Gostaríamos de agradecer a todos os membros do Keller e Magie Labs na Quinnipiac University por sugestões úteis. Em particular, gostaríamos de agradecer Barron L. Lincoln II pelo desenvolvimento deste ensaio de lesões no Keller Lab. Também gostaríamos de agradecer a Quinnipiac University College of Arts and Science Grant-In-Aid concedida à LC Keller.

1. Preparação de Reagentes e Equipamento <ol><li> Prepare 1x tampão de dissecção (NaCl 70 mM, KCl 5 mM, CaCl2 0,02, MgCl2 20 mM, 10 mM de NaHCO3, 115 mM de sacarose, trealose a 5 mM, HEPES a 5 mM; pH 7,2). </li><li> Prepare 1x salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS). </li><li> Prepare 1x PBT usando 1x PBS com Triton X-100 a 0,01%. </li><li> Prepare placas de agar de suco de frutas. 14 Em resumo, misture 30 g de agar em 700 mL de H 2 O e autoclave. Dissolver 0,5 g de metilparabeno em 10 mL de etanol e adicionar solução a 300 mL de concentrado de suco de fruta (uva ou maçã). Misture o concentrado na solução de agar autoclavada e despeje nas tampas de placas de Petri de 10 mm x 35 mm. NOTA: A pré-mistura de agar de uva também pode ser comprada de várias empresas (consulte Tabelas de Materiais ). </li><li> Obtenha pinças de tamanho 5 que permitam ferir mecanicamente as larvas. </li><li> Use padrão Drosophila CO 2 </sAparelho de anestesia baseado em ub&gt;. </li></ol> 2. Seleção de Larvas de Drosophila <ol><li> Pegue um frasco ou frasco de Drosophila contendo larvas errantes do terceiro instar que foram cultivadas a 25 ° C. </li><li> Selecione dez larvas individuais de 2º ou 3º instar com base na aparência. As larvas do terceiro estádio podem ser identificadas pelo aparecimento de espirais ramificados anteriores, enquanto as larvas do segundo estádio são menores e possuem mais espirais anteriores do tipo clube. NOTA: Os estádios larvais também podem ser identificados por tempo. A 25 ° C, as larvas do segundo estágio aparecem aproximadamente 48 h após a eclosão, e as larvas do terceiro estádio são aproximadamente 24 horas depois. Se estiver interessado em examinar a neurodegeneração no NMJ, larvas de segundo estádio precisam se machucar. </li></ol> 3. Preparando Larvas de Drosophila para Ferimento Mecânico <ol><li> Escolha cuidadosamente larvas individuais por pinça ou pincel, sendo cautelosoPara não comprimi-lo de qualquer maneira. </li><li> Coloque diretamente dez larvas no prato de vidro contendo 1X PBS frio ou tampão de dissecação para remover quaisquer detritos alimentares e desacelerar a mobilidade larval. </li></ol> 4. Lesões mecânicas e tratamento de Larvas de Drosophila <ol><li> Coloque cada larva individual em um aparelho de anestesia com CO 2 . </li><li> Sob um microscópio de dissecação, rote cuidadosamente cada larva para o lado dorsal para visualizar os nervos segmentares através da cutícula. </li><li> Posicione o tamanho de 5 pinças aproximadamente 1/2 a 2/3 do comprimento da larva a partir dos ganchos da boca. Uma vez posicionado, aperte aproximadamente 1/3 da cutícula ventral contendo os nervos segmentares com pinça do tamanho 5. <ol><li> Para garantir que os nervos segmentares larvais estejam feridos, aplique força suficiente para esmagar os nervos segmentares, mas deixe a cutícula intacta. Para determinar a quantidade correta de força, esmague 10 larvas e assegureA taxa de mortalidade após 5 h é inferior a 50%. </li></ol></li><li> Após lesão, transferir cuidadosamente larvas para uma placa de agar de suco de fruta contendo aproximadamente 0,5 g de pasta de levedura. Coloque cada larva de modo que sua extremidade anterior esteja na pasta de fermento, para alimentação contínua, apesar da motilidade interrompida. NOTA: Para garantir que os nervos segmentares larvais tenham sofrido ferimento, a motilidade da larva interrompida pode ser observada após a transferência para a placa de ágar. A larva lesada é efetivamente paralisada posterior ao local da lesão, mas ainda pode mover os ganchos da boca e se alimentar. Uma taxa de mortalidade elevada de animais após lesão é comum por isso é melhor ferir 20-50% mais animais do que é