Name: mass isolation and in vitro cultivation of intramolluscan stages of the human blood fluke schistosoma mansoni
Uploaded: 2018-01-14T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 5 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni at JoVE.com

Financiado em parte pela concessão de NIH RO1AI015503. Ratos infectados esquistossomíase foram fornecidos pela esquistossomose NIAID Resource Center, no Instituto de pesquisas biomédicas (Rockville, MD) através de HHSN272201000005I de contrato NIAID-NIH para distribuição por meio de recursos do BEI.

Todos os cuidados com animais e procedimentos experimentais foram aprovados pelo Comitê de uso da Universidade de Wisconsin-Madison, sob protocolo e cuidados institucionais de Animal nenhum. V005717. O seguinte protocolo envolve o trabalho em uma instituição de nível de biossegurança 2 (BSL2) para patógenos humanos, apesar de nenhum dos estágios esquistossomíase retratados no presente protocolo são infectantes aos seres humanos ou outros mamíferos. Segui as políticas institucionais para a manipulação de agentes patogénicos humanos risco grupo 2 (RG2).
Nota: Nós usamos ratos fêmeas Swiss-Webster (6 - semanas de idade) devido à sua maior susceptibilidade à infecção10, desse modo, produzindo fardos de ovo maiores. Tucker et al descrevem os protocolos de infecção mouse e caracol usados neste modelo sistema11. A Tabela de materiais lista todos os equipamentos específicos, materiais, reagentes e animais fontes necessárias para realizar este protocolo experimental.
1. processamento de fígados infectados
<ol><li>Eutanásia em ratos, pós-infecção 6-7 semanas, por asfixia de CO2 (taxa de 10-30% do volume da câmara por minuto). Monitor de ratos para cessação da respiração e batimento cardíaco. Nota: Normalmente, até 20 ratos podem ser transformados em um determinado momento.</li>
	<li>Após a transferência de ratos sacrificados para uma armário de biossegurança, coloque os ratos em suas costas e pulverizar suas superfícies ventrais com etanol a 70%. Deixe de molho por 1 min.</li>
	<li>Beliscar e puxar a pele do abdômen inferior e corte em toda a base da pele comprimida mais próximo ao abdômen com uma tesoura cirúrgica estéril. Puxe a pele cortada anteriormente (ou seja, em direção a cabeça) para revelar o fígado. Observe que o fígado deve ser ampliado e salpicado devido a uma reação granulomatosa induzida por ovo (Figura 2A).</li>
	<li>Remover o fígado e coloque-o em um béquer contendo 200 mL de estéril 1,2% NaCl solução contendo caneta/estreptococos.</li>
	<li>Repita as etapas de 1.3 e 1.4 com ratos restantes. Nota: Vinte ratos geralmente são processados em uma única colheita.</li>
	<li>Coloque os fígados em uma placa de Petri estéril e remover não-fígado gordo/conjuntivo tecidos com Pinças esterilizadas.</li>
	<li>Transferi aparadas/limpa fígados para uma garrafa de centrífuga estéril de 250 mL contendo ~ 200 mL de solução de NaCl de 1,2% estéril com caneta/estreptococos.</li>
	<li>Vigorosamente agitar o frasco que contém os fígados e, usando uma pipeta descartável estéril, remover a excesso superfície espuma/flutuante de detritos. Lentamente, despeje o restante da solução salina em um recipiente ou afundar contendo 1% de cloro (desinfectante).</li>
	<li>Adicionar ~ 200 mL de solução salina fresca para os fígados e repita o passo 1.8 mais três vezes.</li>
</ol>2. fígado isolamento de extração e miracidial
<ol><li>Coloque os fígados em um copo pequeno estéril aço inoxidável liquidificador e adicionar ~ 2 mL da solução de NaCl de 1,2% (Figura 2B).</li>
	<li>Cubra o copo com papel alumínio e uma placa de Petri para evitar derramamentos e misturar por 1 min, alternando-se baixa e alta velocidade (20 s baixa velocidade/10 s alta velocidade; repetir) (Figura 2).</li>
	<li>Distribua uniformemente a suspensão de fígado misturada em frascos estéreis 250 mL centrífuga (para 20 fígados usam 4 garrafas).</li>
	<li>Adicione uma solução salina estéril com antibióticos para o volume total de ~ 200 mL/frasco. Peso/equilíbrio garrafas antes da centrifugação.</li>
	<li>Centrífuga de fígados misturados a 290 x g durante 15 min em 4 óC. delicadamente despeje sobrenadantes em um recipiente com água sanitária antes de serem eliminados.</li>
	<li>Repita os passos de 2.4-2.5 uma vez. Certifique-se de completamente Ressuspender o sedimento fígado antes da centrifugação.</li>
