads+to+tetralogy+of+Fallot+and+pulmonary+atresia.">Ablation of the secondary heart field leads to tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia.</a> Dev Biol. 284, 72-83 (2005).</li><li>Echelard, Y., Vassileva, G., McMahon, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cis-acting+regulatory+sequences+governing+Wnt-1+expression+in+the+developing+mouse+CNS.">Cis-acting regulatory sequences governing Wnt-1 expression in the developing mouse CNS.</a> Development. 120, 2213-2224 (1994).</li><li>Jiang, X., Rowitch, D. H., Soriano, P., McMahon, A. P., Sucov, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fate+of+the+mammalian+cardiac+neural.">Fate of the mammalian cardiac neural.</a> Developement. 127, 1607-1616 (2000).</li><li>Viragh, S., Challice, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+origin+of+the+epicardium+and+the+embryonic+myocardial+circulation+in+the+mouse.">The origin of the epicardium and the embryonic myocardial circulation in the mouse.</a> Anat Rec. 201, 157-168 (1981).</li><li>Wu, M., Li, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Numb+family+proteins:+novel+players+in+cardiac+morphogenesis+and+cardiac+progenitor+cell+differentiation.">Numb family proteins: novel players in cardiac morphogenesis and cardiac progenitor cell differentiation.</a> Biomolecular concepts. 6, 137-148 (2015).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-Cell+Lineage+Tracing+Reveals+that+Oriented+Cell+Division+Contributes+to+Trabecular+Morphogenesis+and+Regional+Specification.">Single-Cell Lineage Tracing Reveals that Oriented Cell Division Contributes to Trabecular Morphogenesis and Regional Specification.</a> Cell reports. 15, 158-170 (2016).</li><li>Alkaabi, K. M., Yafea, A., Ashraf, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+pH+on+thermal-+and+chemical-induced+denaturation+of+GFP.">Effect of pH on thermal- and chemical-induced denaturation of GFP.</a> Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 126, 149-156 (2005).</li><li>Captur, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphogenesis+of+myocardial+trabeculae+in+the+mouse+embryo.">Morphogenesis of myocardial trabeculae in the mouse embryo.</a> J Anat. , (2016).</li></ol>

The embryo isolation is a very critical step. E9.5 embryos are very fragile and small in size, so extra care should be taken not to damage the embryo/heart structures during isolation. The non-embryonic extra layers enveloping the embryo/heart should be removed carefully especially when imaging the whole embryo. This allows antibody and clearing mixture penetration deep inside the embryonic tissues, and also helps in removing the background signal when imaging. Multiple antibodies including antibodies against PECAM, acet...

