Este estudo foi suportado por doações de Taiwan (Ministério da ciência e tecnologia, mais 100-2923-B-002-002-MY3 e 106-2313-B-002-011-MY3 para H.J.L.), República Checa (conceder a agência da Boémia do Sul, Universidade, Magali conceder 065/2017/P para Y.H.L) e Espanha ( Ministério da economia espanhola e competitividade, concede CGL2012-36251 e CGL2015-64727-P a X.B. e o governo catalão, conceder 2014 SGR 619 a X.B.); também recebeu apoio financeiro do Fundo Europeu para o desenvolvimento económico e Regional (fundos FEDER para X.B.).

1. síntese e preparação do dsRNA
<ol><li>Identifica os sites de destino do dsRNA da região untranslated 3' do gene-alvo. O dsTub é usado para o direcionamento do gene da α-tubulina (banheira) (número de adesão GenBank: KX228233), e dsEGFP como um controle negativo dsRNA destina-se a sequência de melhor proteína fluorescência verde (EGFP; Número de adesão GenBank: LC311024).</li>
	<li>Executar a amplificação por PCR padrão para sintetizar os modelos dsRNA com primers de gene-específico que contém a sequência de promotor T7 (5'-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG-3'). As condições de amplificação do PCR e informações de primeira demão usados são aqueles relatados por Lin et al. (2017) 12 (ver Tabela de materiais).</li>
	<li>Prosseguir com a preparação do dsRNA usando uma transcrição de T7 Kit (veja a Tabela de materiais), seguindo as instruções do fabricante. Nota: Para produzir quantidade elevada dsRNA, misture duas reações em um tubo (no total 40 µ l) e incubar a 37 ° C durante a noite.</li>
	<li>Adicionar 2 µ l de DNase (ver Tabela de materiais) em amostras de dsRNA por 15 min a 37 ° C para digerir modelos de DNA.</li>
	<li>Adicionar o reagente de extração 200 µ l (veja a Tabela de materiais) e clorofórmio 40 µ l, então o vórtice.</li>
	<li>Centrifugar durante 10 min a 13.000 x g a 4 ° C e, em seguida, recolher o sobrenadante (150 µ l) em um novo tubo de microcentrifugadora.</li>
	<li>Precipitar dsRNA adicionando 150 µ l isopropanol e incubar por 15 min no gelo.</li>
	<li>Centrifugar por 15 min a 13.000 x g a 4 ° C e, em seguida, remover o sobrenadante.</li>
	<li>Adicione 200 µ l de etanol 70% para lavar dsRNA Pelotas. Centrifugação por 10min a 13.000 x g a 4 ° C.</li>
	<li>Remover o etanol e repita as etapas de lavagem do etanol.</li>
	<li>Remover o etanol e o pellet seco dsRNA por concentradores centrífugos de vácuo por 3 min, em seguida, resuspenda dsRNA com água livre de RNase.</li>
	<li>Determinar a quantidade do dsRNA purificada usando um espectrofotômetro UV-Vis de micro-volume (ver Tabela de materiais) de acordo com as instruções do fabricante e ajustar para a concentração desejada (por exemplo, 0,25 µ g / µ l para a preparação de lipoplexes dsRNA).</li>
	<li>Armazene as amostras de dsRNA a-20 ° C por até 3 meses.</li>
</ol>2. preparação do dsRNA Lipoplexes
<ol><li>Dilua 4 µ l de reagente de transfeccao (ver Tabela de materiais), adicionando 4 µ l de solução de glicose 5%. Dilua 4 µ l do dsRNA (1 µ g), adicionando 4 µ l de solução de glicose 5%.</li>
	<li>Adicione a solução de reagente diluído em lipossomas imediatamente na solução diluída dsRNA tudo de uma vez. Vórtice brevemente para misturá-los e, em seguida, incube por 15 min a 25 ° C. Nota: Não misture as soluções na ordem inversa.</li>
	<li>Os dsRNA lipoplexes estão prontas para uso. Use dentro de 1 hora de preparação e descartar depois de 1 hora. Nota: De acordo com as instruções do fabricante, os lipoplexes deve ser usado logo que possível.</li>
</ol>3. coleção de enzimas extracelulares de hemolinfa e suco Midgut
<ol><li>
Inseto tampão salino (estoque de x 10)
	<ol>
<li>Misture 900 mL de água bidestilada com 109,3 g NaCl, 15,7 g KCl, 6,3 g de CaCl2e 8,3 g MgCl2·6H2O.</li>
		<li>Ajustar o pH para 6,8 e preencher até 1.000 mL.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Coleção de hemolinfa
	<ol>
<li>Anestesia as baratas no gelo até que eles não se movem por 3 min.</li>
		<li>Segurar a barata com dois dedos (polegar e dedo indicador) e aparece do lado ventral da barata.</li>
		<li>Use a dissecação tesoura para cortar a ponta de uma coxa de uma pata traseira. Nota: Corte o cruzamento conectado entre a coxa e o trocânter. A excisão da outra parte da coxa foi menos eficiente para coletar a hemolinfa.</li>
		<li>Aperte o abdômen suavemente com o dedo médio e recolher a hemolinfa sangramento da incisão com uma micropipeta de 10 µ l.</li>
		<li>Piscina a hemolinfa de várias baratas (5 pessoas) em um tubo de microcentrifugadora. Nota: Manter os tubos microcentrifuga no gelo para evitar melanização. O volume médio de hemolinfa obtido de uma barata masculina é 2-3 µ l.</li>
		<li>Spin para baixo a hemolinfa brevemente com uma centrífuga de bancada de 10 s.</li>