	<li>Após descartar a última solução salina lavar (passo 2.6), adicionar 200 mL de água estéril lagoa com caneta/estreptococo no tecido hepático peletizadas, shake para Ressuspender o sedimento e a suspensão de transferência para um balão aferido de 1L esterilizado que foi completamente coberto com alumínio folha, exceto a parte superior do pescoço (Figura 2D) de 3 cm. Nota: Use duas garrafas (= 10 fígados) por balão 1-L. Água da lagoa simula o ambiente de água doce natural necessário para estimular o miracidial para incubação de ovos.</li>
	<li>Usando a água da lagoa estéril, encha o balão para cerca de 3 cm acima da folha cobrindo no pescoço. Então, sem demora (como miracidia logo começam a eclodir), retire a espuma residual e flutuando na superfície, pipetando rapidamente até ~ 12 mL de água da lagoa contendo os restos de tecido hepático e descartá-lo em um separado descartar o tubo. Substitua por água fresca lagoa estéril.</li>
	<li>Repita a limpeza passo 2.8, mais três vezes, verificando a presença de miracidia no tubo de descarte. Cesse a repetição da etapa de limpeza se miracidia aparece na solução de lavagem.</li>
	<li>Após a última lavagem, adicione lentamente ~ 12 mL de água da lagoa estéril quente (pré aquecida a 30 oC) para criar um gradiente de temperatura com água morna limpa e esterilizada por cima. Nota: Isto é realizado melhor por descarregando lentamente a água ao longo da lateral do pescoço do frasco para evitar a mistura.</li>
	<li>Coloque uma pequeno prato de Petri de capa sobre a abertura do frasco e brilhar uma luz brilhante na parte superior do balão acima a capa da folha para iluminar a superfície superior da água. Nota: Normalmente, dentro de 5-10 min, natação miracidia, atraído pela luz, irá se concentrar em grandes números dentro o primeiros 2-3 cm de água da lagoa (Figura 3A).</li>
</ol>3. Miracidial colheita e cultivo
<ol><li>Quando miracidia reuniram-se na superfície após 10min, usando uma pipeta de transferência estéril, remova ~ 8 mL de água da lagoa e transferir para um tubo de centrífuga de 15 mL estéril. Coloca o tubo contendo miracidia no gelo.</li>
	<li>Adicionar fundo 8 mL de água estéril quente ao longo do interior do balão volumétrico e esperar mais 10 minutos.</li>
	<li>Usando novos tubos de cada vez, repita as etapas de 3.1 e 3.2 mais três vezes. Após a coleta deth 4, mantenha o tubo final no gelo durante 10 minutos permitir que o miracidia resolver. Este conjunto de tubos compreende a primeira colheita.</li>
	<li>Tubos de centrífuga contendo miracidia a 290 x g por 1 min em 4 óC numa centrifugadora refrigerada pre-cooled.</li>
	<li>Imediatamente remova a maior parte do sobrenadante (~ 7 mL), tomando cuidado para não perturbar a pelota de parasita (Figura 3B).</li>
	<li>Piscina toda a miracidia desta primeira colheita em um tubo, então Lave todos os tubos originais com água da lagoa estéril ~ 1 mL e adicionar ao tubo de "pool".</li>
	<li>Permitir que os parasitas que se contentar em gelo ~ 5 min e centrifugue novamente os parasitas a 290 x g por 1 min em 4 oC.</li>
	<li>Cuidadosamente, remover o sobrenadante e adicionar que 6-8 mL estéril Chernin balanceamento de solução salina (CBSS +; ver tabela de materiais) contendo caneta/estreptococos.</li>
	<li>Suspenda suavemente o miracidia e alíquota-los em uma placa de cultura de 24 poços (1 mL por bem), seguido de lavagem do tubo em 6-8 mL CBSS + e adicionar 1 mL de lavagem a cada poço. Incube os parasitas em 26 oC sob condições normoxic. Concentrações de miracidia isolado irão variar, mas geralmente média ~ 7000/mL.</li>
	<li>Se parasitas ainda estão se concentrando na fonte luminosa, repita os passos 3.1 a 3.9 para continuar a colheita final-incubação miracidia mas aumentar o intervalo de tempo entre coleções de 15-20 min. Nota: Este novo conjunto de tubos representa a segunda colheita. No entanto, porque os números de miracidial normalmente são baixos, as larvas de todos os tubos normalmente são agrupadas em uma única cultura bem contendo 2 mL CBSS +.</li>
	<li>Em 24h pós-colheita e cultivo, Ressuspender delicadamente sporocysts em seus poços pipetando.</li>
	<li>Espere alguns minutos para permitir que os parasitas resolver no fundo dos poços. Uma vez que eles se instalaram, remova cuidadosamente o sobrenadante (~1.5 mL), que irá conter a maioria das placas ciliadas epidérmicas derramadas por miracidia durante transformação larval. Essa "transformação" sobrenadante pode ser descartada ou incorporada em estudos de seguimento de produtos secretoras larvas.</li>
	<li>Adicione 1,5 mL de CBSS fresco + para cada bem e delicadamente pipeta para Ressuspender sporocysts. Repita a etapa 3.12 se desejar ainda mais lavagem ou mudar para um meio diferente.</li>
</ol>

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Os autores não têm nada a divulgar.

