The Authors would first like to acknowledge all students from the freshman Biology 121- Ecology Module lab at Juniata College for their help in generating data used in this study. We would also like to thank Dr. Randy Bennett, Chris Walls, Sherry Isenberg, and Taylor Cox for their assistance in acquiring materials necessary to develop this methodology. Additionally, we would like to thank Dr. Norris Muth and Dr. John Unger for their advice on methodological development and Dr. Jill Keeney and the Biology department for their support of this endeavor. We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers that have helped to shape and focus this manuscript.&#160; Last but not least, I&#39;d like to thank Hudson Grant for his help with the initial stonefly collection for use in development of this technique

Nota: Este experimento não usar vertebrados e, portanto, não necessitam de aprovação pelo Instituto de Juniata College for Animal Care e do Comitê Use. No entanto, para os indivíduos adaptando este método para uso com vertebrados, aprovação IACUC deve ser procurado. Coleta de Amostras 1. Campo <ol><li> Determinar e avaliar os sites de campo potenciais para a capacidade de coletar, armazenar e stoneflies transporte rapidamente para minimizar o tempo em trânsito com um tempo máximo recomendado em trânsito de 1 hora. </li><li> Operações de amostragem kick-net no local campo selecionado seguindo os procedimentos pontapé-net padrão vezes o suficiente para recolher pelo menos 35 stoneflies 12. </li><li> Colete 50 L de água corrente e as rochas com um diâmetro máximo de 2 cm a partir de fluxos. </li><li> Coloque aquários num frigorífico ajustado para a temperatura do local de corrente. Distribuir rochas coletadas no local do fluxo em aquários e encher com 4 L de água corrente por aquário. coloque 20-30 Stoneflies recolhidos por aquário e colocar uma pedra borbulhante anexado a um bubbler aquário em cada tanque e ligue bubblers para adicionar continuamente o ar ambiente para a água. </li><li> Permitir que as stoneflies para se adaptar ao novo ambiente nos aquários para um período de 48 horas. </li></ol><img alt="figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54430/54430fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Configurar a manipulação de oxigénio dissolvido. (A) 1) Montagem de tubo de cobre para espigão macho 2) Localização do selo rolha para examinar para assegurar o bem vedação frasco. (B) 1) 2 L frasco de braço lateral cheio com 1,9 L de água 2) do tubo de gás e um borbulhador de ar (azul) para uso em borbulhamento de azoto e quarto borbulhamento de ar, respectivamente, 3) tanque de azoto e os valores calibrados 4) 2 L balão cheia com 0,4 L de água com tubo de vácuo submersa 5) dissolvido medidor de oxigênio. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54430/54430fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">por favor clique aqui para</a>ver uma versão maior desta figura. 2. Experimental Set up <ol><li> No topo de uma bancada, ligar um tubo de vácuo de paredes padrão para o braço lateral de um frasco de braço lateral de 2 L como é mostrado (1 na Figura 1B). </li><li> Encha o frasco com 1,9 L de água corrente a partir de 3 L recipientes de plástico de retenção de água corrente coletado em frigorífico ajustado a 12 ° C. </li><li> Colocar o balão e tubos em uma bandeja grande o suficiente para conter um banho de gelo em torno do frasco de braço lateral sem obscurecer a visão do interior balão e encher a bandeja com gelo. </li><li> Perfurar dois buracos de 3 mm de diâmetro em uma rolha de borracha para permitir a passagem de 1) um tubo de cobre para distribuir o gás para o recipiente e 2) a sonda de um medidor de OD para o frasco de braço lateral de 2 L (1 na Figura 1B) . </li><li> Adicione uma incisão lateral a partir da borda da tampa de um dos furos para permitir que o assento de fio de a sonda de OD na rolha. </li><li> Conectar um acoplador macho com uma mangueira de 3 milímetrosfarpa a um pedaço com 2 mm de diâmetro de tubo de cobre (1 na Figura 1A). Assegure-se que este tubo é suficientemente longo para alcançar a menos de 10 cm do fundo do frasco, para se alcançar através da rolha. </li><li> Colocar o tubo com acoplador embora o segundo buraco na tampa até que o comprimento da parte inferior da rolha é suficiente para alcançar a menos de 10 cm do fundo do frasco. </li><li> Conectar um comprimento de 0,75 m, tubo de parede fina de polietileno de gás com um diâmetro de 3 mm para o engate no tubo. </li><li> Deslize tanto a sonda de OD e tubo de cobre para o balão e selar a garrafa com a rolha. </li><li> Entrada para uma vedação perfeita entre a tampa e a garrafa, bem como um ajuste confortável entre o tubo e o fio de sonda no interior da rolha. </li><li> Encher um balão de 1 L com 0,4 L de água da torneira e colocar ao lado da bandeja com o banho de gelo e frasco de vácuo. </li><li> Submergir