necessário para uma experiência. </li><li> Coloque placas de agar contendo pasta de levedura e 10 larvas lesadas no fundo de uma placa de Petri vazia de 100 x 15 mm. Cubra esta placa de petri, agora contendo as larvas lesadas em uma placa de ágar com uma toalha de papel úmida, garantindo que a toalha de papel não toque as larvas ou as placas de ágar. Coloque issoPlaca de Petri em um recipiente maior, bem fechado, na RT. </li><li> Recuperar larvas para dissecção após períodos especificados (6, 12 ou 24 h) pós-lesão. NOTA: Para examinar os efeitos imediatos da lesão no citoesqueleto axonal, as larvas podem ser dissecadas diretamente após a lesão. Para examinar defeitos de transporte axonal, as larvas podem ser dissecadas aproximadamente 6 h após a lesão. Cerca de 12 h após a lesão, pode-se observar uma acumulação de proteínas ubiquitinadas e 24 h após a lesão, pode-se observar a degeneração de neurônios motores no NMJ. </li></ol> 5. Análise da Neurodegeneração no NMJ <ol><li> Disselar a larva NMJ de Drosophila como descrito anteriormente. 15 , 16 Em resumo, larvas de pin em uma placa de Sylgard, cortar a superfície dorsal e filé com pinos em uma gota de tampão de dissecação para expor a musculatura da parede do corpo. Fixar larvas em 4% paraformaldeído (PFA) ou solução de Bouin, dependendo do antiCorpos usados ​​para visualizar neurônios e músculos. NOTA: A fixação de PFA deve ser usada se as tags de proteínas fluorescentes, como Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), devem ser visualizadas, pois o fixador de Bouin pode ser muito severo. </li><li> Execute a imunofluorescência, que foi descrita anteriormente 11 , 13 , 16 , para marcar simultaneamente neurônios motores pré-sinápticos e dobras pós-sinápticas adjacentes (SSR). Visualize membranas pré-sinápticas e axônios com peroxidase de rábano conjugada fluorescentemente (HRP) (1: 300) 17 e as zonas ativas podem ser coradas usando um anticorpo anti-Bruchpilot (Brp) (nc82; 1: 100; Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank). Simultaneamente, rotine os músculos pós-sinápticos com um anticorpo anti-Dics Large (Dlg) (1: 10.000). 18 </li><li> Execute um ensaio estabelecido para quantificar a neurodegeneração no NMJ como descrito anteriormente. 8 </suP&gt; , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 Em breve, visualize simultaneamente NMJs individuais para compartimentos pré e pós-sinápticos. Qualquer coisa marcada com marcadores pós-sinápticos, mas não marcadores pré-sinápticos, indica sites de neurodegeneração ( Figura 1 ). O número médio de boutons por NMJ, bem como o número médio de NMJs por animal pode ser quantificado. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bier, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophilia,+the+golden+bug,+emerges+as+a+tool+for+human+genetics.">Drosophilia, the golden bug, emerges as a tool for human genetics.</a> Nat. Rev. Genet. 6 (1), 9-23 (2005).</li><li>Ugur, B., Chen, K., Bellen, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+tools+and+assays+for+the+study+of+human+diseases.">Drosophila tools and assays for the study of human diseases.</a> Dis Model Mech. 9 (3), 235-244 (2016).</li><li>McGurk, L., Berson, A., Bonini, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+as+an+in+vivo+model+for+human+neurodegenerative+disease.">Drosophila as an in vivo model for human neurodegenerative disease.</a> Genetics. 201 (2), 377-402 (2015).</li><li>Shin, J. E., Cho, Y., Beirowski, B., Milbrandt, J., Cavalli, V., DiAntonio, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+leucine+zipper+kinase+is+required+for+retrograde+injury+signaling+and+axonal+regeneration.">Dual leucine zipper kinase is required for retrograde injury signaling and axonal regeneration.</a> Neuron. 74 (6), 1015-1022 (2012).</li><li>Xiong, X., Wang, X., Ewanek, R., Bhat, P., Diantonio, A., Collins, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+turnover+of+the+Wallenda/DLK+kinase+regulates+a+retrograde+response+to+axonal+injury.">Protein turnover of the Wallenda/DLK kinase regulates a retrograde response to axonal injury.