Os autores gostariam de agradecer Michele Allen do National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) dos Institutos Nacionais de Saúde (NIH) para generosamente compartilhando sua experiência em métodos fenotípicos murino e por sua assistência técnica em curso, bem como para Timothy Hunt, da NHLBI por nos ajudar a desenvolver o dispositivo de blindagem. Este estudo é apoiado pela Divisão de Investigação Intramural do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa em Enfermagem do NIH, e parte do julgamento de validação é apoiado por uma bolsa da Fundação Oncology Nursing Society.

Declaração de Ética: Este estudo foi aprovado pelo National Institutes of Health (NIH) Animal Care e do Comitê Use. Todos os investigadores que participam no manejo dos animais e medição dos resultados do estudo foram devidamente treinados pelo Gabinete NIH da Animal Care e Use e do National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Murino fenotipagem Core. Todos os aspectos de testes em animais, habitação e condições ambientais utilizados neste estudo estavam em conformidade com o Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laboratório 11. 1. Habitação e animais experimentais NOTA: Casa do sexo masculino camundongos C57BL / 6 (cerca de cinco semanas de idade no momento da chegada) individualmente ao longo da experiência e fornecer acesso ad libitum a comida e água. Todas as gaiolas são mantidos em um ciclo claro-escuro 12:12 h com a fase de luz a partir das 06:00 e fase escura às 6 da tarde. <ol><li> Identificar os ratos e atribuí-los a ventilar norma individualgaiolas d mouse. Permitir que 24 horas após o procedimento de identificação para a recuperação. NOTA: tatuagem da cauda é recomendada como um meio de identificação para eliminar a possibilidade de que uma marca auricular pode ser pego em uma roda de corrida. Tatuar uma série na cauda de cada ratinho, com o número na cauda correspondente ao número escrito na gaiola do rato. </li><li> Permitir que a aclimatar os ratos às suas gaiolas durante pelo menos mais três dias, tratamento de cada rato suavemente durante um período de três minutos por dia. </li></ol> 2. roda Running Aclimatação e Linha de Base <ol><li> Introduzir os ratos para gaiolas VWRA individuais, cada um equipado com uma roda de corrida conectado a um contador eletrônico para a gravação contínua. NOTA: Todos os contadores de rodas conectar a um computador através de uma única interface USB (veja Lista de Materiais). O software calcula o número de rotações das rodas, a distância percorrida e velocidade média em cada intervalo de tempo designado do duratio total especificadon. Uma vez que a gravação é interrompida, os dados são salvos automaticamente tanto como texto e, como planilhas. </li><li> Iniciar a gravação de VWRA através da interface do software de computador. Definir intervalos de gravação a uma hora e a duração de pelo menos cinco dias. Continuar a gravar VWRA durante pelo menos cinco dias. NOTA: No final da etapa 2.2, todos os ratos devem atingir uma quantidade relativamente consistente de atividade diária roda de corrida. Se não, então identificar e excluir os valores atípicos. </li><li> Pare VWRA gravação através da interface do software, e retornar os ratos às suas gaiolas convencionais descritos no passo 1.1 (gaiolas sem correr rodas). </li><li> Randomize ratos em qualquer controle sham-irradiado ou grupos irradiados. </li></ol> 3. irradiação Nota: Execute as seguintes etapas para todos os ratos de ambos os grupos, uma vez por dia durante três dias sequenciais. Tratar os ratos na mesma ordem em cada dia. <ol><li> Anestesiar cada rato por injeção intraperitoneal deuma mistura de cetamina (100 mg / kg) e xilazina (10 mg / kg) mistura. </li><li> Confirmar anestesia com uma pitada dedo do pé e usar pomada sobre os olhos para evitar a secura e sob anestesia. </li><li> Transferir o mouse anestesiados em um dispositivo de protecção de chumbo. Organizar o mouse na blindagem para que apenas a região abdominal inferior / pélvica é exposto. NOTA: A blindagem é composto por duas caixas de chumbo &quot;,&quot; com um estreito espaço aberto entre em que permite a exposição às radiações de uma pequena região, alvo do rato (ver Figura 1). </li><li> Use fita adesiva médica para fixar a base da cauda do rato em posição dentro da blindagem. NOTA: Passo 3.4 é opcional, mas isso pode ajudar a garantir que a posição do mouse não muda durante o passo seguinte. </li><li> Transportar o dispositivo de blindagem para o irradiador, garantir que a posição de animais dentro da blindagem é mantida. </li><li> Se o mouse está no grupo de irradiação, entregar 800 cGy em um dostaxa e de cerca de 110 cGy / min. Se o mouse está no grupo controle de irradiação simulada, deixe o mouse na irradiador inactivo durante o tempo equivalente. NOTA: As configurações irradiadores Optimal dependerá do dispositivo em particular. A taxa de dose de 110 cGy / min entregues a partir de uma fonte de Césio 137 é a taxa de dose central do irradiador usado aqui. O tempo de exposição foi ajustado para atingir a dose total desejada de 800 cGy. </li><li> Remover o mouse do irradiador e blindagem, e, em seguida, devolvê-lo ao seu original gaiola, padrão mencionado na etapa 1.1. </li><li> monitorar continuamente o rato até que ele recuperou a consciência suficiente para manter decúbito esternal. </li></ol> 4. Medição Fadiga induzida por radiação <ol><li> No dia após a conclusão de três dias sucessivos de irradiação, transferir os ratos às suas gaiolas individuais VWRA descritos no passo 2.1. </li><li> VWRA ficha, tal como descrito na etapa 2.2, excepto aqui definindo a gravaçãoduração a mais de 15 dias. No final dos 15 dias, parar manualmente VWRA gravação através do interface de software. NOTA: Os dados de cada período de gravação são salvos automaticamente como planilhas, cada um dos quais inclui as rotação, distância e medições de velocidade para todos os animais (colunas) e em todos os intervalos (linhas) durante toda a duração da gravação. No final da experiência, existem duas folhas de cálculo gerados pelo programa de gravação: uma para o VWRA pré-irradiação, e uma para o VWRA pós-irradiação. </li></ol>