o tubo de polietileno proveniente do balão de vácuo grande para a água do balão de 1 L. Fixe otubo com fita adesiva de tal modo que ele irá permanecer submerso por meio da experiência. </li><li> Ligue a linha de gás de 3 mm de diâmetro do balão de vácuo a um bubbler sala de ar do aquário. Comece a bolha da água no balão de 2 L ligando o bubbler aquário, que introduz ar ambiente e oxigênio para a água. </li><li> Monitorar a concentração de OD e temperatura da água com o medidor de OD durante 5 min ou até que o equilíbrio de OD é estabelecida dentro da câmara de tal modo que pouca mudança no DO está a ocorrer. </li></ol> 3. Teste a estabilidade da montagem experimental <ol><li> Teste cada configuração para a estabilidade DO antes da adição de stoneflies. </li><li> Adicione três ou quatro pedras para o balão de 2 L de modo que stoneflies tem substrato propício para flexões. </li><li> Comece uma manipulação experimental de DO, desligando o tubo do gás proveniente do borbulhador e anexá-lo para a linha de gás nitrogênio. </li><li> Comece borbulhando azoto a 20 pés cúbicos por hora (CFH) por aproximadamente 40s a 1 min. </li><li> Uma vez que a DO caiu para menos de 0,5 mg / L de concentração do alvo, reduzir o fluxo para 15 CFH e permitir que a concentração diminuir para o alvo. </li><li> Cessar o fluxo de nitrogênio imediatamente uma vez que a concentração alvo é atingido. </li><li> Use o bubbler sala de ar do aquário para retornar a concentração para a concentração de destino se a DO diminui abaixo da meta. </li><li> Se a DO é instável durante o teste de um set-up, em seguida, verificar o volume de água ainda está em 1,9 L e nenhuma água foi originado fora, a temperatura da água é estável e não mudando, e os selos em todos os acessórios parecem ser apertado e selado. </li><li> Depois de três ensaios foram realizados e o analista tem confiança na capacidade para controlar DO, anexar a linha de gás para o bubbler e bolha ao equilíbrio novamente. </li><li> Bolha até ao equilíbrio, anexando a linha de gás de 3 mm de diâmetro para o borbulhador de aquário e iniciando a adição de ar ambiente para a água até que a concentração dede oxigénio na água não aumentar ou alterar durante 3 min. </li><li> Uma vez em equilíbrio, parar borbulhando e abre o frasco. </li></ol> 4. Stonefly Experiment Push-up <ol><li> Dividir o número total de stoneflies ao número de observadores para determinar o número de ensaios a realizar. </li><li> Determinar diferentes níveis de OD entre 2 e 10 mg / L para avaliar a resposta comportamental de stoneflies (número de flexões). </li><li> Configure um frasco por tentativa e adicionar um número igual de stoneflies como há observadores para o frasco (4 stoneflies dentro deste design), coloque a sonda e o tubo de volta para o balão, em seguida, feche o frasco com a tampa de borracha. Nota: Uma concentração de DO inicial de 10 mg / L foi escolhido como o primeiro ponto de observação, uma vez que era a concentração de OD da corrente a partir de onde os stoneflies foram amostrados. </li><li> Uma vez que a água é de 10 mg / L por borbulhamento seguintes etapas 2,10-2,11, registar a temperatura da água inicial e permitir ostoneflies para anexar ao substrato rocha no frasco. </li><li> Atribuir apenas um observador para assistir a um único stonefly para garantir uma contagem precisa do comportamento do push-up, que é o movimento do corpo para cima e para baixo exibida pela stonefly. </li><li> Contar e registrar o número de flexões observados ao longo de um período de observação 3 min. </li><li> Manipular FAZER para o próximo nível de OD experimental e repetir período de observação de 3 minutos para os níveis experimentais adicionais. Nota: Dentro deste desenho experimental, três níveis de OD diferentes foram avaliados. </li></ol> 5. Análise Estatística <ol><li> Para executar número médio utilização análise estatística de flexões nas quatro stoneflies através de um grupo para um determinado julgamento DO. </li><li> Use o software estatístico R computação livre de 12 para executar uma análise de variância (ANOVA) sobre o número de flexões e as concentrações fazer usando a ordem de cada ensaio experimental (DO nível) e temperatura que covariates. Analisados ​​fazer como níveis discretos de um único fator. </li><li> Use um teste de normalidade de Anderson-Darling na resíduos para verificar a normalidade 13. </li><li> Executar uma regressão linear nos dados locando a média do número de flexões contra concentrações de OD. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hoback, W., Stanley, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insects+in+hypoxia.">Insects in hypoxia.</a> J. Insect Physiol. 47 (6), 533-542 (2001).</li><li>Craig, J., Crowder, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-induced+habitat+shifts+and+energetic+consequences+in+Atlantic+croaker+and+brown+shrimp+on+the+Gulf+of+Mexico+shelf.">Hypoxia-induced habitat shifts and energetic consequences in Atlantic croaker and brown shrimp on the Gulf of Mexico shelf.