</a> J Cell Biol. 191 (1), 211-223 (2010).</li><li>Xiong, X., Collins, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+conditioning+lesion+protects+axons+from+degeneration+via+the+Wallenda/DLK+MAP+kinase+signaling+cascade.">A conditioning lesion protects axons from degeneration via the Wallenda/DLK MAP kinase signaling cascade.</a> J Neurosci. 32 (2), 610-615 (2012).</li><li>Mishra, B., Ghannad-Rezaie, M., Li, J., Wang, X., Hao, Y., Ye, B., Chronis, N., Collins, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+microfluidics+chips+for+live+imaging+and+study+of+injury+responses+in+Drosophila+larvae.">Using microfluidics chips for live imaging and study of injury responses in Drosophila larvae.</a> J Vis Exp. (84), e50998 (2014).</li><li>Eaton, B. A., Fetter, R. D., Davis, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynactic+is+necessary+for+synapse+stabilization.">Dynactic is necessary for synapse stabilization.</a> Neuron. 34 (5), 729-741 (2002).</li><li>Eaton, B. A., Davis, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LIM+Kinase1+controls+synaptic+stability+downstream+of+the+type+II+BMP+receptor.">LIM Kinase1 controls synaptic stability downstream of the type II BMP receptor.</a> Neuron. 47 (5), 695-708 (2005).</li><li>Pielage, J., Fetter, R. D., Davis, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presynaptic+spectrin+is+essential+for+synapse+stabilization.">Presynaptic spectrin is essential for synapse stabilization.</a> Curr Biol. 15 (10), 918-928 (2005).</li><li>Pielage, J., Cheng, L., Fetter, R. D., Carlton, P. M., Sedat, J. W., Davis, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+presynaptic+giant+Ankyrin+stabilizes+the+NMJ+through+regulation+or+presynaptic+microtubules+and+transsynaptic+cell+adhesion.">A presynaptic giant Ankyrin stabilizes the NMJ through regulation or presynaptic microtubules and transsynaptic cell adhesion.</a> Neuron. 58 (2), 195-209 (2008).</li><li>Massaro, C. M., Pielage, J., Davis, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+that+enhance+synapse+stability+despite+persistent+disruption+of+the+spectrin/ankryin/microtubule+cytoskeleton.">Molecular mechanisms that enhance synapse stability despite persistent disruption of the spectrin/ankryin/microtubule cytoskeleton.</a> J Cell Biol. 187 (1), 101-117 (2009).</li><li>Lincoln, B. L., Alabsi, S. H., Frendo, N., Freund, R., Keller, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+neuronal+injury+follows+a+temporal+sequence+of+cellular+events+leading+to+degeneration+at+the+neuromuscular+junction.">Drosophila neuronal injury follows a temporal sequence of cellular events leading to degeneration at the neuromuscular junction.</a> J Exp Neurosci. 9, 1-9 (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+apple+juice-agar+plates.">Drosophila apple juice-agar plates.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. , (2011).</li><li>Brent, J. R., Werner, K. M., McCabe, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+larval+NMJ+immunohistochemistry.">Drosophila larval NMJ immunohistochemistry.</a> J Vis Exp. (25), (2009).</li><li>Smith, R., Taylor, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+and+imaging+of+active+zones+in+the+Drosophila+neuromuscular+junction.">Dissection and imaging of active zones in the Drosophila neuromuscular junction.</a> J Vis Exp. (50), (2011).</li><li>Jan, L., Jan, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+to+horseradish+peroxidase+as+specific+neuronal+markers+in+Drosophila+and+in+grasshopper+embryos.">Antibodies to horseradish peroxidase as specific neuronal markers in Drosophila and in grasshopper embryos.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 79 (8), 2700-2704 (1982).</li><li>Lahey, T., Gorczyca, M., Jia, X., Budnik, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+tumor+suppressor+gene+dlg+is+required+for+normal+synaptic+bouton+structure.">The Drosophila tumor suppressor gene dlg is required for normal synaptic bouton structure.</a> Neuron. 13 (4), 823-835 (1994).</li></ol>