Cardiac morphogenesis is a sequential event that requires the spatiotemporal organization of four different types of cardiac progenitor cells into distinct sectors of the heart, and also requires multiple genetic regulatory networks to orchestrate this process to form the functional heart1,2. Cardiac specification, differentiation, patterning, and chamber maturation are regulated by cardiogenic transcription factors3. Genetic mutation or posttranscriptional aberration of these factors in cardiac progenitor cells could result in either embryonic lethality or congenital heart defects (CHD)4. The study of cardiac morphogenesis requires an understanding of inherent structural details in three dimensions (3D) and single labeled cardiac progenitor cell lineage tracing during cardiac development will promote the understanding of cardiac morphogenesis. A number of high-resolution section based tomography methods have been developed in the past few decades to image organ structure5,6; however, these methods require expensive, specialized instruments, extensive labor, and lack detailed structural organization at single cell resolution in the final volumetric reconstructed image7,8.
3D volumetric imaging at the single cell level provides a means to study progenitor cell differentiation and cellular behavior in vivo7. However, tissue light scattering remains the primary obstacle to imaging cells and structures in 3D deep inside the intact heart. Lipids are a major source of light scattering, and the removal of lipids and/or adjustment of the refractive index difference between lipids and their surrounding areas are potential approaches for increasing tissue transparency8. In the past several years, a number of tissue clearing methods were developed, which reduce tissue opacity and light scattering, like BABB (benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate mixture) and DBE (tetrahydrofuran and dibenzylether); but in these methods, fluorescence quenching remains an issue8-10. The solvent based hydrophilic methods, such as SeeDB (fructose/thioglycerol) and 3DISCO (dichloromethane/dibenzylether), preserve fluorescent signals, but do not render the whole organ transparent7,8,11. In comparison, the CLARITY tissue-clearing method renders the organ transparent, but it requires a specialized electrophoresis device to remove lipids8,12, as does PACT (passive clarity technique), which also requires hydrogel embedding7,13. For detailed information regarding all available tissue-clearing methods, refer to Table 1 in Richardson and Lichtman, et al.7.
In 2011, Hama et al. serendipitously discovered a hydrophilic mixture &#39;Scale&#39; (urea, glycerol and Triton X-100 mixture) that renders the mouse brain and embryo transparent while completely preserving fluorescent signals from labeled clones14. This allows for the imaging of the intact brain at a depth of several millimeters and large-scale reconstruction of neuronal populations and projections at a subcellular resolution. Susaki et al. further improved Scale by adding aminoalcohols and developed the &#39;CUBIC&#39; (clear, unobstructed brain imaging cocktails and computational analysis) tissue clearing method, which increased phospholipid solubilization, reduced clearing time, and allowed for multicolor fluorescent imaging8. In the present study, taking advantage of the Scale and CUBIC tissue clearing techniques and high resolution 3D optical sectioning, individual clones inside the heart during cardiogenesis were traced using Rosa26CreERT2 15, R26R-Confetti16, &#945;MHC-Cre17, cTnT-Cre18, Nfatc1-Cre19, and Rosa26-mTmG (mTmG)20 mouse lines. The combination of the whole mount staining (WMS) method developed previously21,22 with tissue clearing methods further allowed for the staining of other proteins in labeled clones and for the study of their behavior in a 3D volumetric context. The combination of tissue clearing and WMS allows for a better understanding of the roles of different genes and proteins during cardiac development, and the etiology of congenital heart defects. This protocol can be applied to study other progenitor cell differentiation, cellular behavior, and organ morphogenesis events during development.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="950">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">2,2&#8242;,2&#8242;&#8217;-nitrilotriethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">90279</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4% Paraformaldehyde in PBS</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Affymetrix</td>
			<td>19943</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Fischer Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">BP16000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N,N,N&#8217;,N&#8217;-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">122262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate Buffer Saline</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">P5368-10PAK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton&#160;X-100</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Urea</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">U-1250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">84097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">G8773</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Tamoxifen</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">T5648</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Sunflower seed oil</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">S5007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">P1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">PECAM (CD31)</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">550274</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 647&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-21247</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">DAPI nuclear stain</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">D9542</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">37oC Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Thermoscientific Fischer</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Heratherm, Compact Microbiological Incubators</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">48 well plates</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Cell Treat</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">229148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Analytical Balance</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Metler Toledo</td>
			<td>PB153-S/FACT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Zeiss 510 confocal microscope</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Disecting Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Unitron</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Z850</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Observer. Z1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Germinator 500 Glass Bead Sterilizer</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">CellPoint Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">GER-5287-120V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Light Source</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">SCHOTT</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACE I</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pair of Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14084-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri dish 60x15mm&#160;</td>
			<td align="left">TPP Techno Plastic Products AG</td>
			<td>93060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Rocker II&#160; Platform Rocker</td>
			<td>Boekel Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">260350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scintillating tubes</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Fischer Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>03-337-26</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Transfer pipette</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Samco Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tweezers</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11251-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging cleared embryonic and postnatal hearts at single-cell resolution