		<li>Transferir o volume desejado de hemolinfa (ou seja, 10 µ l) e misturá-lo com 50 µ l de tampão salino inseto 1 de x.</li>
		<li>Centrifugação por 10min a 1.000 x g a 4 ° C a girar para baixo hemócitos. Transferi o sobrenadante para um tubo limpo microcentrifuga.</li>
		<li>Quantificar a concentração de proteína total usando um espectrofotômetro UV-Vis de micro-volume medindo A28015.</li>
		<li>Ajuste cada amostra para ter a mesma concentração de proteína (6 mg / µ l de proteínas totais).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Coleção de suco do intestino
	<ol>
<li>Anestesia as baratas no gelo. Arrumar as baratas lado ventral na placa de dissecação com insetos tampão salino de frio 1x usando pinos de insetos.</li>
		<li>Disse o abdômen com uma pinça fina. Remova o intestino inteiro (incluindo o intestino frontal, meados e patas traseiro) para um prato fresco com 1x tampão salino de insetos.</li>
		<li>Remover o intestino dianteiro e traseiro e transferir rapidamente o intestino para um tubo de microcentrifugadora que contém o tampão salino inseto de 100 µ l.</li>
		<li>Piscina do midguts de seis baratas no mesmo tubo e vórtice por 10 s.</li>
		<li>Centrifugação por 10min a 1.000 x g a 4 ° C a girar para baixo o hemócitos e tecidos do intestino. Transferi o sobrenadante para um tubo limpo microcentrifuga.</li>
		<li>Quantificar a concentração de proteína total usando um espectrofotômetro UV-Vis de micro-volume medindo A28015.</li>
		<li>Ajuste cada amostra para ter a mesma concentração de proteína (6 mg / µ l de proteínas totais).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. dsRNA ensaio de degradação
<ol><li>Recentemente a preparar 4 µ l do dsRNA nua ou lipoplexes dsRNA (1 µ g).</li>
	<li>Misture dsRNA enzimas de soluções com 10 µ l de tampão salino de insetos (controle), extraídas de hemolinfa, ou intestino suco.</li>
	<li>Adicione 2 µ l de EGTA (20mm) ou água livre de RNase para separar amostras como controles para inibição de actividades enzimáticas.</li>
	<li>Incubar durante 1 hora ou mais (6, 12 ou 24 horas) a 25 ° C.</li>
	<li>Adicione 200 µ l extração reagente e clorofórmio 40 µ l, então o vórtice.</li>
	<li>Centrifugar durante 10 min a 13.000 x g a 4 ° C e, em seguida, recolher o sobrenadante (150 µ l) em um novo tubo de microcentrifugadora.</li>
	<li>Precipitar dsRNA adicionando 150 µ l isopropanol e incubar por 15 min no gelo.</li>
	<li>Centrifugar por 15 min a 13.000 x g a 4 ° C e, em seguida, remover o sobrenadante.</li>
	<li>Adicione 200 µ l de etanol 70% para lavar dsRNA Pelotas. Centrifugação por 10min a 13.000 x g a 4 ° C.</li>
	<li>Remover o etanol e repita as etapas de lavagem do etanol.</li>
	<li>Remova o etanol e o pellet seco dsRNA por concentradores de vácuo centrífugas para 3 min. Ressuspender dsRNA com água livre de RNase a µ l 10.</li>
	<li>Verificar a integridade do dsRNA Tratado através de eletroforese em gel em um gel de agarose 1,5%.</li>
</ol>5. oral administração do dsRNA
<ol><li>Manter as baratas em uma dieta ad libitum do alimento seco (comida). Priva o abastecimento de água desde as baratas um dia antes experimentos de ingestão do dsRNA.</li>
	<li>Segure uma barata, agarrando suas asas com as pinças flexíveis (Figura 1, passo 5). Nota: Não pegue as partes do corpo das baratas.</li>
	<li>Prepare o dsRNA lipoplexes, bem como dsRNA nua, para a alimentação, conforme descrito na seção 2. Nota: O dsRNA lipoplexes deve ser preparado na hora antes da alimentação.</li>
	<li>Alimentar 4 µ l de lipoplexes dsRNA ou nu dsRNA (250 ng) com uma micropipeta.</li>
	<li>Lentamente, pipetar a gota da solução dsRNA perto o aparelho bucal de baratas e deixe as baratas ingerir a gota completamente.</li>
	<li>Realizar os experimentos de ingestão de duas vezes por dia (1h Após luzes acesas e 1h antes de luzes apagadas) por 8 dias ou 16 dias continuamente. Nota: Todas as baratas adquiriram água apenas através de alimentação manual com reagentes dsRNA solução ou controle (por exemplo, água livre de nuclease, solução de glicose e reagente lipossoma) durante experimentos de ingestão.</li>
	<li>Fornecem garrafas de água para as baratas após 16 dias de ingestão das experiências de dsRNA.</li>
</ol>6. avaliar Knockdown
<ol><li>No tempo escolhido pontos (2, 9 e 17 dias depois do ensaio de ingestão do dsRNA), coletar os insetos dsEGFP - e dsTub-tratada e dissecar os tecidos escolhidos (por exemplo, intestino).</li>
	<li>Realize o PCR quantitativo em tempo real (qRT-PCR). As condições de amplificação de qRT-PCR e informações da primeira demão, conforme relatado por Lin et al. (2017) 12.</li>
	<li>Avalie o controle e o dsRNA-tratados insetos diariamente para verificar a mortalidade e remover as baratas que já não se move.</li>
</ol>

