Name: intrasplenic transplantation of hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in nod.scid mice
Uploaded: 2018-02-10T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intrasplenic Transplantation of Hepatocytes After Partial Hepatectomy in NOD.SCID Mice at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the core grant received from the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India to the National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi. Dr. Bhattacharjee&#39;s current address is Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children&#39;s Hospital Los Angeles.

Procedures presented in this protocol have been approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of the National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi. The serial reference number of the approval is IAEC#319/13. 
Note: There are excellent resources on general surgery procedures20 and specific protocols for rodent surgery21. For those doing animal surgery for the first time, it is recommended to extensively practice surgical procedures ...

<ol>
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Partial hepatectomy is an established technique for investigating liver regeneration, and excessive hepatectomy is reported to mimic the AHF model. Among animal models of AHF, rodents, particularly mice, are the most researched model. To obtain a liver injury model in mice, up to a 70% hepatectomy has been reported with a good survival rate25,26. However in nude and other immunodeficient mouse, a 70% hepatectomy was reported as fatal and animals died within 24 ho...

Currently, hepatocyte transplantation is proposed as an alternative to whole organ transplantation for treating patients having severe liver disorders. It is believed that it can bridge patients to whole organ transplantation1. In addition to the allogenic hepatocytes2, xenogenic hepatocytes3 and hepatocytes derived from stem cells4 are also being investigated in animal models. In this context, the homing and engraftment potential of the transplanted cells in the recipient is an important criterion for cell based therapy in acute hepatic failure (AHF).
For investigating the transplantation of hepatocytes or hepatocyte-like cells5, AHF is created in an animal model either by surgical6 or pharmacological7 procedures, followed by transplanting cells. To make an AHF animal model by pharmacological reagents, many hepatotoxins such as d-galactosamine8, acetaminophen9, carbon tetrachloride10, thioacetamide11, Concanavalin A12, lipopolysaccharide13, etc., have been used. From this list, every reagent generates a unique set of features for AHF, but unfortunately no single reagent mimics the human AHF. Moreover, the AHF induced by hepatotoxins takes a long time, which puts animals under chronic stress, and reproducible results are difficult to obtain.
On the other hand, the surgical procedure of partial hepatectomy (PHx) is skill dependent, and reproducible results are easy to obtain after developing required skills. To induce AHF by surgical intervention alone, resection of more than 70% of the liver is required; however, less than a 70% hepatectomy can still be utilized to study engraftment and proliferation of transplanted cells in the liver for analyzing their therapeutic capacity during liver damage14. The transplantation of hepatocytes have been performed post hepatectomy through the peritoneum15, tail vein16, hepatic vein17, or the spleen18. Currently, hepatic vein infusion and intrasplenic transplantation of hepatocytes are the preferred procedures, as they are easier to reproduce.
In this paper, we have described a procedure for a 30% partial hepatectomy in NOD.SCID (NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J) mice in which the left lobe of the liver is excised. It is followed by transplantation of 0.2 million GFP expressing mouse (C57BL/6-Tg (UBC-GFP) 30Scha/J) hepatocytes as well as human origin NeoHep19 in the spleen. This procedure leads to engraftment of the transplanted cells in the liver. This procedure is the least invasive and a minimally painful technique.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Gas Anesthesia System</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Ugo Basile; Italy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">211000</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Weighing machine</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Goldtech ; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Local Procurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Biological safety cabinet ( Class I)</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Kartos international;&#160; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Local Procurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hair Trimmer</td>
			<td>Panasonic ;&#160; Japan&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ER-GY10&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Straight operating scissor with sharp /sharp blades</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Major Surgicals; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Local Procurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forceps with Serrations</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Major Surgicals; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Local Procurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro needle holders&#160; straight &#38; curved&#160;</td>
			<td>Mercian ;&#160; England&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BS-13-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 ml insulin syringe with 30G *5/16 needles&#160;</td>
			<td>Dispo Van; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 ml syringe with 26 G * 1/2 needle</td>
			<td>BD ; US&#160;</td>
			<td>REF 303060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nylon Threads&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Mighty ; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>(1-0) Local Procurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MERSUTURES 4-0 Sterilised Surgical Needled Suture</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Ethicon, Johnson &#38; Johnson, India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NW 5047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TRUGUT 76 cm 4-0 absorbable surgical suture</td>
			<td>Sutures India Pvt. Ltd; India</td>
			<td>SN 5048</td>
			<td>Sterilised Surgical Needled Suture Catgut Chromic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Cotton Buds</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Pure Swabs Pvt Ltd ;&#160; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Local Procurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Surgical Tape</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">3M India ; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1530-1</td>
			<td>Micropore Surgical Tape</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Microtome</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Histo-Line Laboratories, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MRS3500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Shandon Cryotome E Cryostat</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Thermo Electron Corporation ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Confocal laser scanning microscope</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Carl Zeiss ; Germany&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LSM 510 META</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Bright Field Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Olympus, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LX51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:411px;">Automated analyser</td>