Miracidia de S. mansoni, isolado e manipulados conforme descrito aqui, pode infectar somente o host intermediário de caracol e, portanto, não representam um risco biológico humano durante esta fase de desenvolvimento larval. No entanto, para evitar a exposição acidental/infecção de caracóis, tenha cuidado para realizar miracidial isolamentos em um local diferente de áreas onde espécies sensíveis de gênero Biomphalaria podem estar presentes ou mantida. Uma sala separada, registrada como espa?...

O ser humano sangue vermes Schistosoma spp., são os agentes causadores da esquistossomose, uma doença tropical negligenciada que afligem um estimado de 230 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo1. A espécie mais difundida, Schistosoma mansoni, é geograficamente distribuída na América do Sul, o arquipélago das Caraíbas, o Médio Oriente e de África subsahariana2. O ciclo de vida de S. mansonie outros schistosomes, é complexo, envolvendo um mamíferos hospedeiro definitivo e caramujos de água doce do gênero Biomphalaria que servem como hospedeiros intermediários obrigatórios.
Adulto masculino e feminino de S. mansoni verme pares vivem nas veias mesentéricas posteriores de reproduzir o anfitrião dos mamíferos, resultando na liberação de ovos embrionados (óvulos) que se alojaram nas pequenas vênulas da mucosa intestinal. Ovos, em seguida, rompe as paredes dos vasos, migram através do tecido da mucosa e acabaram por inserir o lúmen intestinal onde eles são anulados com as fezes. Quando óvulos digite escotilha de larvas de água doce e livres (miracidia), eles devem, na ordem curta, encontrar um caracol de Biomphalaria apropriado para infectar a fim de continuar seu ciclo de vida. Esse processo de infecção envolve miracidial apego à superfície do corpo exterior o caracol seguido por penetração ativa e entrada da larva no hospedeiro. Logo após a entrada, o miracidium começa a derramar suas placas epidérmicas ciliadas exteriores como forma um sincício que se tornará a nova superfície externa (tegumento) do próximo estágio larval, o sporocyst primário ou mãe. Através de reprodução assexuada, cada sporocyst primário produz e libera uma segunda geração de sporocysts, denominados secundários ou sporocysts filha, que por sua vez, geram e liberar um grande número de fase intramolluscan final, a cercaria3 . Após a fuga do host de caracol, cercárias livres são capazes de anexar a e penetrando diretamente na pele de um humano ou outro hospedeiro adequado mamífera. Com a entrada em seu novo hospedeiro, cercárias transformam-se para a fase de parasitas schistosomula e invadem o sistema vascular. Eles, por sua vez, migraram para o pulmão e depois para a veia hepática onde amadurecem aos vermes adultos, formam pares masculinos e femininos e viajar para as veias mesentéricas para completar seu ciclo de vida.
Intramolluscan de sucesso ou desenvolvimento de "fase de caracol" de schistosomes larvas é essencial para a continuação do ciclo de transmissão humana de host para host. De importância crítica é a seguinte entrada de período do miracidium livres para o host de caracol e a sua transformação precoce à fase primária sporocyst. Dependendo da compatibilidade fisiológica e imunológica entre hospedeiro e parasita, é durante esta fase de desenvolvimento larval esse sucesso inicial ou falha estabelecer infecções é determinado4,5,6 . Desenvolvimento subsequente de primários sporocysts capazes de produzir assexuadamente sporocysts secundários, o que geram humanos-infectantes cercárias, mais exigem um ambiente de host fisiológicas permissiva que fornece para todo o crescimento do parasita e precisa de reprodutiva.
Até à data, pouco é conhecido sobre a base fisiológica, bioquímica e moleculares processos controlar interações esquistossomíase-caracol, especialmente as moléculas e vias envolveram na regulação da reprodução e desenvolvimento larval, ou modulando respostas imunes de anfitrião. Pronto acesso a um grande número destes estágios larval condições em vitro cultura que permitem a manipulação experimental que iria facilitar muito a descoberta de caminhos do desenvolvimento e os mecanismos subjacentes do crescimento celular, diferenciação e reprodução. Caminhos críticos parasita ou mecanismos, identificados através de experimentos em vitro , poderiam então ser usados para interromper o crescimento larval/reprodução do acolhimento de caracol, ou para identificar mecanismos imunes de anfitrião de caracol envolvidos no reconhecimento e eliminação de estágios miracidial ou sporocyst.
Neste artigo e o vídeo de apresentação, nós fornecemos uma descrição detalhada de um método para isolar um grande número de livres de S. mansoni miracidia para introdução em vitro de cultura que pode ser sujeito a acompanhamento experimental manipulação (ver Figura 1 para uma visão esquemática do fluxo de trabalho do protocolo). Embora os procedimentos semelhantes têm sido descritos anteriormente7,8,9, nós sentimos que um protocolo detalhado seria útil para pesquisadores que desejam empregar este modelo para abordar questões ainda sem resposta relacionadas com intramolluscan desenvolvimento larval, proliferação celular e interações imune esquistossomíase-caracol. Além disso, esta abordagem pode facilmente ser adaptada para isolamento de ovos provenientes de outras tremátodes medicamente importantes como bexiga-moradia S. haematobium, solhas de fígado ou acasos de pulmão.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Chernin&#039;s balanced salt solution (CBSS+)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;For 1L of solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>2.8 g sodium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-3</td><td>Dissolve salts, except calcium chloride, and&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>0.15 g of potassium chloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P5405</td><td>sugars in 800 mL ddH2O</td></tr><tr><td>0.07 g sodium phosphate, dibasic anhydrous</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S374-500</td><td>Dissolve calcium chloride separately in 200&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>0.45 g magnesium sulfate heptahydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M1880</td><td>mL ddH2O</td></tr><tr><td>0.53 g calcium chloride dihydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Mallinckrodt</td><td>4160</td><td>Slowly add calcium soln to the salt/sugar soln with&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>0.05 g sodium