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Este protocolo apresenta um método para RNAi eficaz através de entrega oral dos lipoplexes dsRNA, envolvendo proteção contra digestão ribonuclease no suco de intestino da barata alemão. Como mostrado em outros estudos em várias espécies de insetos, o efeito de RNAi pobre através de entrega oral do dsRNA principalmente é contabilizado pela degradação de dsRNA8,9,10. Este protocolo produz lipossomas que servem como pro...

RNAi tem sido demonstrado como um método eficaz para a expressão do gene "knockdown" através de um mecanismo de uma via de silenciamento pós-transcricional desencadeada por moléculas de dsRNA em muitos eucariotos1. Durante a última década de estudo, RNAi tornou-se uma ferramenta útil para estudar as funções dos genes de desenvolvimento para o comportamento por esgotar a expressão de genes específicos, através da injeção e/ou alimentação do dsRNA em vários táxons de insetos2,3. Devido a especificidade e a robustez do efeito de esgotamento, a aplicação de RNAi atualmente está sendo considerada como uma estratégia potencial para controle de pragas de gestão4,5. No entanto, a eficiência de RNAi varia amplamente entre as espécies de insetos, consoante os diferentes genes alvo e os métodos de entrega. Um corpo crescente de evidências sugere que a instabilidade do dsRNA, que é degradada por ribonucleases, é um fator crítico na eficácia limitada de RNAi5,6. Por exemplo, a baixa sensibilidade de RNAi em Manduca sexta foi explicada pelo fato de que o dsRNA misturado com hemolinfa foi rapidamente degradado dentro de 1 hora,7. Da mesma forma, a presença de nucleases alcalinas no intestino, que eficientemente degradar dsRNA ingerido, é fortemente correlacionada com baixa eficiência de RNAi em diferentes ordens de insetos8,9,10.
A entrega oral de dsRNA é particularmente interessante para a aplicação de RNAi em uma estratégia de controle de pragas, mas um método para retardar a degradação do dsRNA pelas nucleases no intestino ainda não foi desenvolvido, que teria potencial para assegurar a eficaz RNAi através da alimentação. No entanto, a apatia de RNAi para entrega oral do dsRNA foi relatada por alimentação grande quantidade de dsRNA, por exemplo, 50 µ g/ml Bombyx mori, ou continuamente alimentando por 8 dias (8 µ g dsRNA no total) das espécies de gafanhoto. A baratinha, Blattella germinica, é altamente sensível a RNAi através da injeção de dsRNA11,12,13,14, mas não é responsiva ao dsRNA através da alimentação. Recentemente, Lin et al. (2017) demonstraram que o dsRNA encapsulados com resultados de transportadoras em lipossomas em RNAi bem sucedida a nocaute a expressão do gene α-tubulina no intestino e gatilho mortalidade significativa da baratinha15. Como a degradação do dsRNA no intestino é o fator limitante para RNAi oral, os portadores de lipossoma servem como um veículo para proteger dsRNA de degradação, que é facilmente aplicável em outros insetos com atividades de nuclease forte no intestino. Digno de nota, o motivo para a escolha do reagente de transfeccao particular (ver Tabela de materiais) usamos como portador de lipossomas no atual protocolo é que ele foi testado para transfeccao de linha celular inseto com menor toxicidade, de acordo com o instruções do fabricante. De acordo com a comparação dos sistemas de transfeccao lipossoma diferentes no guerreiro et al (2013) 16, a eficiência do transfecting RNA de interferência pequeno (siRNA) é aproximadamente o mesmo entre este e a outros sistemas disponíveis comercialmente que têm sido utilizados para sistemas de entrega dsRNA em outros insetos17,18 . Além disso, nosso método de alimentação é cuidadoso o suficiente para garantir a quantidade adequada de dsRNA é ingerida por cada barata, e que os resultados são robustos e confirmado. Em resumo, o presente protocolo e os resultados demonstram que usar dsRNA lipoplexes melhora a estabilidade do dsRNA e abre as portas para o design da entrega oral estratégia de RNAi, que é uma abordagem promissora para controle de pragas no futuro.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1124px;" width="1123">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">GenJe Plus DNA in vitro Transfection reagent</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">SignaGen</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">SL100499</td>
			<td style="width:481px;">for lipoplexes preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blend Taq plus</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">TOYOBO&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">BTQ-201</td>
			<td>for PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fast SYBR Green Master Mix</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">ABI&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">4385612</td>
			<td>for qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">FirstChoice RLM-RACE Kit</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">AM1700</td>
			<td>for 3&#39; UTR identification&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">MEGAscript T7 Transcription Kit</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">AMB13345</td>
			<td>for dsRNA synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TURBO DNase</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">AM2239</td>
			<td>remove DNA template from dsRNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TRIzol</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">15596018</td>
			<td>for dsRNA or total RNA extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RQ1 RNase-Free Dnase</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">M6101</td>
			<td>remove DNA template from total RNA&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">chloroform&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">C2432</td>
			<td>for dsRNA or total RNA extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">2-Propanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">I9516</td>
			<td>for dsRNA or total RNA extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>24102</td>
			<td>for dsRNA or total RNA extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">Diethyl pyrocarbonate, DEPC</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">D5758</td>
			<td>for RNase free water preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">glucose solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">G3285</td>