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Esta pesquisa foi apoiada pela Divisão de Investigação Intramural, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa em Enfermagem, National Institutes of Health.

Nós descrevemos um protocolo usando irradiação periférica direcionada para induzir uma redução de VWRA em camundongos sem confundir morbidade ou mortalidade. Importante, um dispositivo de blindagem simples permite a irradiação neste protocolo para alvejar uma região desejada de forma consistente, imitando os tratamentos de radiação recebidas por pacientes com câncer pélvico. Em contraste com modelos de CRF existentes que envolvem o cérebro ou irradiação total do corpo 8,</sup...

A fadiga relacionada ao câncer (CRF) é uma condição angustiante e caro que muitas vezes afeta os pacientes que receberam tratamentos de câncer 1. A fadiga é proporcional à actividade nem recente nem aliviada pelo repouso, e que está associada com uma grande variedade de distúrbios relacionados com o humor, a motivação, a atenção, a cognição e 2. As causas biológicas de CRF são desconhecidas, embora tenha sido demonstrado em muitos casos que se correlacionam com níveis de inflamação e citocinas, também, em alguns casos com níveis de hemoglobina e a função de vários sistemas hormonais (ver Saligan et al. 3 para uma revisão de biológico estudos de CRF). estudos controlados utilizando modelos animais são necessários para entender o comportamento e biologia associada com esta condição complexa. Enquanto 4 ou 5 relacionadas com quimioterapia relacionado com o tumor, 6 gorduraIgue foi estudada em modelos de roedores, a etiologia de CRF pode ser específica do tratamento. Para investigar CRF relacionado com a terapia de radiação, o nosso grupo desenvolveu recentemente um modelo do rato da fadiga induzida por irradiação 7. Em contraste com modelos de CRF existentes que envolvem o cérebro ou irradiação total do corpo 8, 9, este modelo explora como uma mudança no comportamento centralmente-driven, como fadiga, pode ser desencadeada por um procedimento de irradiação perifericamente-alvo. O procedimento aqui descrito é concebido para modelar a terapia de radiação administrada a doentes com cancro pélvica, usando protecção de chumbo para atingir a parte inferior região abdominal / pélvica com irradiação. No entanto, pela modificação da protecção de chumbo ou a sua colocação em relação aos animais experimentais, este procedimento pode ser adaptado para modelar a irradiação de outras partes do corpo. Voluntária atividade de execução roda (VWRA) é usado para medir a fadiga behavio-likeR; porque é um comportamento voluntário e normal 10, deve permitir o uso concomitante de outros testes comportamentais e biológicos. Nós descobrimos que a irradiação periférica é suficiente para reduzir VWRA em ratos sem causar morbidade ostensiva 7. Experiências futuras com este modelo pode ajudar a revelar os efeitos de irradiação periférica sobre a sinalização imune biológica e outros, bem como as alterações a jusante no sistema nervoso central que podem produzir défices associadas com o CRF.