			<td>Tulip, Alto Santracruz, India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Screen Maaster 3000</td>
			<td>Biochemical analyser for liver functional test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">BD ; US&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD FACSverse</td>
			<td>Assesment of presence of cells post transplantation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Veet hair removal cream&#160;</td>
			<td>Reckitt Benckiser , India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FORANE</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Abbott ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>isoflurane USP 99.9%&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Taxim</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">AlKem ; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>cefotaxime sodium injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Povidone-Iodine solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Win-Medicare;&#160; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Betadine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Himedia; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GRM 3660</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:411px;">Iscove&#39;s Modified Dulbecco&#39;s Medium (IMDM)</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Life technologies, Thermo Fisher scientific ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12200-036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Sigma ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S0389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Tissue-Tek</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Sakura; US</td>
			<td>25608-930</td>
			<td>O.C.T compound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Himedia; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MB 097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">anti-Albumin goat Polyclonal</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Thermo Scientific,Pierce, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PA126081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">anti-connexin 32/GJB1 Polyclonal</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">abcam, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ab64609-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">antiGFP rabbit polyclonal&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Santa Cruz biotechnology; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SC 8334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:411px;">Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-goat</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">&#160;Molecular Probes , Thermo Fisher Scientific ;&#160; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A11058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:411px;">Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-sheep</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">&#160;Molecular Probes , Thermo Fisher Scientific ;&#160; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A11015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:411px;">Alexa Fluor 594 chicken anti rabbit</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">&#160;Molecular Probes , Thermo Fisher Scientific ;&#160; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A21442</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:411px;">Goat anti rabbit IgG HRP</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific; US&#160;</td>
			<td>65-6120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">anti-Ki67 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">abcam, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ab15580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Antigen Unmasking Solution, Citric acid base</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Vector laboratories, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H-3300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">ProLong Diamond antifade mountant</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Life technologies, Thermo Fisher scientific ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P36966</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">SGOT (ASAT) KIT</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Coral Clinical System, India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">SGPT (ALAT) KIT</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Coral Clinical System, India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Alkaline Phosphatase Kit (DEA)</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Coral Clinical System, India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Hematoxylin Solution, Mayer&#39;s</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Sigma ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MHS16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Eosin Y solution, alcoholic</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Sigma ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HT110132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">DPX Mountant&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Sigma ; US</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">6522</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Melonex (Pain Killer)</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Meloxicam injection&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">DAB enhanced liquid substrate system tetrahydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Sigma ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D3939</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intrasplenic transplantation of hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in nod.scid mice

Partial hepatectomy is a versatile and reproducible method to study liver regeneration and the effect of cell based therapeutics in various pathological conditions. Partial hepatectomy also facilitates the increased engraftment and proliferation of transplanted cells by accelerating neovascularization and cell migration towards the liver. Here, we describe a simple protocol for performing 30% hepatectomy and transplantation of cells in the spleen of a non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient NOD.SCID (NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J) mouse. 
In this procedure, two small incisions are made. The first incision is to expose and resect the left lobe of the liver, and another small incision is made to expose the spleen for the intrasplenic transplantation of cells. This procedure does not require any specialized surgical skills, and it can be completed in 5-7 minutes with less stress and pain, faster recovery, and better survival. We have demonstrated the transplantation of hepatocytes isolated from a green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing mouse (Transgenic C57BL/6-Tg (UBC-GFP) 30Scha/J), as well as hepatocyte like cells of human origin (NeoHep) in partially hepatectomized NOD.SCID mice.