bicarbonate&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S233-3</td><td>with constant mixing</td></tr><tr><td>1 g glucose</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>152527</td><td>Adjust to pH 7.2 and filter sterilize using a&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>1 g trehalose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T0167</td><td>0.22 &amp;micro;m disposable bottle-top filter</td></tr><tr><td>10 mL 100X penicillin/streptomycin</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SV30010</td><td>Add filtered penicillin and streptomycin soln&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; prior use</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Incomplete Bge&amp;nbsp; medium (Ibge)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;For 900 mL solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>220 mL Schneider&amp;rsquo;s Drosophila medium modified</td><td>Lonza</td><td>04-351Q</td><td>Mix Schneider&#039;s medium with 680 mL ddH2O</td></tr><tr><td>4.5 g lactalbumin enzymatic hydrolysate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L9010</td><td>Add lactalbumin hydrolysate and galactose</td></tr><tr><td>1.3 g galactose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G0625</td><td>Adjust to pH 7.2 and filter sterilize using a 0.22 &amp;micro;m&lt;br/&gt; pre-sterilized disposable bottle-top filter</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Complete Bge medium (cBge)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;For 100 mL of solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>90 mL Incomplete Bge medium</td><td></td><td></td><td>To heat-inactivate FBS: Incubate thawed FBS in&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>9 mL heat-inact. fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Optima)</td><td>Atlanta Biologicals</td><td>S12450</td><td>waterbath at 60&amp;deg;C for 1 hr while gently&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>1 mL 100X penicillin/streptomycin</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SV30010</td><td>swirling the bottle every 10 min&lt;br/&gt; Aliquot heat-inactivated FBS into 15-mL tubes&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; and store at -20&amp;deg;C.&amp;nbsp; Mix medium + FBS and&lt;br/&gt; filter sterilize using a 0.22 &amp;micro;m pre-sterilized&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; disposable bottle-top filter&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; Add penicillin and streptomycin prior to use</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Pond water (stock solution)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;1L of stock solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>12.5 g calcium carbonate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C64-500</td><td>Mix all salts in 1L of ddH2O</td></tr><tr><td>1.25 g magnesium carbonate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>M27-500</td><td>Note that the salts will not have completely&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>1.25 g&amp;nbsp; sodium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-3</td><td>dissolved.&amp;nbsp; Shake vigorously to suspend&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>0.25 g&amp;nbsp; potassium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P5405</td><td>salts prior to making the working soln&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Pond water (working solution)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;1.5L of solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>0.8 mL stock solution pond water (shake prior use) in&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Mix stock to ddH2O</td></tr><tr><td>1500 mL of ddH2O</td><td></td><td></td><td>Sterilize pond water by autoclaving (slow&amp;nbsp;cycle)</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 mL of 100X penicillin/streptomycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SV30010</td><td>Add penicillin and streptomycin prior use</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Saline solution (1.2% NaCl)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;1.5L of solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>18 g sodium chloride in 1500 mL of ddH2O</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-3</td><td>Autoclave saline solution to sterilize</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 mL of 100X penicillin/ streptomycin</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SV30010</td><td>Add penicillin and streptomycin prior use</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Additional equipment and material:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7-L mouse euthanizing chamber</td><td></td><td></td><td>Following approved IACUC protocol no. V001551</td></tr><tr><td>Mice</td><td>Taconic Biosciences</td><td></td><td>Swiss-Webster, female, 6-wk old, murine&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; tank and regulator</td><td></td><td></td><td>pathogen-free</td></tr><tr><td>24-well tissue culture plate</td><td>TPP</td><td>92424</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-L volumetric flasks</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Light source (150W)</td><td>Chiu Tech Corp</td><td>Model F0-150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge, refrigerated, swinging bucket</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>Model 5810R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge bottles (250 mL)</td><td>Nalgene</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15-mL centrifuge tubes, sterile</td><td>Corning</td><td>430053</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile disposable transfer pipets&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>1371120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.22 &amp;micro;m pre-sterilized disposable bottle-top filter&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>SCGPS05RE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel blender</td><td>Waring Commercial</td><td>Model 51BL31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blender cup, 100 mL capacity</td><td>Waring Commercial</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inverted compound microscope</td><td>Nikon Instruments&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Eclipse TE300</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

mass isolation and in vitro cultivation of intramolluscan stages of the human blood fluke schistosoma mansoni