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			<td style="width:135px;">(custom made)</td>
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			<td style="width:591px;">One-inch thick lead shielding arranged as two boxes with a one-inch thick gap between them for targeted irradiation</td>
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a mouse model of fatigue induced by peripheral irradiation

A fadiga relacionada ao câncer (CRF) é uma condição angustiante e caro que muitas vezes afeta os pacientes que receberam tratamentos de câncer, incluindo a terapia de radiação. Aqui nós descrevemos um método que utiliza a irradiação periférica direcionada para induzir comportamento à fadiga, como em ratos. Com proteção adequada, a irradiação tem como alvo a região abdominal inferior / pélvica do rato, poupando o cérebro, em um esforço para modelar o tratamento de radiação recebida pelos indivíduos com câncer pélvico. Nós entregamos uma dose de irradiação que é suficiente para induzir comportamento à fadiga, como em ratos, medido pela atividade de execução roda voluntária (VWRA), sem causar morbidade óbvio. Desde roda de corrida é um comportamento normal, voluntária em ratos, a sua utilização deve ter pouco efeito de confusão em outros testes comportamentais ou medidas biológicas. Por isso, roda de corrida pode ser usado como uma medida do resultado viável na compreensão dos correlatos comportamentais e biológicos de fadiga. CRF é uma condição complexa com co frequentemorbidades, e provavelmente tem causas relacionadas tanto ao câncer e seus vários tratamentos. Os métodos descritos neste documento são úteis para investigar mudanças induzidas pela radiação que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de CRF e, mais genericamente, para explorar as redes biológicas que podem explicar o desenvolvimento e persistência de um comportamento perifericamente-acionada, mas centralmente dirigido como fadiga .

Três lotes de ratos foram realizadas por meio do protocolo descrito acima. Houve um total de 16 sham e 20 irradiadas (2400 cGy, 3 x 800 / dia cGy) ratinhos. Depois de três dias consecutivos de irradiação, o grupo irradiado apresentaram redução significativamente VWRA comparação com sham (medidas repetidas mistos ANOVA: efeito principal do tratamento de irradiação, F 1,13 = 19,233, p &lt;0,001). O efeito foi significativo para os primeiros sete dias após a irradiaç?...

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A Mouse Model of Fatigue Induced by Peripheral Irradiation

Nós descrevemos um método que utiliza a irradiação periférica direcionada para induzir comportamento à fadiga, como em ratos. A dose de irradiação não letal selecionado leva a uma redução de uma semana em atividade de execução roda voluntária.

Um mouse modelo de fadiga induzida por irradiação periférica

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a distressing and costly condition that often affects patients receiving cancer treatments, including radiation therapy. ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

7.8K visualizações.  National Institutes of Health.  Nós descrevemos um método que utiliza a irradiação periférica direcionada para induzir comportamento à fadiga, como em ratos. A dose de irradiação não letal selecionado leva a uma redução de uma semana em atividade de execução roda voluntária. 