Hepatocyte proliferation after 30% partial hepatectomy: The proliferation of hepatocytes in the remaining liver after 30% hepatectomy was examined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for a cell proliferation marker, Ki-67. One-day post hepatectomy, the mice were euthanized, the remaining liver lobes were excised, and paraffin sections were obtained. The sections were stained with Ki-67 antibody, followed by labelling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated secondary antibody. Di-Amino Benzidine (D...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intrasplenic Transplantation of Hepatocytes After Partial Hepatectomy in NOD.SCID Mice at JoVE.com

Intrasplenic Transplantation of Hepatocytes After Partial Hepatectomy in NOD.SCID Mice

We have described a protocol for performing partial hepatectomy (PHx) and cell transplantation via spleen in NOD.SCID (NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J) mice. In this protocol, an incision is made to expose and resect the left lobe of the liver followed by another incision for the intrasplenic transplantation of cells.

Partial hepatectomy is a versatile and reproducible method to study liver regeneration and the effect of cell based therapeutics in various pathological ...

For treating patients having acute hepatic failure hepatocyte transplantation is an alternative to whole organ transplantation. Partial hepatectomy is used as a technique for creating AHF. Besides it is also utilized to investigate cell engraftment and proliferation during cell based therapy.Mouse is one of the most researched models for performing hepatectomy for such objectives. In this video we will show a procedure for partial hepatectomy followed by transplantation of hepatocytes in the spleen of a NOD. SCID mouse.Before you begin make sure that you have necessary approval from appropriate animal ethics committee for performing the experiment. In this procedure we will make two small incisions. The first incision is for partial liver hepatectomy which will be around one centimeter long made just below the xiphoid to expose the liver.For transplanting cells another smaller incision is made on the left lateral portion to expose the spleen of the animal. The advantages are that it leads to less trauma and pain to the animal faster recovery and nearly hundred percent survival. Moreover this procedure does not require any specialized surgical skills and can be completed quickly in five to seven minutes.In this video we will demonstrate the transplantation of hepatocyte like cells called as NeoHep and hepatocytes isolated from a transgenic GFP mouse in a partially hepatectomized NOD. SCID mouse. The procedure does not restrict the type of cells for transplantation.All surgical tools and PBS were duly autocleaned and kept ready prior to surgery. Weigh the mouse.NOD. SCID mouse of six to eight week age weighing between fourteen to eighteen grams are included in this procedure.Shave the central, upper, and left portion of the mouse abdomen. In order to remove trimmed hair, apply hair removing cream over the shaved region. Wait for four to five minutes and gently remove the hair.Unlock the oxygen cylinder valve. Place the mouse in the Isoflurane chamber. Adjust the oxygen flow at four liter per minute.Adjust the isoflurane vaporization at four percent for inducing the anesthesia. Ensure that the mouse has been anesthetized properly by gentle toe pinching. Place a surgery board inside a biosafety cabinet.Place the animal on the surgery board such that the ventral portion of the mouse is facing up and anterior portion of the mouse is placed inside the nose cone connected to the Isoflurane and oxygen supply. Reduce the Isoflurane vaporization to two percent for maintaining the anesthesia. Disinfect the skin by wiping it with sterile cotton soaked in seventy percent ethanol.Make a transverse incision of around one centimeter in the skin just below the sternum perpendicular to xiphoid parallel to ribcage. Gently separate the skin and peritoneum near the incision. Make a transverse incision through the peritoneal layer just below the xiphoid to expose the left lobe of the liver.Two moistened cotton tip swill be used. Place one of the cotton tips on the abdominal side of the cut and place another cotton tip on the diaphragm side. Now gently press the tip placed towards the diaphragm and give a sliding push by the other tip to lift the left lobe of the liver.Place a loop of silk thread on the base of the left lateral lobe close to the liver hilum using the micro-dissecting forceps. After slightly closing the knot, slide the silk thread as much possible to the base of the liver lobe. Tighten the knot and place two additional knots on the other side.Cut the tied lobe using a microsurgery scissor. This image shows remaining part of the left lobe after resection. Sew the peritoneum by continuous suturing with a four zero Catgut absorbable suture.Close the skin by discontinuous or interrupted suturing using the same four zero Catgut absorbable suture. Apply Betadine in the vicinity of sutures. Keep the hepatocytes or NeoHep suspended in fifty micro-liter IMDM ready in a one ML insulin syringe with twenty-nine gauge needle.Place the mouse such that the left lateral portion would face up. Identify the spleen region and transversely dissect the skin. Make a two to three millimeter cut in the peritoneal layer to expose the spleen.Place the spleen between two moist cotton tips and gently lift it. Pierce the needle in the spleen cortex gently and release the cell suspension into the spleen. Close the peritoneum by continuous suturing with a four zero suture and close the skin by discontinuous suturing.Apply Betadine on sutures. Inject hundred micro liter saline intraperitoneally containing twelve milligram antibiotic Cefotaxime. Inject hundred micro liter saline intraperitoneally containing twelve micro gram of analgesic Meloxicam.This is to be given daily for three days post-surgery. Close the isoflurane vaporizer and place the mouse in the cage. The animal will gain consciousness within seconds.The proliferation of hepatocytes in the liver post twenty-four hours of thirty percent hepatectomy was examined by immunohistochemical staining of liver sections with Ki-67 which is a cell proliferation marker. After staining these sections with anti-Ki-67 horseradish peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody was used for detection and Di-Amino Benzadine was used as substrate to develop brown color. The nucleus was counter stained with hematoxylin.In this image brown colored cells are Ki-67 positive proliferating hepatocytes. Ten days post transplantation the mouse was euthanized and the liver was examined. A representative image is shown here.From the regenerated liver the right lateral lobe the right medial lobe and the left medial lobes were excised and five micron sections were obtained. These sections were stained with primary rabbit polyclonal anti-GFP and secondary anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 594 antibodies. The nucleus was counterstained with DAPI.This image shows the homing of hepatocytes expressing green fluorescent protein which is visible as red. When hepatocyte like cells of human origin called NeoHep were transplanted, we observed the expression of human Albumin and human Connexin 32 in the liver sections of recipient hepatectomized mouse. Ten days post surgery the biochemical analysis of liver secreted ensymes in serum confirmed that the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amintransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were restored to normal.Similarly the histological examination of liver sections by haematoxylin and eosin staining showed no abnormalities ten days post-surgery indicating proper recovery of the liver. It is important to take a few precautions. Try to place the knot of nylon thread at the base of the liver lobe.Do not forget to make two additional tight knots in the opposite side and do not attempt to cut very close to the thread. For transplanting cells into the spleen, pierce the needle exactly vertical and it should not go deeper than two millimeters. For closing skin avoid using wound clips.Instead close it by a four zero suture. Wound clips restrict the natural movement of the mouse and often clips become loose and come out within no time. After placing the animal back into the cage, you may place a few pieces of sterile corn flakes in the cage and provide sterile water having five percent glucose.If you have no earlier exposure to animal surgery, practice separately the partial liver hepatectomy and transplantation in normal immuno-competent mice and then perform both the procedutes in a single animal. Perform the procedures in immunodeficient NOD. SCID mouse, only after attaining hundred percent survival rate in immuno-competent mice.