Os autores não têm nada a divulgar.

A lesão mecânica neuronal descrita anteriormente e demonstrada aqui pode ser utilizada para induzir lesão / estresse nos nervos segmentares das larvas de Drosophila . 4 , 5 , 6 , 14 Esta técnica experimental tem sido empregada anteriormente para dissecar a seqüência temporal de eventos que conduzem à neurodegeneração, bem como para examinar as alterações transcricionais nos...

A degeneração neuronal ocorre durante o desenvolvimento normal e pode ser causada pelo processo de envelhecimento natural, lesão, estresse ou estados de doença. Drosophila melanogaster , a mosca comum da fruta, fornece um organismo modelo simples e poderoso para estudar a neurodegeneração devido às semelhanças notáveis ​​nos mecanismos moleculares que conduzem à degeneração dos neurônios. Essas semelhanças são destacadas pelo fato de que aproximadamente 70% dos genes humanos associados à doença possuem um homólogo de Drosophila . 1 Além disso, vários ensaios e ferramentas tecnológicas para estudar doenças neurodegenerativas humanas foram desenvolvidos e utilizados em Drosophila . 2 , 3 Dentro da Drosophila , a junção neuromuscular (NMJ) permite a análise de propriedades celulares e eletrofisiológicas e provou ser um sistema importante para estudar doença neuromuscular devido ao visível nConexões euron-músculo. 2 Neste estudo, descrevemos um ensaio de lesão de neurônio in vivo em larvas de Drosophila que permite a lesão reprodutível dos nervos segmentares. Esta lesão do motoneurão resulta em uma seqüência temporal de eventos celulares, resultando em neurodegeneração na lesão NMJ 24 h pós. A capacidade de reproduzir os motoneurônios lesionados resultando em neurodegeneração tem diversas aplicações, como a identificação de genes específicos necessários para o processo degenerativo, a dissecação de respostas transcripcionais à lesão neuronal e a análise de cascatas de sinalização protetora. 4 , 5 , 6 Este método também foi usado em combinação com microfluidics para estudar degeneração neuronal e regeneração em animais vivos. 7 Utilizamos um ensaio quantitativo estabelecido para examinar o degenerato do neurônio motorIon na Drosophila NMJ após lesão mecânica. Este ensaio baseia-se no facto de a perda de membrana pré-sináptica e as proteínas precedem a desmontagem do retículo subsináptico (SSR) caracterizada pelas dobras da membrana do músculo pós-sináptico. 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 Este ensaio permite a quantificação de &quot;pegadas sinápticas&quot; onde o neurônio pré-sináptico perdeu a conexão com o músculo pós-sináptico adjacente. O processo degenerativo mostrou ser progressivo em todo o desenvolvimento larval 12 e não pode ser explicado pelo desenvolvimento alterado de sinapse ou brotação. 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 O anúncioA vantagem de usar lesões mecânicas em mutações preexistentes é que permite a dissecção da seqüência temporal de eventos celulares que conduzem à neurodegeneração no NMJ. 13

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-dissecting scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15000-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #3 Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11231-30</td>
			<td>Some people prefer size 3, while others prefer size 5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11251-30</td>
			<td>Some people prefer size 3, while others prefer size 5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 Air Tank</td>
			<td>Tech Air</td>
			<td>UN 1013</td>
			<td>Various tank sizes can be purchased/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 Anesthetizing Apparatus</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>59-114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless-steel pins, size 0.1</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>26002-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SylGard 184 Silicone Elastomer, Base and Curing Agent</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>3097358-1004</td>
			<td>To pour dissecting plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bouin&#39;s Solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>HT 10132-1L</td>
			<td>Antibodies should be tested for their efficiency in Bouin&#39;s and PFA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde in PBS</td>
			<td>Affymetrix</td>
			<td>FLY-8030-20</td>
			<td>Antibodies should be tested for their efficiency in Bouin&#39;s and PFA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting Stereo MIcroscope</td>
			<td>AmScope</td>
			<td>SM-1BZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light Source</td>
			<td>AmScope</td>
			<td>HL150-AY-220V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti- nc82 antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>nc82-s</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-discs large antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>AF3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor anti-horseradish peroxidase</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>123-545-021; 123-585-021; 123-605-021</td>
			<td>One can you Alexa Fluor&#174; 488, 594 or 647</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flystuff Grape Juice Agar Premix</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>47-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope slides</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>29-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Coverslips</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-545-87</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Nalgene Utility Box</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-484C</td>
			<td>Used to create humid chamber for larval recovery</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple neuronal mechanical injury methodology to study drosophila motor neuron degeneration