</a> Mar Ecol-Prog Ser. 294, 79-94 (2005).</li><li>Gaulke, G., Wolfe, J., Bradley, D., Moskus, P., Wahl, D., Suski, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+and+Physiological+Responses+of+Largemouth+Bass+to+Rain-Induced+Reductions+in+Dissolved+Oxygen+in+an+Urban+System.">Behavioral and Physiological Responses of Largemouth Bass to Rain-Induced Reductions in Dissolved Oxygen in an Urban System.</a> T Am Fish Soc. 144 (5), 927-941 (2015).</li><li>Genkai-Kato, M., Nozaki, K., Mitsuhashi, H., Kohmatsu, Y., Miyasaka, H., Nakanishi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Push-up+response+of+stonefly+larvae+in+low-oxygen+conditions.">Push-up response of stonefly larvae in low-oxygen conditions.</a> Ecol Res. 15 (2), 175-179 (2000).</li><li>McCafferty, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermen's and Ecologists' Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives. , (1983).</li><li>Chapman, L., Schneider, K., Apodaca, C., Chapman, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory+ecology+of+macroinvertebrates+in+a+swamp-river+system+of+east+Africa.">Respiratory ecology of macroinvertebrates in a swamp-river system of east Africa.</a> Biotropica. 36 (4), 572-585 (2004).</li><li>Suski, C., Killen, S., Kieffer, J., Tufts, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+environmental+temperature+and+oxygen+concentration+on+the+recovery+of+largemouth+bass+from+exercise+implications+for+live+-+release+angling+tournaments.">The influence of environmental temperature and oxygen concentration on the recovery of largemouth bass from exercise implications for live - release angling tournaments.</a> J Fish Biol. 68, 120-136 (2006).</li><li>Abdallah, S., Thomas, B., Jonz, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aquatic+surface+respiration+and+swimming+behaviour+in+adult+and+developing+zebrafish+exposed+to+hypoxia.">Aquatic surface respiration and swimming behaviour in adult and developing zebrafish exposed to hypoxia.</a> J Exp Biol. 218 (11), 1777-1786 (2015).</li><li>Gassmann, H., Chen, C., Vermot, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+and+apparatus+for+degassing+viscous+liquids+and+removing+gas+bubbles+suspended+therein.">Method and apparatus for degassing viscous liquids and removing gas bubbles suspended therein.</a> US patent. , (1974).</li><li>Berndt, M., Schomburg, W., Rummler, Z., Peters, R., Hempel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apparatus+for+degassing+liquids.">Apparatus for degassing liquids.</a> US patent. , (2001).</li><li>Sims, C., Gerner, Y., Hamberg, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vacuum+degassing.">Vacuum degassing.</a> US patent. , (2002).</li><li>Barbour, M., Gerritsen, J., Snyder, B., Stribling, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Report+number+EPA+841-B-99-002.">Report number EPA 841-B-99-002.</a> Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers. , (1999).</li><li>Anderson, T., Darling, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Test+of+Goodness+of+Fit.">A Test of Goodness of Fit.</a> J Am Stat Assoc. 49 (268), 765-769 (1954).</li><li>Rounds, S., Wilde, F., Ritz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+A6+Field+Measurements.+Section+6.2+DISSOLVED+OXYGEN.">Chapter A6 Field Measurements. Section 6.2 DISSOLVED OXYGEN.</a> National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data. , (2013).</li><li>Hem, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural. , (1985).</li><li>Burggren, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=34;Air+Gulping&amp;#34;+Improves+Blood+Oxygen+Transport+during+Aquatic+Hypoxia+in+the+Goldfish+Carassius+auratus.">34;Air Gulping&amp;#34; Improves Blood Oxygen Transport during Aquatic Hypoxia in the Goldfish Carassius auratus.</a> Physiol Zool. 55 (4), 327-334 (2015).</li><li>Frederic, H., Mathieu, J., Garlin, D., Freminet, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral,+Ventilatory,+and+Metabolic+Responses+to+Severe+Hypoxia+and+Subsequent+Recovery+of+the+Hypogean+Niphargus+rhenorhodanensis+and+the+Epigean+Gammarus+fossarum+(Crustacea:+Amphipoda).">Behavioral, Ventilatory, and Metabolic Responses to Severe Hypoxia and Subsequent Recovery of the Hypogean Niphargus rhenorhodanensis and the Epigean Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea: Amphipoda).</a> Physiol Zool. 68 (2), 223-244 (2015).</li><li>Ultsch, G., Duke, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gas+Exchange+and+Habitat+Selection+in+the+Aquatic+Salamanders+Necturus+maculosus+and+Cryptobranchus+alleganiensis.">Gas Exchange and Habitat Selection in the Aquatic Salamanders Necturus maculosus and Cryptobranchus alleganiensis.</a> Oecologia. 83 (2), 250-258 (1990).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