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Surgical Procedures for a Rat Model of Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Hepatic Arterial Reconstruction

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Visualization of Vascular and Parenchymal Regeneration after 70% Partial Hepatectomy in Normal Mice

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Re-Arterialized Rat Partial Liver Transplantation with an in vivo Vessel-Oriented 70% Hepatectomy

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Transplantation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell Sheet to Reduce Leakage After Partial Colectomy in A Rat Model

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Lentiviral Vector-mediated Gene Therapy of Hepatocytes Ex Vivo for Autologous Transplantation in Swine

Lentiviral Vector-mediated Gene Therapy of Hepatocytes Ex Vivo for Autologous Transplantation in Swine

Gene therapy is an ideal choice to cure many inborn errors of metabolism of the liver. Ex-vivo, lentiviral vectors have been used successfully in the ...

Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a clinical condition caused by various etiologies resulting in the loss of metabolic, biochemical, synthesizing, and ...

Reduced Complications after Arterial Reconnection in a Rat Model of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

The rat orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) model is a powerful tool to study acute and chronic rejection. However, it is not a complete representation ...

Intramyocardial Transplantation of MSC-Loading Injectable Hydrogels after Myocardial Infarction in a Murine Model

One of the major issues facing current cardiac stem cell therapies for preventing postinfarct heart failure is the low retention and survival rates of ...