Vídeo: A Mouse Model of Fatigue Induced by Peripheral Irradiation

Fluorescent Orthotopic Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the cancers for which survival has not improved substantially in the last few decades. Only 7% of diagnosed patients will survive longer than five years. In order to understand and mimic the microenvironment of pancreatic tumors, we utilized a murine orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that allows non-invasive imaging of tumor progression in real time. Pancreatic cancer cells expressing green fluorescent protein (PANC-1 GFP) were suspended in basement membrane matrix, high concentration, (e.g., Matrigel HC) with serum-free media and then injected into the tail of the pancreas via laparotomy. The cell suspension in the high concentration basement membrane matrix becomes a gel-like substance once it reaches room temperature; therefore, it gels when it comes in contact with the pancreas, creating a seal at the injection site and preventing any cell leakage. Tumor growth and metastasis to other organs are monitored in live animals by using fluorescence. It is critical to use the appropriate filters for excitation and emission of GFP. The steps for the orthotopic implantation are detailed in this article so researchers can easily replicate the procedure in nude mice. The main steps of this protocol are preparation of the cell suspension, surgical implantation, and whole body fluorescent in vivo imaging. This orthotopic model is designed to investigate the efficacy of novel therapeutics on primary and metastatic tumors.

A procedure to implant green fluorescent protein-expressing pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 GFP) orthotopically into the pancreas of Balb-c Ola Hsd-Fox1nu mice to assess tumor progression and metastasis is presented here.

Fluorescente modelo de camundongo ortotópico de câncer de pâncreas

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the cancers for which survival has not improved substantially in the last few decades. Only 7% of diagnosed patients will ...

Pesquisa do câncer

Transduction-Transplantation Mouse Model of Myeloproliferative Neoplasm

Transduction-transplantation is a quick and efficient way to model human hematologic malignancies in mice. This technique results in expression of the gene of interest in hematopoietic cells and can be used to study the gene's role in normal and/or malignant hematopoiesis. This protocol provides a detailed description on how to perform transduction-transplantation using calreticulin (CALR) mutations recently identified in myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) as an example. In this protocol whole bone marrow cells from 5-flurouracil (5-FU) treated donor mice are transduced with a retrovirus encoding mutant CALR and transplanted into lethally irradiated syngeneic hosts. Donor cells expressing mutant CALR are marked with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Transplanted mice develop an MPN phenotype including elevated platelets in the peripheral blood, expansion of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, and bone marrow fibrosis. We provide a step-by-step account of how to generate retrovirus, calculate viral titer, transduce whole bone marrow cells, and transplant into irradiated recipient mice.

This manuscript provides a description of the methodology used to establish transduction-transplantation mouse models. A detailed account is given of technical errors to avoid when performing bone marrow transplants. A clear understanding should be gained of the importance of high viral titer, transfection/transduction, and irradiation.

Transdução-Transplante Rato Modelo de neoplasia mieloproliferativa

Transduction-transplantation is a quick and efficient way to model human hematologic malignancies in mice. This technique results in expression of the ...

Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Colorectal Cancer

Despite the advantages of easy applicability and cost-effectiveness, subcutaneous mouse models have severe limitations and do not accurately simulate tumor biology and tumor cell dissemination. Orthotopic mouse models have been introduced to overcome these limitations; however, such models are technically demanding, especially in hollow organs such as the large bowel. In order to produce uniform tumors which reliably grow and metastasize, standardized techniques of tumor cell preparation and injection are critical. 
We have developed an orthotopic mouse model of colorectal cancer (CRC) which develops highly uniform tumors and can be used for tumor biology studies as well as therapeutic trials. Tumor cells from either primary tumors, 2-dimensional (2D) cell lines or 3-dimensional (3D) organoids are injected into the cecum and, depending on the metastatic potential of the injected tumor cells, form highly metastatic tumors. In addition, CTCs can be found regularly. We here describe the technique of tumor cell preparation from both 2D cell lines and 3D organoids as well as primary tumor tissue, the surgical and injection techniques as well as the isolation of CTCs from the tumor-bearing mice, and present tips for troubleshooting.