As etapas críticas Este procedimento proporciona um modo simples e eficaz para manipular OD num ambiente de laboratório para realizar estudos comportamentais em organismos aquáticos. Descobrimos que haja vários críticos passos / itens para estar ciente de quando realizar este experimento que directamente relacionada com os resultados. Dentro de um teste, é crítica para manter a pressão da câmara a fim de evitar alterações na pressão parcial de gases acima da água, e subsequente FAZER flutuações. Se...

oxigênio dissolvido (OD) é um parâmetro físico-químico chave importante na mediação de uma série de processos biológicos e ecológicos nos ecossistemas aquáticos. Exposições a sub-letal hipóxia aguda e crónica reduzir as taxas de crescimento em certos insetos aquáticos e reduzir a sobrevivência dos insetos expostos 1. Este protocolo foi desenvolvido para fornecer um método controlado para manipular os níveis de OD em água corrente para observar os efeitos sobre o comportamento animal. Desde a sobrevivência todos os organismos aquáticos aeróbios &#39;depende da concentração de oxigênio para viver e se reproduzir, alterações na concentração de OD são muitas vezes reflete em mudanças de comportamento por organismos. Invertebrados aquáticos móveis mais e peixes foram observados para responder a baixas concentrações de oxigênio (hipóxia), buscando locais com maior DO 2,3. Para os organismos aquáticos menos móveis, adaptações comportamentais para aumentar a ingestão de OD pode ser a única opção viável. A ordem de macroinvertebrados aquáticos de Plecoptera (stonefly) foi anotado para realizar movimentos &quot;push-up&quot; para aumentar o fluxo de água e absorção de oxigênio, através de suas brânquias externas 4 - 6. Estes comportamentos adaptativos foram observados em ambientes naturais e em experiências de laboratório. manipulação laboratorial de OD na água abre oportunidades significativas para estudos de comportamento animal, mas existem lacunas significativas na implantação metodológica. Por exemplo, um estudo utilizou grandes aquários para avaliar o tempo fisiológico resposta do baixo Largemouth (Micropterus salmoides) para ambientes hipóxicos seguinte gaseamento com nitrogênio, mas pouca detalhe é dado para a metodologia 7. Outro estudo realizado na zebra peixes (Danio rerio) descreveu o uso de gás de azoto e uma pedra porosa para entregar gás para água e reduzir a DO da água 8. Para aplicações baseadas em química, métodos de desgaseificação de solventes utilizam especializadaAparelho 9-11 para remover o oxigénio a partir de solventes, mas não seria adequado para estudos de comportamento animal. Embora esses estudos empregar métodos para remover oxigênio da água, nenhum método descritivo puderam ser identificados que permitem a avaliação do comportamento animal em resposta a mudanças FAZER. Este método descrito a seguir é uma tentativa de descrever completamente um protocolo para a manipulação de OD de água utilizando gás nitrogênio. Além disso, este método foi desenvolvido no sentido de observar as relações entre o comportamento stonefly (flexões) e fazer isso era empregado em um laboratório de biologia de nível de calouro. Uma das principais vantagens deste método é que ele pode facilmente ser realizada dentro de um laboratório com vidros e materiais acessíveis para a maioria das instituições de ensino secundário e superior comum. O protocolo também é facilmente adaptável, permitindo a indivíduos para escalar o procedimento para cumprir os objectivos estabelecidos para aplicações de pesquisa ou de ensino. </p&gt;