Acasos de sangue humanos, Schistosoma spp., têm um ciclo de vida complexo que envolve as fases do desenvolvimento sexuais e assexuadas dentro de um caracol intermediário e mamífero hospedeiro final, respectivamente. A capacidade de isolar e sustentar os estágios do ciclo de vida diferentes condições em vitro cultura facilitou grandemente as investigações dos mecanismos celulares, bioquímicos e moleculares de regulação, host, desenvolvimento e crescimento do parasita interações. Transmissão da esquistossomose exige reprodução assexuada e o desenvolvimento de múltiplos estágios larvas dentro do anfitrião do caracol; o miracidium infecciosa, através de sporocysts primárias e secundárias, para a fase final do cercarial que é infecciosa para os seres humanos. Neste trabalho apresentamos um protocolo passo a passo para incubação em massa e isolamento de Schistosoma mansoni miracidia de ovos obtidos a partir de fígados de ratos infectados e sua subsequente introdução na cultura em vitro . Prevê-se que o protocolo detalhado irá incentivar novos pesquisadores a participar e ampliar este importante campo de pesquisa esquistossomíase.

A grande maioria dos miracidia normalmente será foram coletada os dois primeiros "colheitas". Incubação de miracidia isolado na CBSS + desencadeia o processo de transformação de miracidium-para-sporocyst (Figura 4A- C). Dentro da primeira hora seguinte transferência de cultura poços contendo CBSS +, a maioria dos miracidia cessar natação (Figura 4A). Às 6 h em cultura, miracidia estão ativamente derram...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni at JoVE.com

Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni

Este artigo descreve um protocolo para o isolamento de axénica em larga escala e a coleção de miracidia livres de sangue fascíola Schistosoma mansoni e seu posterior processamento para introdução na cultura em vitro .

Isolamento em massa e cultivo In Vitro de Intramolluscan fases do sangue fascíola Schistosoma Mansoni

Human blood flukes, Schistosoma spp., have a complex life cycle that involves asexual and sexual developmental phases within a snail intermediate and ...

mass-isolation-vitro-cultivation-intramolluscan-stages-human-blood

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni

9.1K visualizações.  University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine. Este artigo descreve um protocolo para o isolamento de axénica em larga escala e a coleção de miracidia livres de sangue fascíola Schistosoma mansoni e seu posterior processamento para introdução na cultura em vitro .

Vídeo: Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni

Protocol for Production of a Genetic Cross of the Rodent Malaria Parasites

Variation in response to antimalarial drugs and in pathogenicity of malaria parasites is of biologic and medical importance. Linkage mapping has led to successful identification of genes or loci underlying various traits in malaria parasites of rodents1-3 and humans4-6. The malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii is one of many malaria species isolated from wild African rodents and has been adapted to grow in laboratories. This species reproduces many of the biologic characteristics of the human malaria parasites; genetic markers such as microsatellite and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers have also been developed for the parasite7-9. Thus, genetic studies in rodent malaria parasites can be performed to complement research on Plasmodium falciparum. Here, we demonstrate the techniques for producing a genetic cross in P. yoelii that were first pioneered by Drs. David Walliker, Richard Carter, and colleagues at the University of Edinburgh10.

Genetic crosses in P. yoelii and other rodent malaria parasites are conducted by infecting mice Mus musculus with an inoculum containing gametocytes of two genetically distinct clones that differ in phenotypes of interest and by allowing mosquitoes to feed on the infected mice 4 days after infection. The presence of male and female gametocytes in the mouse blood is microscopically confirmed before feeding. Within 48 hrs after feeding, in the midgut of the mosquito, the haploid gametocytes differentiate into male and female gametes, fertilize, and form a diploid zygote (Fig. 1). During development of a zygote into an ookinete, meiosis appears to occur11. If the zygote is derived through cross-fertilization between gametes of the two genetically distinct parasites, genetic exchanges (chromosomal reassortment and cross-overs between the non-sister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes; Fig. 2) may occur, resulting in recombination of genetic material at homologous loci. Each zygote undergoes two successive nuclear divisions, leading to four haploid nuclei. An ookinete further develops into an oocyst. Once the oocyst matures, thousands of sporozoites (the progeny of the cross) are formed and released into mosquito hemoceal. Sporozoites are harvested from the salivary glands and injected into a new murine host, where pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic stage development takes place. Erythrocytic forms are cloned and classified with regard to the characters distinguishing the parental lines prior to genetic linkage mapping. Control infections of individual parental clones are performed in the same way as the production of a genetic cross.

Genetic crosses of rodent malaria parasites are performed by feeding two genetically distinct parasites to mosquitoes. Recombinant progeny are cloned from mouse blood after allowing mosquitoes to bite infected mice. This video shows how to produce genetic crosses of Plasmodium yoelii and is applicable to other rodent malaria parasites.