			<td>for lipoplexes preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium chloride, NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">S7653</td>
			<td>insect saline buffer formula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">Potassium chloride, KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">P9333</td>
			<td>insect saline buffer formula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:352px;">Calcium chloride, CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1016</td>
			<td>insect saline buffer formula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, MgCl2.6H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">M2670</td>
			<td>insect saline buffer formula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">EGTA&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">E3889</td>
			<td>enzyme inhibitor&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dissecting scissor</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">F.S.T.</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>cockroach dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">fine tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">F.S.T.</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>cockroach dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">flexible tweezer</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">F.S.T.</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>cockroach holding&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pipetman</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">RAININ</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">P10</td>
			<td>sample preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Axygen</td>
			<td>MCT175C, PCR02C</td>
			<td>sample preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">pipette tip&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Axygen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>sample preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">vortexter</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Digisystem</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">vm1000</td>
			<td>sample preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Minispin centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">The Gruffin Group</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">GMC 206</td>
			<td>for liquid spin down&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">ALC</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">PK121R</td>
			<td>sample preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pH meter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">JENCO</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">6071</td>
			<td>for pH adjust</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">micro-volume spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Quawell</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Q3000</td>
			<td>nucleic acid quantitative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">PCR Thermal cycler</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">ABI&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">2720</td>
			<td>for template PCR or&#160; dsRNA synthesis incubation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">quantitative real-time PCR</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">ABI&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">StepOne plus</td>
			<td>gene expression quantitative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Centrifugal Vacuum Concentrators</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">5301</td>
			<td>for dsRNA or total RNA extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Multipette&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">xstream</td>
			<td>for real-time PCR sample loading&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agarose I</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">amresco</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">0710</td>
			<td>for nucleic acid electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">tub gene specfifc forward preimer</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">tri-I biotech</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>GGG ACA AGC CGG AGT GCA GA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">tub gene specfifc reverse preimer</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">tri-I biotech</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>TCC TGC TCC TGT CTC GCT GA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">dsTub template forward primer</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">tri-I biotech</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>TAA TAC GAC TCA CTA TAG GGA CAA GCC GGA GTG CAG&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">dsTub template reverse primer</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">tri-I biotech</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>TAA TAC GAC TCA CTA TAG GGT CCT GCT CCT GTC TCG CTG&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">dsEGFP template forward preimer</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">tri-I biotech</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>TAA TAC GAC TCA CTA TAG GGT ATG GTG AGC AAG GGC GAG GAG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">dsEGFP template reverse preimer</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">tri-I biotech</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>TAA TAC GAC TCA CTA TAG GGT GGC GGA TCT TGA AGT TCA CC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">tub qPCR forward primer</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">tri-I biotech</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>GGA CCG CAT CAG GAA ACT GGC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">tub qPCR reverse preimer</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">tri-I biotech</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>CCA CAG ACA GCC TCT CCA TGA GC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">ef1 qPCR forward primer</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">tri-I biotech</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>CGC TTG AGG AAA TCA AGA AGG A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">ef1 qPCRreverse preimer</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">tri-I biotech</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>CCT GCA GAG GAA GAC GAA G</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