A degeneração dos neurônios ocorre durante o desenvolvimento normal e em resposta a lesões, estresse e doença. As características celulares da degeneração neuronal são notavelmente semelhantes em humanos e invertebrados, assim como os mecanismos moleculares que conduzem esses processos. A mosca da fruta, Drosophila melanogaster , fornece um organismo modelo genético poderoso e simples para estudar as complexidades celulares das doenças neurodegenerativas. Na verdade, aproximadamente 70% dos genes humanos associados à doença possuem um homólogo de Drosophila e uma infinidade de ferramentas e ensaios foram descritos usando moscas para estudar doenças neurodegenerativas humanas. Mais especificamente, a junção neuromuscular (NMJ) em Drosophila provou ser um sistema eficaz para estudar doenças neuromusculares devido à capacidade de analisar as conexões estruturais entre o neurônio e o músculo. Aqui, relatamos um teste de lesão do neurônio motor in vivo em Drosophila , queInduz de forma reprodutiva neurodegeneração no NMJ por 24 h. Usando essa metodologia, descrevemos uma seqüência temporal de eventos celulares resultando em degeneração de neurônio motor. O método de lesão tem diversas aplicações e também foi utilizado para identificar genes específicos necessários para a neurodegeneração e para dissecar as respostas transcricionais à lesão neuronal.

Usando o procedimento apresentado aqui, demonstramos que a lesão neuronal mecânica permite a dissecção temporal de eventos neurodegenerativos. 14 , 18 A sequência de eventos foi previamente caracterizada e começa com uma ruptura imediata do citoesqueleto, seguida de defeitos de tráfico axonais, acumulação de proteínas ubiquitinadas e posterior neurodegeneração 24 h pós-lesão. Antes da lesão, WT NMJ mostra o marcado...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Neuronal Mechanical Injury Methodology to Study Drosophila Motor Neuron Degeneration at JoVE.com

A Simple Neuronal Mechanical Injury Methodology to Study Drosophila Motor Neuron Degeneration

Aqui, descrevemos um método simples e amplamente acessível para ferir nervos segmentares em larvas de Drosophila para visualizar e quantificar neurodegeneração de neurônios motores na junção neuromuscular (NMJ) de larvas de terceiro estádio.

Uma Metodologia de Lesão Mecânica Neuronal Simples para Estudar<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Degeneração do Neurônio do Motor

The degeneration of neurons occurs during normal development and in response to injury, stress, and disease. The cellular hallmarks of neuronal ...

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A Simple Neuronal Mechanical Injury Methodology to Study Drosophila Motor Neuron Degeneration

5.5K visualizações.  Quinnipiac University.  Aqui, descrevemos um método simples e amplamente acessível para ferir nervos segmentares em larvas de Drosophila para visualizar e quantificar neurodegeneração de neurônios motores na junção neuromuscular (NMJ) de larvas de terceiro estádio. 

Vídeo: A Simple Neuronal Mechanical Injury Methodology to Study Drosophila Motor Neuron Degeneration

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying class-specific dendrite morphogenesis1,2. To facilitate molecular analyses of class-specific da neuron development, it is vital to obtain these cells in a pure population. Although a range of different cell, and tissue-specific RNA isolation techniques exist for Drosophila cells, including magnetic bead based cell purification3,4, Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)5-8, and RNA binding protein based strategies9, none of these methods can be readily utilized for isolating single or multiple class-specific Drosophila da neurons with a high degree of spatial precision. Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) has emerged as an extremely powerful tool that can be used to isolate specific cell types from tissue sections with a high degree of spatial resolution and accuracy. RNA obtained from isolated cells can then be used for analyses including qRT-PCR and microarray expression profiling within a given cell type10-16. To date, LCM has not been widely applied in the analysis of Drosophila tissues and cells17,18, including da neurons at the third instar larval stage of development. 
Here we present our optimized protocol for isolation of Drosophila da neurons using the infrared (IR) class of LCM. This method allows for the capture of single, class-specific or multiple da neurons with high specificity and spatial resolution. Age-matched third instar larvae expressing a UAS-mCD8::GFP19 transgene under the control of either the class IV da neuron specific ppk-GAL420 driver or the pan-da neuron specific 21-7-GAL421 driver were used for these experiments. RNA obtained from the isolated da neurons is of very high quality and can be directly used for downstream applications, including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses. Furthermore, this LCM protocol can be readily adapted to capture other Drosophila cell types a various stages of development dependent upon the cell type specific, GAL4-driven expression pattern of GFP.