We describe the establishment of orthotopic colorectal tumors via injection of tumor cells or organoids into the cecum of mice and the subsequent isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from this model.

Isolamento de células tumorais circulantes em um modelo de rato ortotópico de câncer colorretal

Despite the advantages of easy applicability and cost-effectiveness, subcutaneous mouse models have severe limitations and do not accurately simulate ...

A Genetically Engineered Mouse Model of Sporadic Colorectal Cancer

Despite the advantages of easy applicability and cost-effectiveness, colorectal cancer mouse models based on tumor cell injection have severe limitations and do not accurately simulate tumor biology and tumor cell dissemination. Genetically engineered mouse models have been introduced to overcome these limitations; however, such models are technically demanding, especially in large organs such as the colon in which only a single tumor is desired.
As a result, an immunocompetent, genetically engineered mouse model of colorectal cancer was developed which develops highly uniform tumors and can be used for tumor biology studies as well as therapeutic trials. Tumor development is initiated by surgical, segmental infection of the distal colon with adeno-cre virus in compound conditionally mutant mice. The tumors can be easily detected and monitored via colonoscopy. We here describe the surgical technique of segmental adeno-cre infection of the colon, the surveillance of the tumor via high-resolution colonoscopy and present the resulting colorectal tumors.

A protocol for the establishment of a genetically engineered mouse model of colorectal cancer by segmental adeno-cre infection and its surveillance via high-resolution colonoscopy is presented.

Um modelo de mouse de engenharia genética de câncer colorretal esporádico

Despite the advantages of easy applicability and cost-effectiveness, colorectal cancer mouse models based on tumor cell injection have severe limitations ...

Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma

B lymphocytes are key players in immune cell circulation and they mainly home to and reside in lymphoid organs. While normal B cells only proliferate when stimulated by T lymphocytes, oncogenic B cells survive and expand autonomously in undefined organ niches. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is one such B cell disorder, where the median survival rate of patients is 4 - 5 years. This calls for the need of effective mechanisms by which the homing and engraftment of these cells are blocked in order to increase the survival and longevity of patients. Therefore, the effort to develop a xenograft mouse model to study the efficacy of MCL therapeutics by blocking the homing mechanism in vivo is of utmost importance. Development of animal recipients for human cell xenotransplantation to test early stage drugs have long been pursued, as relevant preclinical mouse models are crucial to screen new therapeutic agents. This animal model is developed to avoid human graft rejection and to establish a model for human diseases, and it may be an extremely useful tool to study disease progression of different lymphoma types and to perform preclinical testing of candidate drugs for hematologic malignancies, like MCL. We established a xenograft mouse model that will serve as an excellent resource to study and develop novel therapeutic approaches for MCL.

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a difficult to treat B cell disorder and it is equally difficult to establish a xenograft mouse model of primary MCL to study and develop therapeutics. Here, we describe the successful establishment of MCL xenografts in mice to help understand its underlying biology.

Enxertia de tumor em um modelo do rato de enxerto heterólogo de linfoma de células do manto humano

B lymphocytes are key players in immune cell circulation and they mainly home to and reside in lymphoid organs. While normal B cells only proliferate when ...

Development of a Human Preclinical Model of Osteoclastogenesis from Peripheral Blood Monocytes Co-cultured with Breast Cancer Cell Lines