practical use of rna interference: oral delivery of double-stranded rna in liposome carriers for cockroaches

RNA de interferência (RNAi) tem sido aplicado extensamente para descobrir as funções biológicas de numerosos genes e foi previsto como uma praga controle ferramenta de exploração por perturbação da expressão do gene essencial. Embora diferentes métodos, tais como a injeção, alimentação e imersão, têm sido relatados para entrega bem sucedida de RNA double-stranded (dsRNA), a eficiência de RNAi através de entrega oral do dsRNA é altamente variável entre os diferentes grupos de insetos. A baratinha, Blattella germanica, é altamente sensível à injecção de dsRNA, como mostrado por muitos estudos publicados anteriormente. O presente estudo descreve um método para demonstrar que o dsRNA encapsulado com transportadoras em lipossomas é suficiente para retardar a degradação do dsRNA por suco de intestino. Notavelmente, a alimentação contínua do dsRNA encapsulado por lipossomas significativamente reduz a expressão de tubulina no intestino e levou à morte de baratas. Em conclusão, a formulação e utilização dos lipoplexes dsRNA, que protegem o dsRNA contra nucleases, poderiam ser um uso prático de RNAi para controle de pragas de insetos no futuro.

Um esquema simplificado do protocolo de entrega oral do dsRNA é apresentado na Figura 1, onde as principais etapas para a preparação dos lipoplexes dsRNA são mostradas.
A fim de investigar a protecção dada pelas transportadoras em lipossomas em cima dsRNA degradação no suco de intestino de b. germanica, um ensaio ex vivo , onde foi realizado o dsTub lipoplexes foram incubad...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Practical Use of RNA Interference: Oral Delivery of Double-stranded RNA in Liposome Carriers for Cockroaches at JoVE.com

Practical Use of RNA Interference: Oral Delivery of Double-stranded RNA in Liposome Carriers for Cockroaches

Uso prático da interferência do RNA: Oral entrega de RNA Double-stranded em lipossomas transportadoras para baratas

Este manuscrito demonstra o esgotamento de expressão gênica no intestino da barata alemão através da ingestão oral de RNA double-stranded encapsulada em lipossomas.

RNA interference (RNAi) has been widely applied for uncovering the biological functions of numerous genes, and has been envisaged as a pest control tool ...

practical-use-rna-interference-oral-delivery-double-stranded-rna

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.3K visualizações.  National Taiwan University. Este manuscrito demonstra o esgotamento de expressão gênica no intestino da barata alemão através da ingestão oral de RNA double-stranded encapsulada em lipossomas.