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="665">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Filter flask 2 L</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5340</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rubber Stopper size 6</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z164534</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Nalgene 180 Clear Plastic Tubing</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Thermo Scienfitic</td>
			<td>8001-1216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Whisper 60 air pump</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Tetra</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Standard flexible Air line tubing</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Penn Plax</td>
			<td>ST25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">0.25 inch Copper tubing</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Lowes Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right">23050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Male hose barb</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Grainger</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5LWH1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Female Connector</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Grainger</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20YZ22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Heavy Duty Dissolved Oxygen Meter</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Extech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">407510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nitrogen gas</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Matheson TRIGAS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Radnor AF150-580 Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Airgas</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RAD64003036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple approach to manipulate dissolved oxygen for animal behavior observations

A capacidade de manipular o oxigênio dissolvido (OD) em um ambiente de laboratório tem aplicação significativa para investigar uma série de questões de comportamento ecológico e organismos. O protocolo aqui descrito proporciona um método simples, reprodutível e controlado para manipular DO para estudar a resposta comportamental em organismos aquáticos que resultam de hipoxia e condições anóxicas. Durante a execução de desgaseificação de água com nitrogênio é comumente usado em configurações de laboratório, nenhum método explícito para aplicação ecológica (aquático) existe na literatura, e este protocolo é o primeiro a descrever um protocolo para desgaseificar água para observar a resposta do organismo. Esta técnica e protocolo foram desenvolvidos para aplicação directa de macroinvertebrados aquáticos; No entanto, pequenos peixes, anfíbios e outros vertebrados aquáticos poderia ser facilmente substituído. Ele permite a fácil manipulação dos níveis de OD variando entre 2 mg / L até 11 mg / L, com estabilidade de até um período de observação de animais-5 min.Além de um período de 5 min de observação temperaturas da água começou a subir, e aos 10 min FAZER níveis tornou-se demasiado instável para manter. O protocolo é escalável para o organismo estudo, reprodutível e confiável, permitindo uma rápida implementação em laboratórios de ensino introdutório e aplicações de pesquisa de alto nível. Os resultados esperados desta técnica deve relacionar dissolvido mudanças de oxigênio para as respostas comportamentais de organismos.

<html> Seis estudos da configuração descrita foram realizados por 24 calouros estudantes de graduação em um ambiente de laboratório de ensino para quantificar o número de flexões stoneflies executar em resposta a concentração de OD diferente na água. O número médio de flexões realizada dentro de um nível de OD e dentro de cada ensaio foi reunida para traçar flexões contra o nível de OD na Figura 2. Uma análise de variância foi realizada inicialmente uti...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Approach to Manipulate Dissolved Oxygen for Animal Behavior Observations at JoVE.com

A Simple Approach to Manipulate Dissolved Oxygen for Animal Behavior Observations

Este artigo descreve um protocolo simples e reprodutível para manipular condições de oxigénio dissolvido em um ambiente de laboratório para estudos de comportamento animal. Este protocolo pode ser utilizado tanto em ambientes de ensino e laboratórios de investigação para avaliar a resposta do organismo de macroinvertebrados, peixes, anfíbios ou a alterações na concentração de oxigênio dissolvido.