Single clonal tracing and analysis at the whole-heart level can determine cardiac progenitor cell behavior and differentiation during cardiac development, and allow for the study of the cellular and molecular basis of normal and abnormal cardiac morphogenesis. Recent emerging technologies of retrospective single clonal analyses make the study of cardiac morphogenesis at single cell resolution feasible. However, tissue opacity and light scattering of the heart as imaging depth is increased hinder whole-heart imaging at single cell resolution. To overcome these obstacles, a whole-embryo clearing system that can render the heart highly transparent for both illumination and detection must be developed. Fortunately, in the last several years, many methodologies for whole-organism clearing systems such as CLARITY, Scale, SeeDB, ClearT, 3DISCO, CUBIC, DBE, BABB and PACT have been reported. This lab is interested in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cardiac morphogenesis. Recently, we established single cell lineage tracing via the ROSA26-CreERT2; ROSA26-Confetti system to sparsely label cells during cardiac development. We adapted several whole embryo-clearing methodologies including Scale and CUBIC (clear, unobstructed brain imaging cocktails and computational analysis) to clear the embryo in combination with whole mount staining to image single clones inside the heart. The heart was successfully imaged at single cell resolution. We found that Scale can clear the embryonic heart, but cannot effectively clear the postnatal heart, while CUBIC can clear the postnatal heart, but damages the embryonic heart by dissolving the tissue. The methods described here will permit the study of gene function at a single clone resolution during cardiac morphogenesis, which, in turn, can reveal the cellular and molecular basis of congenital heart defects.

Imaging the cleared embryonic heart
Vertebrate heart formation is a spatiotemporally regulated morphogenic process and depends on the organization and differentiation of progenitor cells from four different sources1. Cells from the first heart field of the cardiac crescent will fold toward the ventral midline to form a linear heart tube. The cells from the second heart field, initially residing dorsomedially to the fi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Cleared Embryonic and Postnatal Hearts at Single-cell Resolution at JoVE.com

Imaging Cleared Embryonic and Postnatal Hearts at Single-cell Resolution

We describe a protocol to volumetrically image fluorescent protein labeled cells deep inside intact embryonic and postnatal hearts. Utilizing tissue-clearing methods in combination with whole mount staining, single fluorescent protein-labeled cells inside an embryonic or postnatal heart can be imaged clearly and accurately.

Single clonal tracing and analysis at the whole-heart level can determine cardiac progenitor cell behavior and differentiation during cardiac development, ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Imaging Calcium in Drosophila at Egg Activation

Imaging Calcium in Drosophila at Egg Activation

Egg activation is a universal process that includes a series of events to allow the fertilized egg to complete meiosis and initiate embryonic development. ...

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

This protocol details the induction of a hemogenic program in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) via overexpression of transcription factors (TFs). We ...

Analysis of Coronary Vessels in Cleared Embryonic Hearts

Whole mount visualization of the embryonic coronary plexus from which the capillary and arterial networks will form is rendered problematic using standard ...

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Kinase activity is crucial for a plethora of cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. During early ...

Isotropic Light-Sheet Microscopy and Automated Cell Lineage Analyses to Catalogue Caenorhabditis elegans Embryogenesis with Subcellular Resolution

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) stands out as the only organism in which the challenge of understanding the cellular origins of an entire nervous ...

Capturing the Cardiac Injury Response of Targeted Cell Populations via Cleared Heart Three-Dimensional Imaging

Cardiovascular disease outranks all other causes of death and is responsible for a staggering 31% of mortalities worldwide. This disease manifests in ...

Laser Capture Microdissection of Mouse Embryonic Cartilage and Bone for Gene Expression Analysis

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a powerful tool to isolate specific cell types or regions of interest from heterogeneous tissues. The cellular and ...

Efficient Neural Differentiation using Single-Cell Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular ...

Multiplexed Single Cell mRNA Sequencing Analysis of Mouse Embryonic Cells

Single cell mRNA sequencing has made significant progress in the last several years and has become an important tool in the field of developmental ...

Vascular Casting of Adult and Early Postnatal Mouse Lungs for Micro-CT Imaging

Blood vessels form intricate networks in 3-dimensional space. Consequently, it is difficult to visually appreciate how vascular networks interact and ...