Vídeo: Practical Use of RNA Interference: Oral Delivery of Double-stranded RNA in Liposome Carriers for Cockroaches

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence (T7, T3, SP6) and the gene to be transcribed (Figure 1A). A typical transcription reaction consists of the template DNA, RNA polymerase, ribonucleotide triphosphates, RNase inhibitor and buffer containing Mg2+ ions.
Large amounts of high quality RNA are often required for a variety of applications. Use of in vitro transcription has been reported for RNA structure and function studies such as splicing1, RNAi experiments in mammalian cells2, antisense RNA amplification by the "Eberwine method"3, microarray analysis4 and for RNA vaccine studies5. The technique can also be used for producing radiolabeled and dye labeled probes6. Warren, et al. recently reported reprogramming of human cells by transfection with in vitro transcribed capped RNA7. The T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from New England Biolabs has been designed to synthesize up to 180 &mu;g RNA per 20 &mu;l reaction. RNA of length up to 10kb has been successfully transcribed using this kit. Linearized plasmid DNA, PCR products and synthetic DNA oligonucleotides can be used as templates for transcription as long as they have the T7 promoter sequence upstream of the gene to be transcribed.
Addition of a 5' end cap structure to the RNA is an important process in eukaryotes. It is essential for RNA stability8, efficient translation9, nuclear transport10 and splicing11. The process involves addition of a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' triphosphate end of the RNA. RNA capping can be carried out post-transcriptionally using capping enzymes or co-transcriptionally using cap analogs. In the enzymatic method, the mRNA is capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme12,13. The enzyme adds on a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' end of the RNA using GTP and S-adenosyl methionine as donors (cap 0 structure). Both methods yield functionally active capped RNA suitable for transfection or other applications14 such as generating viral genomic RNA for reverse-genetic systems15 and crystallographic studies of cap binding proteins such as eIF4E16.
In the method described below, the T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from NEB is used to synthesize capped and uncapped RNA transcripts of Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) and Cypridina luciferase (CLuc). A portion of the uncapped GLuc RNA is capped using the Vaccinia Capping System (NEB). A linearized plasmid containing the GLuc or CLuc gene and T7 promoter is used as the template DNA. The transcribed RNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity. Capped CLuc RNA is used as the internal control to normalize GLuc expression.

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

This method describes high yield in vitro synthesis of both capped and uncapped mRNA from a linearized plasmid containing the Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) gene. The RNA is purified and a fraction of the uncapped RNA is enzymatically capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme. In the final step, the mRNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity.

Transcrição in vitro e nivelamento de Gaussia mRNA luciferase Seguido por HeLa transfecção celular

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence ...

Biologia

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental gene expression 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. The recent discovery of thousands of lncRNAs in association with specific chromatin modification complexes, such as Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) that mediates histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), suggests broad roles for numerous lncRNAs in managing chromatin states in a gene-specific fashion 8,9. While some lncRNAs are thought to work in cis on neighboring genes, other lncRNAs work in trans to regulate distantly located genes. For instance, Drosophila lncRNAs roX1 and roX2 bind numerous regions on the X chromosome of male cells, and are critical for dosage compensation 10,11. However, the exact locations of their binding sites are not known at high resolution. Similarly, human lncRNA HOTAIR can affect PRC2 occupancy on hundreds of genes genome-wide 3,12,13, but how specificity is achieved is unclear. LncRNAs can also serve as modular scaffolds to recruit the assembly of multiple protein complexes. The classic trans-acting RNA scaffold is the TERC RNA that serves as the template and scaffold for the telomerase complex 14; HOTAIR can also serve as a scaffold for PRC2 and a H3K4 demethylase complex 13.
Prior studies mapping RNA occupancy at chromatin have revealed substantial insights 15,16, but only at a single gene locus at a time. The occupancy sites of most lncRNAs are not known, and the roles of lncRNAs in chromatin regulation have been mostly inferred from the indirect effects of lncRNA perturbation. Just as chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by microarray or deep sequencing (ChIP-chip or ChIP-seq, respectively) has greatly improved our understanding of protein-DNA interactions on a genomic scale, here we illustrate a recently published strategy to map long RNA occupancy genome-wide at high resolution 17. This method, Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP) (Figure 1), is based on affinity capture of target lncRNA:chromatin complex by tiling antisense-oligos, which then generates a map of genomic binding sites at a resolution of several hundred bases with high sensitivity and low background. ChIRP is applicable to many lncRNAs because the design of affinity-probes is straightforward given the RNA sequence and requires no knowledge of the RNA's structure or functional domains.

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification ChIRP

ChIRP is a novel and rapid technique to map genomic binding sites of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). The method takes advantage of the specificity of anti-sense tiling oligonucleotides to allow the enumeration of lncRNA-bound genomic sites.