Uma abordagem simples para manipular oxigênio dissolvido para o comportamento animal Observações

The ability to manipulate dissolved oxygen (DO) in a laboratory setting has significant application to investigate a number of ecological and organismal ...

a-simple-approach-to-manipulate-dissolved-oxygen-for-animal-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

9.2K visualizações.  Juniata College.  Este artigo descreve um protocolo simples e reprodutível para manipular condições de oxigénio dissolvido em um ambiente de laboratório para estudos de comportamento animal. Este protocolo pode ser utilizado tanto em ambientes de ensino e laboratórios de investigação para avaliar a resposta do organismo de macroinvertebrados, peixes, anfíbios ou a alterações na concentração de oxigênio dissolvido. 

Vídeo: A Simple Approach to Manipulate Dissolved Oxygen for Animal Behavior Observations

A Whole Cell Bioreporter Approach to Assess Transport and Bioavailability of Organic Contaminants in Water Unsaturated Systems

Bioavailability of contaminants is a prerequisite for their effective biodegradation in soil. The average bulk concentration of a contaminant, however, is not an appropriate measure for its availability; bioavailability rather depends on the dynamic interplay of potential mass transfer (flux) of a compound to a microbial cell and the capacity of the latter to degrade the compound. In water-unsaturated parts of the soil, mycelia have been shown to overcome bioavailability limitations by actively transporting and mobilizing organic compounds over the range of centimeters. Whereas the extent of mycelia-based transport can be quantified easily by chemical means, verification of the contaminant-bioavailability to bacterial cells requires a biological method. Addressing this constraint, we chose the PAH fluorene (FLU) as a model compound and developed a water unsaturated model microcosm linking a spatially separated FLU point source and the FLU degrading bioreporter bacterium Burkholderia sartisoli RP037-mChe by a mycelial network of Pythium ultimum. Since the bioreporter expresses eGFP in response of the PAH flux to the cell, bacterial FLU exposure and degradation could be monitored directly in the microcosms via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). CLSM and image analyses revealed a significant increase of the eGFP expression in the presence of P. ultimum compared to controls without mycelia or FLU thus indicating FLU bioavailability to bacteria after mycelia-mediated transport. CLSM results were supported by chemical analyses in identical microcosms. The developed microcosm proved suitable to investigate contaminant bioavailability and to concomitantly visualize the involved bacteria-mycelial interactions.

A whole cell bioreporter assay with Burkholderia sartisoli RP037-mChe was developed to detect fractions of an organic contaminant (i.e., fluorene) available for bacterial degradation after active transport by mycelia bridging air-filled pores in a water unsaturated model system.

Uma Abordagem Bioreporter celular todo avalie Transportes e biodisponibilidade de contaminantes orgânicos em água insaturadas Sistemas

Bioavailability of contaminants is a prerequisite for their effective biodegradation in soil. The average bulk concentration of a contaminant, however, is ...

Ambiente

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

Um método simples para a extração automatizada de fase sólida das amostras de água para análise imunológica de Pequenas Poluentes

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has been produced. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the preferred agent used in livestock to induce CTA because it specifically stimulates the vomit center. In addition, LiCl is commercially available, and easy to prepare and administer using a drenching gun. Nevertheless, some factors have to be considered to obtain an effective long-lasting CTA, which allows small ruminants to graze during the cropping season. A key aspect is to use animals with no previous contact with the target plant (the plant chosen to be avoided; new feed). Due to their native neophobic feeding behavior, small ruminants can easily associate the negative feedback effects with the new feed, resulting in a strong and persistent CTA. The recommended doses are 200 and 225 mg LiCl/kg body weight (BW) for goats and sheep, respectively. To induce CTA, 100 g of the target plant should be individually offered for at least 30 min, and LiCl administered thereafter if the intake is greater than 10 g. Each time the animal eats the target plant without negative consequences, the CTA becomes weaker. Consequently, to minimize the risk of target plant consumption, it is essential to have sufficient palatable ground cover available. The presence of an alternative feed (of quality and quantity) prevents the accidental consumption of the target plant. A close monitoring of the flock is recommended to remove and re-dose any animal consuming more than 4 bites or 10 g of the target plant. At the beginning of each grazing season, check the CTA status of each animal before moving them to the crop.

Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion.

Como criar aversão ao sabor condicionado para Grazing forrações em culturas lenhosas com Pequenos Ruminantes

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has ...

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in nutrient and gas cycles. After cores with intact sediment-water interfaces are collected, they are submerged in incubation tanks and kept under aerobic conditions at in situ temperatures. To initiate a time course of overlying water chemistry, cores are sealed without bubbles using a top cap with a suspended stirrer. Time courses of 4-7 sample points are used to determine the rate of sediment water exchange. Artificial illumination simulates day-time conditions for shallow photosynthetic sediments, and in conjunction with dark incubations can provide net exchanges on a daily basis. The net measurement of N2 is made possible by sampling a time course of dissolved gas concentrations, with high precision mass spectrometric analysis of N2:Ar ratios providing a means to measure N2 concentrations. We have successfully applied this approach to lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, wetlands and storm water ponds, and with care, this approach provides valuable information on biogeochemical balances in aquatic ecosystems.

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Here, we present small core incubations for the measurement of sediment-water gas and solute exchange. These will provide reliable measurements of sediment-water exchange that assess the role of sediment in influencing biological and biogeochemical processes in aquatic ecosystems.

A Bolsa Benthic de O<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;, N<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; e nutrientes dissolvidos Usando pequeno núcleo incubações

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, um método melhorado para Inex<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Medição de partículas e dissolvidos compostos Processado por alimentadores de suspensão ativa

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

Compreender orgânico dissolvido Matéria Biogeoquímica Através<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Nutrientes Manipulações no córrego Ecossistemas

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Basic Research in Plasma Medicine - A Throughput Approach from Liquids to Cells

In plasma medicine, ionized gases with temperatures close to that of vertebrate systems are applied to cells and tissues. Cold plasmas generate reactive species known to redox regulate biological processes in health and disease. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence points to beneficial effects of plasma treatment in the healing of chronic ulcer of the skin. Other emerging topics, such as plasma cancer treatment, are receiving increasing attention. Plasma medical research requires interdisciplinary expertise in physics, chemistry, and biomedicine. One goal of plasma research is to characterize plasma-treated cells in a variety of specific applications. This includes, for example, cell count and viability, cellular oxidation, mitochondrial activity, cytotoxicity and mode of cell death, cell cycle analysis, cell surface marker expression, and cytokine release. This study describes the essential equipment and workflows required for such research in plasma biomedicine. It describes the proper operation of an atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet, specifically monitoring its basic emission spectra and feed gas settings to modulate reactive species output. Using a high-precision xyz-table and computer software, the jet is hovered in millisecond-precision over the cavities of 96-well plates in micrometer-precision for maximal reproducibility. Downstream assays for liquid analysis of redox-active molecules are shown, and target cells are plasma-treated. Specifically, melanoma cells are analyzed in an efficient sequence of different consecutive assays but using the same cells: measurement of metabolic activity, total cell area, and surface marker expression of calreticulin, a molecule important for the immunogenic cell death of cancer cells. These assays retrieve content-rich biological information about plasma effects from a single plate. Altogether, this study describes the essential steps and protocols for plasma medical research.

A high-throughput cold physical plasma treatment protocol of liquids and cells is shown. It involves setting up different feed gas compositions for plasma ignition, measuring the plasma&#39;s emission spectra, and the subsequent analysis of liquids and cellular activity after plasma treatment.

Pesquisa básica em Plasma medicina - uma abordagem de taxa de transferência de líquidos para células

In plasma medicine, ionized gases with temperatures close to that of vertebrate systems are applied to cells and tissues. Cold plasmas generate reactive ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with herbaceous plants. This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique needed for restoring degraded Everglade tree islands. The design is patterned after a natural Everglades process that creates floating peat islands, which allows tree survival and growth in flooded conditions and often leads to the development of tree islands. Commercially available peat bags were used as the medium for the growth and establishment of potted native tree saplings. The pop-up configuration floated initially and provided additional elevation to minimize inundation, with a single native tree species sapling and a single tree fertilizer spike. During a 3 year study involving 105 pop-ups, most plants survived (80%) and many thrived. Determining whether this technique can establish trees on a degraded tree island will require longer studies and extensive field tests.