The crosstalk between tumor cells and bone cells in the bone microenvironment is crucial to understanding the mechanism of bone metastasis formation. We developed an in vitro fully human preclinical model of a co-culture of breast cancer cells and monocytes undergoing differentiation towards osteoclasts. We optimized a model of osteoclastogenesis starting from a sample of peripheral blood collected from healthy donors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were first separated by density gradient centrifugation, seeded at a high density and induced to differentiate by adding two growth factors (GFs): receptor activator of nuclear factor-&#954;B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF). The cells were left in culture for 14 days and then fixed and analyzed by downstream analysis. In osteolytic bone metastases, one of the effects of cancer cell arrival in bone is the induction of osteoclastogenesis. We thus challenged our model with co-cultures of breast cancer cells to study the differentiation power of cancer cells with respect to GFs. A straightforward way of studying cancer cell-osteoclast interaction is to perform indirect co-cultures based on the use of conditioned medium collected from breast cancer cell cultures and mixed with fresh medium. This mixture is then used to induce osteoclast differentiation. We also optimized a method of direct co-culture in which cancer cells and monocytes undergoing differentiation share the medium and exchange secreted factors. This is a significant improvement over the original indirect co-culture method as researchers can observe the reciprocal interactions of the two cell types and perform downstream analyses for both cancer cells and osteoclasts. This method enables us to study the effect of drugs on the metastatic bone microenvironment and to seed cell lines other than those derived from breast cancer. The model can also be used to study other diseases such as osteoporosis or other bone conditions.

This protocol describes development of an in vitro human preclinical model of osteoclastogenesis from peripheral blood monocytes cultured with breast cancer cell lines to mimic the cancer cell-osteoclast interaction. The model could be used to further our understanding of bone metastasis formation and improve therapeutic options.

Desenvolvimento de um modelo humano pré-clínicos de Osteoclastogenesis de monócitos do sangue periférico co cultivados com linhas de células de câncer de mama

The crosstalk between tumor cells and bone cells in the bone microenvironment is crucial to understanding the mechanism of bone metastasis formation. We ...

PET and MRI Guided Irradiation of a Glioblastoma Rat Model Using a Micro-irradiator

For decades, small animal radiation research was mostly performed using fairly crude experimental setups applying simple single-beam techniques without the ability to target a specific or well-delineated tumor volume. The delivery of radiation was achieved using fixed radiation sources or linear accelerators producing megavoltage (MV) X-rays. These devices are unable to achieve sub-millimeter precision required for small animals. Furthermore, the high doses delivered to healthy surrounding tissue hamper response assessment. To increase the translation between small animal studies and humans, our goal was to mimic the treatment of human glioblastoma in a rat model. To enable a more accurate irradiation in a preclinical setting, recently, precision image-guided small animal radiation research platforms were developed. Similar to human planning systems, treatment planning on these micro-irradiators is based on computed tomography (CT). However, low soft-tissue contrast on CT makes it very challenging to localize targets in certain tissues, such as the brain. Therefore, incorporating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which has excellent soft-tissue contrast compared to CT, would enable a more precise delineation of the target for irradiation. In the last decade also biological imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) gained interest for radiation therapy treatment guidance. PET enables the visualization of e.g., glucose consumption, amino-acid transport, or hypoxia, present in the tumor. Targeting those highly proliferative or radio-resistant parts of the tumor with a higher dose could give a survival benefit. This hypothesis led to the introduction of the biological tumor volume (BTV), besides the conventional gross target volume (GTV), clinical target volume (CTV), and planned target volume (PTV).
At the preclinical imaging lab of Ghent University, a micro-irradiator, a small animal PET, and a 7 T small animal MRI are available. The goal was to incorporate MRI-guided irradiation and PET-guided sub-volume boosting in a glioblastoma rat model.

In the past, small animal irradiation was usually performed without the ability to target a well-delineated tumor volume. The goal was to mimic the treatment of human glioblastoma in rats. Using a small animal irradiation platform, we performed MRI-guided 3D conformal irradiation with PET-based sub-volume boosting in a preclinical setting.

PET e MRI guiada irradiação de um modelo do rato de Glioblastoma usando um Microdifusora

For decades, small animal radiation research was mostly performed using fairly crude experimental setups applying simple single-beam techniques without ...