Isolamento de cromatina por purificação de RNA (CHIRP)

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental ...

Substrate Generation for Endonucleases of CRISPR/Cas Systems

The interaction of viruses and their prokaryotic hosts shaped the evolution of bacterial and archaeal life. Prokaryotes developed several strategies to evade viral attacks that include restriction modification, abortive infection and CRISPR/Cas systems. These adaptive immune systems found in many Bacteria and most Archaea consist of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) sequences and a number of CRISPR associated (Cas) genes (Fig. 1) 1-3. Different sets of Cas proteins and repeats define at least three major divergent types of CRISPR/Cas systems 4. The universal proteins Cas1 and Cas2 are proposed to be involved in the uptake of viral DNA that will generate a new spacer element between two repeats at the 5' terminus of an extending CRISPR cluster 5. The entire cluster is transcribed into a precursor-crRNA containing all spacer and repeat sequences and is subsequently processed by an enzyme of the diverse Cas6 family into smaller crRNAs 6-8. These crRNAs consist of the spacer sequence flanked by a 5' terminal (8 nucleotides) and a 3' terminal tag derived from the repeat sequence 9. A repeated infection of the virus can now be blocked as the new crRNA will be directed by a Cas protein complex (Cascade) to the viral DNA and identify it as such via base complementarity10. Finally, for CRISPR/Cas type 1 systems, the nuclease Cas3 will destroy the detected invader DNA 11,12 .
These processes define CRISPR/Cas as an adaptive immune system of prokaryotes and opened a fascinating research field for the study of the involved Cas proteins. The function of many Cas proteins is still elusive and the causes for the apparent diversity of the CRISPR/Cas systems remain to be illuminated. Potential activities of most Cas proteins were predicted via detailed computational analyses. A major fraction of Cas proteins are either shown or proposed to function as endonucleases 4.
Here, we present methods to generate crRNAs and precursor-cRNAs for the study of Cas endoribonucleases. Different endonuclease assays require either short repeat sequences that can directly be synthesized as RNA oligonucleotides or longer crRNA and pre-crRNA sequences that are generated via in vitro T7 RNA polymerase run-off transcription. This methodology allows the incorporation of radioactive nucleotides for the generation of internally labeled endonuclease substrates and the creation of synthetic or mutant crRNAs. Cas6 endonuclease activity is utilized to mature pre-crRNAs into crRNAs with 5'-hydroxyl and a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini.

CRISPR/Cas systems mediate adaptive immunity in Bacteria and Archaea. Many Cas proteins are proposed to act as endoribonucleases acting on crRNA precursors of varying length. Here we illustrate three different approaches to generate pre-crRNA substrates for the biochemical analysis of Cas endonuclease activity.

Geração de substrato para Endonucleases de CRISPR / Cas Sistemas

The  interaction of viruses and their prokaryotic hosts shaped the evolution of  bacterial and archaeal life. Prokaryotes developed several strategies to ...

Using RNA-mediated Interference Feeding Strategy to Screen for Genes Involved in Body Size Regulation in the Nematode C. elegans

Double-strand RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is an effective strategy to knock down target gene expression1-3. It has been applied to many model systems including plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. There are various methods to achieve RNAi in vivo4,5. For example, the target gene may be transformed into an RNAi vector, and then either permanently or transiently transformed into cell lines or primary cells to achieve gene knockdown effects; alternatively synthesized double-strand oligonucleotides from specific target genes (RNAi oligos) may be transiently transformed into cell lines or primary cells to silence target genes; or synthesized double-strand RNA molecules may be microinjected into an organism. Since the nematode C. elegans uses bacteria as a food source, feeding the animals with bacteria expressing double-strand RNA against target genes provides a viable strategy6. Here we present an RNAi feeding method to score body size phenotype. Body size in C. elegans is regulated primarily by the TGF- &beta; - like ligand DBL-1, so this assay is appropriate for identification of TGF-&beta; signaling components7. We used different strains including two RNAi hypersensitive strains to repeat the RNAi feeding experiments. Our results showed that rrf-3 strain gave us the best expected RNAi phenotype. The method is easy to perform, reproducible, and easily quantified. Furthermore, our protocol minimizes the use of specialized equipment, so it is suitable for smaller laboratories or those at predominantly undergraduate institutions.