Protocolo para produção de uma Cruz genética do parasita da malária de roedores

Variation in response to antimalarial drugs and in pathogenicity of malaria parasites is of biologic and medical importance. Linkage mapping has led to ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Cercarial Transformation and in vitro Cultivation of Schistosoma mansoni Schistosomules

Schistosome parasites are the causative agents of schistosomiasis, a chronically debilitating disease that affects over 200 million people globally and ranks second to malaria among parasitic diseases in terms of public health and socio-economic impact (1-4). Schistosome parasites are trematode worms with a complex life cycle interchanging between a parasitic life in molluscan and mammalian hosts with intervening free-swimming stages. Briefly, free-swimming cercariae infect a mammalian host by penetrating the skin with the aid of secreted proteases, during which time the cercariae lose their tails, transforming into schistosomules. The schistosomules must now evade the host immune system, develop a gut for digestion of red blood cells, and migrate though the lungs and portal circulation en route to their final destination in the hepatic portal system and eventually the mesenteric veins (for S. mansoni) where male and female worms pair and mate, producing hundreds of eggs daily. Some of the eggs are excreted from the body into fresh water, where the eggs hatch into free-swimming miracidia (5-10). The miracidia infect specific snail species and transform into mother and daughter sporocysts, which in turn, produce infective cercariae, completing the life cycle. Unfortunately, the entire schistosome life cycle cannot be cultured in vitro, but infective cercariae can be transformed into schistosomules, and the schistosomules can be cultured for weeks for the analysis of schistosome development in vitro or microarray analysis. In this protocol, we provide a visual description of cercarial transformation and in vitro culturing of schistosomules. We shed infectious cercariae from the snail host Biomphalaria glabrata and manually transform them into schistosomules by detaching their tails using an emulsifying double-ended needle. The in vitro cercarial transformation and schistosomules culture techniques described avoid the use of a mammalian host, which simplifies visualization of schistosomes and facilitates the collection of the parasite for experimental analysis. in vitro transformation and culturing techniques of schistosomes have been done for years (11, 12), but no visual protocols have been developed that are available to the entire community.

Cercarial Transformation and in vitro Cultivation of Schistosoma mansoni Schistosomules

We describe an in vitro method for culturing schistosomula of the flatworm parasite Schistosoma mansoni, via the harvesting and transformation of infective cercariae from the fresh water snail intermediate host Biomphalaria glabrata.

Transformação e Cercarial In vitro Cultivo de Schistosoma mansoni Esquistossômulos

Schistosome parasites are the causative agents of schistosomiasis, a chronically debilitating disease that affects over 200 million people globally and ...

Using Eggs from Schistosoma mansoni as an In vivo Model of Helminth-induced Lung Inflammation

Schistosoma parasites are blood flukes that infect an estimated 200 million people worldwide 1. In chronic infection with Schistosoma, the severe pathology, including liver fibrosis and splenomegaly, is caused by the immune response to the parasite eggs rather than the parasite itself 2. Parasite eggs induce a Th2 response characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, the alternative activation of macrophages and the recruitment of eosinophils. Here, we describe injection of Schistosoma mansoni eggs as a model to examine parasite-specific Th2 cytokine responses in the lung and draining lymph nodes, the formation of pulmonary granulomas surrounding the egg, and airway inflammation. 
Following intraperitoneal sensitization and intravenous challenge, S. mansoni eggs are transported to the lung via the pulmonary arteries where they are trapped within the lung parenchyma by granulomas composed of lymphocytes, eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages 3-6. Associated with granuloma formation, inflammation in the broncho-alveolar spaces, expansion of the draining lymph nodes and CD4 T cell activation can be observed. Here we detail the protocol for isolating Schistosoma mansoni eggs from infected livers (modified from 7), sensitizing and challenging mice, and recovering the organs (broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL), lung and draining lymph nodes) for analysis. We also include representative histologic and immunologic data and suggestions for additional immunologic analysis. 
Overall, this method provides an in vivo model to investigate helminth-induced immunologic responses in the lung, which is broadly applicable to the study of Th2 inflammatory diseases including helminth infection, fibrotic diseases, allergic inflammation and asthma. Advantages of this model for the study of type 2 inflammation in the lung include the reproducibility of a potent Th2 inflammatory response in the lung and draining lymph nodes, the ease of assessment of inflammation by histologic examination of the granulomas surrounding the egg, and the potential for long-term storage of the parasite eggs.

Using Eggs from Schistosoma mansoni as an In vivo Model of Helminth-induced Lung Inflammation

Schistosoma mansoni eggs are potent stimulators of the T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response, characteristic of parasite infection, asthma and allergic inflammation. This protocol utilizes S. mansoni egg injection to generate a CD4 Th2 cytokine-induced inflammatory response in the lung, characterized by lung granuloma formation around the egg, eosinophilia and macrophage alternative activation.

Usando Ovos de<em&gt; Schistosoma mansoni</em&gt; Como um<em&gt; Em vivo</em&gt; Modelo de Helmintos induzida por inflamação pulmonar

Schistosoma parasites are blood flukes that infect an estimated 200 million people worldwide 1. In chronic infection with Schistosoma, the severe ...