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

In this video-article we present a method for isolating single or multiple Drosophila da neurons from third instar larvae using the infrared capture (IR) class of Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM). RNA obtained from the isolated neurons can be readily used for downstream applications including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses.

Laser Microdissecção Captura de Drosophila Neurônios periféricos

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the ...

Neurociência

An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time

Injured CNS axons fail to regenerate and often retract away from the injury site. Axons spared from the initial injury may later undergo secondary axonal degeneration. Lack of growth cone formation, regeneration, and loss of additional myelinated axonal projections within the spinal cord greatly limits neurological recovery following injury. To assess how central myelinated axons of the spinal cord respond to injury, we developed an ex vivo living spinal cord model utilizing transgenic mice that express yellow fluorescent protein in axons and a focal and highly reproducible laser-induced spinal cord injury to document the fate of axons and myelin (lipophilic fluorescent dye Nile Red) over time using two-photon excitation time-lapse microscopy. Dynamic processes such as acute axonal injury, axonal retraction, and myelin degeneration are best studied in real-time. However, the non-focal nature of contusion-based injuries and movement artifacts encountered during in vivo spinal cord imaging make differentiating primary and secondary axonal injury responses using high resolution microscopy challenging. The ex vivo spinal cord model described here mimics several aspects of clinically relevant contusion/compression-induced axonal pathologies including axonal swelling, spheroid formation, axonal transection, and peri-axonal swelling providing a useful model to study these dynamic processes in real-time. Major advantages of this model are excellent spatiotemporal resolution that allows differentiation between the primary insult that directly injures axons and secondary injury mechanisms; controlled infusion of reagents directly to the perfusate bathing the cord; precise alterations of the environmental milieu (e.g., calcium, sodium ions, known contributors to axonal injury, but near impossible to manipulate in vivo); and murine models also offer an advantage as they provide an opportunity to visualize and manipulate genetically identified cell populations and subcellular structures. Here, we describe how to isolate and image the living spinal cord from mice to capture dynamics of acute axonal injury.

An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time

We present a protocol utilizing two-photon excitation time-lapse microscopy to simultaneously visualize the dynamics of axon and myelin injuries in real time. This proposed protocol permits studies of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors which can influence central myelinated axon fate after injury and contribute to permanent clinical disability.

Um<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Induzida por laser Lesão Medular modelo para avaliar mecanismos de axonal Degeneration em tempo real

Injured CNS axons fail to regenerate and often retract away from the injury site. Axons spared from the initial injury may later undergo secondary axonal ...

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the large, cholinergic relay synapse through which mammalian motor neurons control voluntary muscle contraction. Structural changes at the NMJ can result in neurotransmission failure, resulting in weakness, atrophy and even death of the muscle fiber. Many studies have investigated how genetic modifications or disease can alter the structure of the mouse NMJ. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to directly compare findings from these studies because they often employed different parameters and analytical methods. Three protocols are described here. The first uses maximum intensity projection confocal images to measure the area of acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-rich postsynaptic membrane domains at the endplate and the area of synaptic vesicle staining in the overlying presynaptic nerve terminal. The second protocol compares the relative intensities of immunostaining for synaptic proteins in the postsynaptic membrane. The third protocol uses Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to detect changes in the packing of postsynaptic AChRs at the endplate. The protocols have been developed and refined over a series of studies. Factors that influence the quality and consistency of results are discussed and normative data are provided for NMJs in healthy young adult mice.

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is altered in a variety of conditions that can sometimes culminate in synaptic failure. This report describes fluorescence microscope-based methods to quantify such structural changes.

A Junção Neuromuscular: Synapse Medir o tamanho, Mudanças de fragmentação e em Synaptic Density proteína utilizando microscopia de fluorescência confocal

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the large, cholinergic relay synapse through which mammalian motor neurons control voluntary muscle contraction. ...