Evaluating the Role of Mitochondrial Function in Cancer-related Fatigue

Fatigue is a common and debilitating condition that affects most cancer patients. To date, fatigue remains poorly characterized with no diagnostic test to objectively measure the severity of this condition. Here we describe an optimized method for assessing mitochondrial function of PBMCs collected from fatigued cancer patients. Using a compact extracellular flux system and sequential injection of respiratory inhibitors, we examined PBMC mitochondrial functional status by measuring basal mitochondrial respiration, spare respiratory capacity, and energy phenotype, which describes the preferred energy pathway to respond to stress. Fresh PBMCs are readily available in the clinical setting using standard phlebotomy. The entire assay described in this protocol can be completed in less than 4 hours without the involvement of complex biochemical techniques. Additionally, we describe a normalization method that is necessary for obtaining reproducible data. The simple procedure and normalization methods presented allow for repeated sample collection from the same patient and generation of reproducible data that can be compared between time points to evaluate potential treatment effects.

Our goal was to develop a practical protocol to evaluate mitochondrial dysfunction associated with fatigue in cancer patients. This innovative protocol is optimized for clinical use involving only standard phlebotomy and basic laboratory procedures.

Avaliando o papel da função mitocondrial em fadiga relacionadas ao câncer

Fatigue is a common and debilitating condition that affects most cancer patients. To date, fatigue remains poorly characterized with no diagnostic test to ...

Important Endpoints and Proliferative Markers to Assess Small Intestinal Injury and Adaptation using a Mouse Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis

Intestinal adaptation is the natural compensatory mechanism that occurs when the bowel is lost due to trauma. The adaptive responses, such as crypt cell proliferation and increased nutrient absorption, are critical in recovery, yet poorly understood. Understanding the molecular mechanism behind the adaptive responses is crucial to facilitate the identification of nutrients or drugs to enhance adaptation. Different approaches and models have been described throughout the literature, but a detailed descriptive way to essentially perform the procedures is needed to obtain reproducible data. Here, we describe a method to estimate important endpoints and proliferative markers of small intestinal injury and compensatory hyperproliferation using a model of chemotherapy-induced mucositis in mice. We demonstrate the detection of proliferating cells using a cell cycle specific marker, as well as using small intestinal weight, crypt depth, and villus height as endpoints. Some of the critical steps within the described method are the removal and weighing of the small intestine and the rather complex software system suggested for the measurement of this technique. These methods have the advantages that they are not time-consuming, and that they are cost-effective and easy to carry out and measure.

Here, we present a protocol to establish important endpoints and proliferative markers of small intestinal injury and compensatory hyperproliferation using a model of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. We demonstrate the detection of proliferating cells using a cell cycle specific marker and using small intestinal weight, crypt depth, and villus height as endpoints.

Pontos de extremidade importantes e marcadores proliferativos para avaliar lesão intestinal pequena e adaptação usando um modelo de mouse de mucosite induzida por quimioterapia

Intestinal adaptation is the natural compensatory mechanism that occurs when the bowel is lost due to trauma. The adaptive responses, such as crypt cell ...

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

The absence of a clinically relevant animal model addressing the typical immune characteristics of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has significantly impeded elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and development of innovative immunotherapeutic strategies. To develop an ideal animal model recapitulating human HCC, immunocompetent male C57BL/6J mice first receive a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection to induce liver fibrosis, then receive histologically-normal oncogenic hepatocytes from young male SV40 T antigen (TAg)-transgenic mice (MTD2) by intra-splenic (ISPL) inoculation. Androgen generated in recipient male mice at puberty initiates TAg expression under control of a liver-specific promoter. As a result, the transferred hepatocytes become cancer cells and form tumor masses in the setting of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. This novel model mimics human HCC initiation and progression in the context of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and reflects the most typical features of human HCC including immune dysfunction.

Here, we describe the development of a clinically relevant murine model of liver cancer recapitulating the typical immune features of hepatocellular cancer (HCC).

Um modelo de camundongo de câncer hepatocelular induzido por hepatócitos oncogênico, decorrente do ajuste da inflamação e fibrose hepática

The absence of a clinically relevant animal model addressing the typical immune characteristics of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has significantly impeded ...