Transient Transduction of the Strobilated Forms of Echinococcus granulosus

Cystic echinococcosis or hydatid disease is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic diseases caused by Echinococcus granulosus, a small tapeworm harbored in the intestine of canines. There is an urgent need for applied genetic research to understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis and disease control and prevention. However, the lack of an effective gene evaluation system impedes direct interpretation of the functional genetics of cestode parasites, including the Echinococcus species. The present study demonstrates the potential of lentiviral gene transient transduction in the metacestode and strobilated forms of E. granulosus. Protoscoleces (PSCs) were isolated from hydatid cysts and transferred to specific biphasic culture media to develop into strobilated worms. The worms were transfected with harvested third-generation lentivirus, along with HEK293T cells as a transduction process control. A pronounced fluorescence was detected in the strobilated worms over 24 h and 48 h, indicating transient lentiviral transduction in E. granulosus. This work presents the first attempt at lentivirus-based transient transduction in tapeworms and demonstrates the promising outcomes with potential implications in experimental studies on flatworm biology.

Transient Transduction of the Strobilated Forms of Echinococcus granulosus

We describe a rapid transient transduction technique in different developmental stages of Echinococcus granulosus using third-generation lentiviral vectors.

Transdução Transitória das Formas Estrofes estropidas de Echinococcus granulosus

Cystic echinococcosis or hydatid disease is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic diseases caused by Echinococcus granulosus, a small tapeworm ...

Genética

Establishment and Optimization of a High Throughput Setup to Study Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium marinum Infection as a Model for Drug Discovery

Zebrafish are becoming a valuable tool in the preclinical phase of drug discovery screenings as a whole animal model with high throughput screening possibilities. They can be used to bridge the gap between cell based assays at earlier stages and in vivo validation in mammalian models, reducing, in this way, the number of compounds passing through to testing on the much more expensive rodent models. In this light, in the present manuscript is described a new high throughput pipeline using zebrafish as in vivo model system for the study of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium marinum infection. This setup allows the generation and analysis of large number of synchronous embryos homogenously infected. Moreover the flexibility of the pipeline allows the user to easily implement other platforms to improve the resolution of the analysis when needed. The combination of the zebrafish together with innovative high throughput technologies opens the field of drug testing and discovery to new possibilities not only because of the strength of using a whole animal model but also because of the large number of transgenic lines available that can be used to decipher the mode of action of new compounds.

Establishment and Optimization of a High Throughput Setup to Study Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium marinum Infection as a Model for Drug Discovery

This video article describes the high throughput pipeline that has been successfully established to infect and analyze large numbers of zebrafish embryos providing a new powerful tool for compound testing and drug discovery using a whole animal vertebrate organism.

Criação e Otimização de um Setup de Alto Rendimento para o Estudo<em&gt; Staphylococcus epidermidis</em&gt; E<em&gt; Mycobacterium marinum</em&gt; Infecção como um modelo para a Descoberta de Drogas

Zebrafish are becoming a valuable tool in the preclinical phase of drug discovery screenings as a whole animal model with high throughput screening ...

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly motile parasite not only reaches the liver to invade hepatocytes and transform into erythrocyte-infective form. It also migrates into the skin and to the proximal lymph node draining the injection site, where it can be recognized and degraded by resident and/or recruited myeloid cells. Intravital imaging reported the early recruitment of brightly fluorescent Lys-GFP positive leukocytes in the skin and the interactions between sporozoites and CD11c+ cells in the draining lymph node. We present here an efficient procedure to recover, identify and enumerate the myeloid cell subsets that are recruited to the mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of immunizing doses of sporozoites in a murine model. Phenotypic characterization using multi-parametric flow cytometry provides a reliable assay to assess early dynamic cellular changes during inflammatory response to Plasmodium infection.

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

We describe here a protocol for isolating myeloid cells from mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of Plasmodium sporozoites. Flow cytometry of collected cells provides a reliable assay to characterize the skin and draining lymph node inflammatory response to the parasite.

Isolamento de células mielóides de rato Pele e Drenagem Linfonodo Seguindo intradérmica imunização com vivos atenuados<em&gt; Plasmodium</em&gt; Esporozoítos

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly ...

A Rapid Strategy for the Isolation of New Faustoviruses from Environmental Samples Using Vermamoeba vermiformis

The isolation of giant viruses is of great interest in this new era of virology, especially since these giant viruses are related to protists. Giant viruses may be potentially pathogenic for many species of protists. They belong to the recently described order of Megavirales. The new lineage Faustovirus that has been isolated from sewage samples is distantly related to the mammalian pathogen African swine fever virus. This virus is also specific to its amoebal host, Vermamoeba vermiformis, a protist common in health care water systems. It is crucial to continue isolating new Faustovirus genotypes in order to enlarge its genotype collection and study its pan-genome. We developed new strategies for the isolation of additional strains by improving the use of antibiotic and antifungal combinations in order to avoid bacterial and fungal contaminations of the amoeba co-culture and favoring the virus multiplication. We also implemented a new starvation medium to maintain V. vermiformis in optimal conditions for viruses co-culture. Finally, we used flow cytometry rather than microscopic observation, which is time-consuming, to detect the cytopathogenic effect. We obtained two isolates from sewage samples, proving the efficiency of this method and thus widening the collection of Faustoviruses, to better understand their environment, host specificity and genetic content.