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies using Drosophila have contributed important breakthroughs in understanding neurological processes. Thus, with the goal of understanding the cellular and molecular basis of TBI pathologies in humans, we developed the High Impact Trauma (HIT) device to inflict closed head TBI in flies. Flies subjected to the HIT device display phenotypes consistent with human TBI such as temporary incapacitation and progressive neurodegeneration. The HIT device uses a spring-based mechanism to propel flies against the wall of a vial, causing mechanical damage to the fly brain. The device is inexpensive and easy to construct, its operation is simple and rapid, and it produces reproducible results. Consequently, the HIT device can be combined with existing experimental tools and techniques for flies to address fundamental questions about TBI that can lead to the development of diagnostics and treatments for TBI. In particular, the HIT device can be used to perform large-scale genetic screens to understand the genetic basis of TBI pathologies.

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

Here we describe a method to inflict closed head traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Drosophila. This method provides a gateway to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie TBI pathologies using the vast array of experimental tools and techniques available for flies.

Um Método para infligir Cabeça Fechada Lesão cerebral traumático em<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies ...

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic pathways. Quantitative descriptions are rarely performed, although genetic manipulations produce a range of phenotypic effects and variations are observed even among individuals within control groups.&#160;Emerging evidence shows that morphology, size and location of organelles play a previously underappreciated, yet fundamental role in cell function and survival. Here we provide step-by-step instructions for performing quantitative analyses of phenotypes at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We use several reliable immuno-histochemical markers combined with bio-imaging techniques and morphometric analyses to examine the effects of genetic mutations on specific cellular processes. In particular, we focus on the quantitative analysis of phenotypes affecting morphology, size and position of nuclei within the striated muscles of Drosophila larvae. The Drosophila larval NMJ is a valuable experimental model to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the structure and the function of the neuromuscular system, both in health and disease. However, the methodologies we describe here can be extended to other systems as well.

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Morphology, size and location of intracellular organelles are evolutionarily conserved and appear to directly affect their function. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes has become an important goal of modern biology. Here we show how these studies can be facilitated by the application of quantitative techniques.

Por Quantificação Matérias: Caracterização de fenótipos na<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larval Junção Neuromuscular

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic ...

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We demonstrate a simple way to tap into the fly reward system, modify experiences related to natural reward, and use voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states. The approach serves as a relevant tool to study the neurons and genes that play a role in experience-mediated changes of internal state. The protocol is composed of two discrete parts: exposing the flies to rewarding and nonrewarding experiences, and assaying voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure of the motivation to obtain a drug reward. The two parts can be used independently to induce the modulation of experience as an initial step for further downstream assays or as an independent two-choice feeding assay, respectively. The protocol does not require a complicated setup and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for inducing rewarding and nonrewarding experiences in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) using voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states.

Uma maneira simples para medir alterações na Recompensa comportamento de busca Usando<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We ...

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their post-natal development, abundance, and accessibility, CGNs are an ideal model to study neuronal processes, including neuronal development, neuronal migration, and physiological neuronal activity stimulation. In addition, CGN cultures provide an excellent model for studying different modes of cell death including excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Within a week in culture, CGNs express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a specific ionotropic glutamate receptor with many critical functions in neuronal health and disease. The addition of low concentrations of NMDA in conjunction with membrane depolarization to rodent primary CGN cultures has been used to model physiological neuronal activity stimulation while the addition of high concentrations of NMDA can be employed to model excitotoxic neuronal injury. Here, a method of isolation and culturing of CGNs from 6 day old pups as well as genetic manipulation of CGNs by adenoviruses and lentiviruses are described. We also present optimized protocols on how to stimulate NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damage following transduction of these neurons.

This protocol describes a simple method for isolating and culturing primary mouse cerebral granule neurons (CGNs) from 6-7 day old pups, efficient transduction of CGNs for loss and gain of function studies, and modelling NMDA-induced neuronal excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced cell death, DNA-damage, and oxidative stress using the same culture model.