This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique for restoring degraded Everglades tree islands that experience inundation. The design creates an island (pop-up) which floats initially and adds elevation to promote tree survival and growth under flooded conditions.

Uma simples técnica de plantação para restabelecer as árvores onde ocorre a inundação frequente

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

Lab-Scale Model to Evaluate Odor and Gas Concentrations Emitted by Deep Bedded Pack Manure

A lab-scaled simulated bedded pack model was developed to study air quality and nutrient composition of deep-bedded packs used in cattle mono-slope facilities. This protocol has been used to effectively evaluate many different bedding materials, environmental variables (temperature, humidity), and potential mitigation treatments that can improve air quality in commercial deep-bedded mono-slope facilities. The model is dynamic and allows researchers to easily collect many chemical and physical measurements from the bedded pack. Weekly measurements, collected over the course of six to seven weeks, allows sufficient time to see changes in air quality measurements over time as the bedded pack matures. The data collected from the simulated bedded packs is within the range of concentrations previously measured in commercial deep-bedded mono-slope facilities. Past studies have demonstrated that 8 - 10 experimental units per treatment are sufficient to detect statistical differences among the simulated bedded packs. The bedded packs are easy to maintain, requiring less than 10 minutes of labor per bedded packs per week to add urine, feces, and bedding. Sample collection using the gas sampling system requires 20 - 30 minutes per bedded pack, depending on the measurements that are being collected. The use of lab-scaled bedded packs allows the researcher to control variables such as temperature, humidity, and bedding source that are difficult or impossible to control in a research or commercial facility. While not a perfect simulation of &#34;real-world&#34; conditions, the simulated bedded packs serve as a good model for researchers to use to examine treatment differences among bedded packs. Several lab-scale studies can be conducted to eliminate possible treatments before trying them in a research or commercial-sized facility.

A protocol has been developed to measure gases, odors, and nutrient composition in lab-scaled bedded manure packs, which can be used to study ways to improve air quality in commercial cattle facilities using deep-bedded manure packs.

Laboratório-escala modelo para avaliar o Odor e as concentrações de gases emitidas pelo profundo com camas Pack estrume

A lab-scaled simulated bedded pack model was developed to study air quality and nutrient composition of deep-bedded packs used in cattle mono-slope ...

Detached Leaf Assays to Simplify Gene Expression Studies in Potato During Infestation by Chewing Insect Manduca sexta

The multitrophic nature of gene expression studies of insect herbivory demands large numbers of biological replicates, creating the need for simpler, more streamlined herbivory protocols. Perturbations of chewing insects are usually studied in whole plant systems. While this whole organism strategy is popular, it is not necessary if similar observations can be replicated in a single detached leaf. The assumption is that basic elements required for signal transduction are present within the leaf itself. In the case of early events in signal transduction, cells need only to receive the signal from the perturbation and transmit that signal to neighboring cells which are assayed for gene expression.
The proposed method simply changes the timing of the detachment. In whole plant experiments, larvae are confined to a single leaf which is eventually detached from the plant and assayed for gene expression. If the order of excision is reversed, from last in whole plant studies, to first in the detached study, the feeding experiment is simplified.
Solanum tuberosum var. Kennebec is propagated by nodal transfer in a simple tissue culture medium and transferred to soil for further growth if desired. Leaves are excised from the parent plant and relocated to Petri dishes where the feeding assay is conducted with the larval stages of M. sexta. Damaged leaf tissue is assayed for the expression of relatively early events in signal transduction. Gene expression analysis identified infestation-specific Cys2-His2 (C2H2) transcription factors, confirming the success of using detached leaves in early response studies. The method is easier to perform than whole plant infestations and uses less space.

The presented method creates natural herbivore damaged plant tissue through the application of Manduca sexta larvae to detached leaves of potato. The plant tissue is assayed for expression of six transcription factor homologs involved in early responses to insect herbivory.

Ensaios foliares destacados para simplificar estudos de expressão gênica em batata durante a infestação por mastigação de insetos Manduca sexta

The multitrophic nature of gene expression studies of insect herbivory demands large numbers of biological replicates, creating the need for simpler, more ...

Uma abordagem simples para manipular oxigênio dissolvido para o comportamento animal Observações

Resumo

Explore mais vídeos

Capítulos neste vídeo