A Rapid Strategy for the Isolation of New Faustoviruses from Environmental Samples Using Vermamoeba vermiformis

We describe here the latest advances in viral isolation for the characterization of new genotypes of Faustovirus, a new asfarvirus-related lineage of giant viruses. This protocol can be applied to the high throughput isolation of viruses, especially giant viruses infecting amoeba.

Uma estratégia rápida para o isolamento de novos Faustoviruses de amostras ambientais Usando<em&gt; vermiformis Vermamoeba</em

The isolation of giant viruses is of great interest in this new era of virology, especially since these giant viruses are related to protists. Giant ...

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released by a variety of cells into the extracellular microenvironment. EVs represent a population of heterogeneous vesicles, whose size range between 40 and 1,000 nm. Accumulated evidence indicated that EVs play important regulatory roles in pathogen-host interactions. A deep understanding of schistosome EVs should provide insights into the mechanisms underlying schistosome-host interactions, enabling development of novel strategies against schistosomiasis. Here, we aim to further study EVs functions in schistosomes by presenting a protocol for the isolation and characterization of EVs from adult Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum). EVs were isolated from in vitro culture medium using centrifugation combined with a commercial exosome isolation kit. The isolated S. japonicum EVs (SjEVs) typically possess a diameter of 100 - 400 nm, and are characterized by transmission electronic microscopy and western blotting. The usage of PKH67 dye-labeled SjEVs has demonstrated that SjEVs are internalized by the recipient cells. Overall, our protocol provides an alternative method for isolating EVs from adult schistosomes; the isolated SjEVs may be suitable for functional analysis.

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum

Here, we present a protocol to describe extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolation in in vitro cultured medium from adult Schistosoma japonicum.

Isolamento e caracterização de vesículas extracelulares de adultos Schistosoma japonicum

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released by a variety of cells into the extracellular microenvironment. EVs represent a population of ...

Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus

The secretion of extracellular vesicles by cestodes is crucial for enabling cellular communication not only among parasites but also with host tissues. In particular, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) act as nano-carriers transferring natural antigens, which are critical in host immunomodulation and parasite survival. This article presents a step-by-step protocol to isolate sEVs from larval stage cultures of Echinococcus granulosus and analyzes their uptake by dendritic cells obtained from murine bone marrow, which acquire adhesion and antigen presentation capacity during their maturation after one week of in vitro culture. This article provides comprehensive information for generating, purifying, and quantifying sEVs using ultracentrifugation alongside parallel analyses of dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, a detailed experimental protocol is outlined for isolating and cultivating mouse bone marrow cells and driving their differentiation into dendritic cells using Flt3L. These dendritic cells can present antigens to na&#239;ve T cells, thereby modulating the type of immune response in vivo. Thus, alternative protocols, including confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analysis, are proposed to check the acquired maturational phenotype of dendritic cells previously exposed to parasitic sEVs. Finally, it is worth noting that the described protocol can be applied as a whole or in individual parts to carry out parasite in vitro culture, isolate extracellular vesicles, generate bone marrow-derived dendritic cell cultures, and perform uptake assays with these cells.

Here, we describe in vitro culture conditions, isolation, and increased generation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from Echinococcus granulosus. The small EVs were characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The uptake by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and their phenotypic modulation were studied using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry.

Isolamento e captação de células dendríticas de pequenas vesículas extracelulares de Echinococcus granulosus

The secretion of extracellular vesicles by cestodes is crucial for enabling cellular communication not only among parasites but also with host tissues. In ...

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a technique that allows for the spatial resolution of nucleic acid molecules (often mRNAs) within a &#39;whole mount&#39; tissue preparation, or developmental stage (such as an embryo or larva) of interest. WMISH is extremely powerful because it can significantly contribute to the functional characterization of complex metazoan genomes, a challenge that is becoming more of a bottleneck with the deluge of next generation sequence data. Despite the conceptual simplicity of the technique much time is often needed to optimize the various parameters inherent to WMISH experiments for novel model systems; subtle differences in the cellular and biochemical properties between tissue types and developmental stages mean that a single WMISH method may not be appropriate for all situations. We have developed a set of WMISH methods for the re-emerging gastropod model Lymnaea stagnalis that generate consistent and clear WMISH signals for a range of genes, and across all developmental stages. These methods include the assignment of larvae of unknown chronological age to an ontogenetic window, the efficient removal of embryos and larvae from their egg capsules, the application of an appropriate Proteinase-K treatment for each ontogenetic window, and hybridization, post-hybridization and immunodetection steps. These methods provide a foundation from which the resulting signal for a given RNA transcript can be further refined with probe specific adjustments (primarily probe concentration and hybridization temperature).

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

The goal of this protocol is to provide users with a set of methods for the high-throughput decapsulation of Lymnaea stagnalis embryos and larvae in preparation for whole mount in situ hybridization, and for subsequent pre- and post-hybridization treatments.

Isolamento em massa e cultivo In Vitro de Intramolluscan fases do sangue fascíola Schistosoma Mansoni

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