Modelagem de morte Neuronal e a degeneração no Mouse grânulo cerebelar primária de neurônios

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurement of Compound Muscle Action Potential from the Forelimbs in Mouse Models of Motor Neuron Degeneration

Assessing the functionality of the nerve axon provides detailed information on the progression of neuromuscular disorders. Electrophysiological recordings provide a sensitive approach to measure nerve conduction in humans and rodent models. To broaden the technical possibilities for electromyography in mice, the measurement of compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) from the brachial plexus nerve in the forelimb using needle electrodes is described here. CMAP recordings after stimulating the sciatic nerve in hindlimbs have been previously described. The newly introduced method here allows for the evaluation of the nerve conductivity at an additional site, and thus provides a more profound overview of the neuromuscular functionality. The technique provides information on both the relative number of functional axons and the myelination level. Thereby, this method can be applied to assess both axonal diseases as well as demyelinating conditions. This minimally invasive method does not require extraction of the nerve and therefore it is suitable for repeated measurements for longitudinal follow-up in the same animal. Similar recordings are performed in clinical setups to emphasize the translational relevance of the method.

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurement of Compound Muscle Action Potential from the Forelimbs in Mouse Models of Motor Neuron Degeneration

The measurement of nerve conduction is a useful tool to assess mouse models of neurodegeneration but it is frequently only applied to stimulate the sciatic nerve in hindlimbs. Here, we describe a technique to measure compound muscle action potential (CMAP) in vivo in the mouse forelimb muscles innervated by the brachial plexus.

Na Vivo Eletrofisiológica medição do potencial de ação muscular composto de membros dianteiros em modelos de Mouse de degeneração do neurônio Motor

Assessing the functionality of the nerve axon provides detailed information on the progression of neuromuscular disorders. Electrophysiological recordings ...

3D Kinematic Analysis for the Functional Evaluation in the Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of sciatic nerve injury rodent models. In this protocol, we describe a novel kinematic analysis method that uses a three-dimensional (3D) motion capture apparatus for functional evaluations using a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model. First, the rat is familiarized with treadmill walking. Markers are then attached to the designated bone landmarks and the rat is made to walk on the treadmill at the desired speed. Meanwhile, the posterior limb movements of the rat are recorded using four cameras. Depending on the software used, marker tracings are created using both automatic and manual modes and the desired data are produced after subtle adjustments. This method of kinematic analysis, which uses a 3D motion capture apparatus, offers numerous advantages, including superior precision and accuracy. Many more parameters can be investigated during the comprehensive functional evaluations. This method has several shortcomings that require consideration: The system is expensive, can be complicated to operate, and may produce data deviations due to skin shifting. Nevertheless, kinematic analysis using a 3D motion capture apparatus is useful for performing functional anterior and posterior limb evaluations. In the future, this method may become increasingly useful for generating accurate assessments of various traumas and diseases.

We introduce a kinematic analysis method that uses a three-dimensional motion capture apparatus containing four cameras and data processing software for performing functional evaluations during fundamental research involving rodent models.

Análise Cinética 3D para a Avaliação Funcional no modelo de rat da lesão ciática de esmagamento nervoso

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of ...

Visualizing Synaptic Degeneration in Adult Drosophila in Association with Neurodegeneration

Drosophila serves as a useful model for assessing synaptic structure and function associated with neurodegenerative diseases. While much work has focused on neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in Drosophila larvae, assessing synaptic integrity in adult Drosophila has received much less attention. Here we provide a straightforward method for dissection of the dorsal longitudinal muscles (DLMs), which are required for flight ability. In addition to flight as a behavioral readout, this dissection allows for the both DLM synapses and muscle tissue to be amenable to structural analysis using fluorescently labeled antibodies for synaptic markers or proteins of interest. This protocol allows for the evaluation of the structural integrity of synapses in adult Drosophila during aging to model the progressive, age-dependent nature of most neurodegenerative diseases.

Visualizing Synaptic Degeneration in Adult Drosophila in Association with Neurodegeneration

The goal of this procedure is to dissect the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) tissue to assess the structural integrity of DLM neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in neurodegenerative disease models using Drosophila melanogaster.

Visualização da Degeneração Sináptica em Drosophila Adulta em Associação com Neurodegeneração

Drosophila serves as a useful model for assessing synaptic structure and function associated with neurodegenerative diseases. While much work has focused ...

Uma Metodologia de Lesão Mecânica Neuronal Simples para Estudar

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