Using RNA-mediated Interference Feeding Strategy to Screen for Genes Involved in Body Size Regulation in the Nematode C. elegans

We demonstrate how to use the RNAi feeding technique to knock down target genes and score body size phenotype in C. elegans. This method could be used for a large scale screen to identify potential genetic components of interest, such as those involved in body size regulation by DBL-1/TGF-&beta; signaling.

Usando RNA mediada estratégia de alimentação Interferência em tela para genes envolvidos na regulação do tamanho corporal na Nemátodo<em&gt; C. elegans</em

Double-strand RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is an effective strategy to knock down target gene expression1-3. It has been applied to many model systems ...

Depletion of Ribosomal RNA for Mosquito Gut Metagenomic RNA-seq

The mosquito gut accommodates dynamic microbial communities across different stages of the insect's life cycle. Characterization of the genetic capacity and functionality of the gut community will provide insight into the effects of gut microbiota on mosquito life traits. Metagenomic RNA-Seq has become an important tool to analyze transcriptomes from various microbes present in a microbial community. Messenger RNA usually comprises only 1-3% of total RNA, while rRNA constitutes approximately 90%. It is challenging to enrich messenger RNA from a metagenomic microbial RNA sample because most prokaryotic mRNA species lack stable poly(A) tails. This prevents oligo d(T) mediated mRNA isolation. Here, we describe a protocol that employs sample derived rRNA capture probes to remove rRNA from a metagenomic total RNA sample. To begin, both mosquito and microbial small and large subunit rRNA fragments are amplified from a metagenomic community DNA sample. Then, the community specific biotinylated antisense ribosomal RNA probes are synthesized in vitro using T7 RNA polymerase. The biotinylated rRNA probes are hybridized to the total RNA. The hybrids are captured by streptavidin-coated beads and removed from the total RNA. This subtraction-based protocol efficiently removes both mosquito and microbial rRNA from the total RNA sample. The mRNA enriched sample is further processed for RNA amplification and RNA-Seq.

A ribosomal RNA (rRNA) depletion protocol was developed to enrich messenger RNA (mRNA) for RNA-seq of the mosquito gut metatranscriptome. Sample specific rRNA probes, which were used to remove rRNA via subtraction, were created from the mosquito and its gut microbes. Performance of the protocol can result in the removal of approximately 90-99% of rRNA.

Esgotamento de RNA ribossômico para metagenomico Gut Mosquito RNA-seq

The mosquito gut accommodates dynamic microbial communities across different stages of the insect's life cycle. Characterization of the genetic capacity ...

RNA Catalyst as a Reporter for Screening Drugs against RNA Editing in Trypanosomes

Substantial progress has been made in determining the mechanism of mitochondrial RNA editing in trypanosomes. Similarly, considerable progress has been made in identifying the components of the editosome complex that catalyze RNA editing. However, it is still not clear how those proteins work together. Chemical compounds obtained from a high-throughput screen against the editosome may block or affect one or more steps in the editing cycle. Therefore, the identification of new chemical compounds will generate valuable molecular probes for dissecting the editosome function and assembly. In previous studies, in vitro editing assays were carried out using radio-labeled RNA. These assays are time consuming, inefficient and unsuitable for high-throughput purposes. Here, a homogenous fluorescence-based &#8220;mix and measure&#8221; hammerhead ribozyme in vitro reporter assay to monitor RNA editing, is presented. Only as a consequence of RNA editing of the hammerhead ribozyme a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) oligoribonucleotide substrate undergoes cleavage. This in turn results in separation of the fluorophore from the quencher thereby producing a signal. In contrast, when the editosome function is inhibited, the fluorescence signal will be quenched. This is a highly sensitive and simple assay that should be generally applicable to monitor in vitro RNA editing or high throughput screening of chemicals that can inhibit the editosome function.

A highly sensitive ribozyme-based assay, applicable to high-throughput screening of chemicals targeting the unique process of RNA editing in trypanosomatid pathogens, is described in this paper. Inhibitors can be used as tools for hypothesis-driven analysis of the RNA editing process and ultimately as therapeutics.

RNA Catalisador como repórter para Triagem Drogas contra edição de RNA em Tripanossomas

Substantial progress has been made in determining the mechanism of mitochondrial RNA editing in trypanosomes. Similarly, considerable progress has been ...

Larval RNA Interference in the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum

The red flour beetle, Tribolium&#160;castaneum, offers a repertoire of experimental tools for genetic and developmental studies, including a fully annotated genome sequence, transposon-based transgenesis, and effective RNA interference (RNAi). Among these advantages, RNAi-based gene knockdown techniques are at the core of Tribolium research. T. castaneum show a robust systemic RNAi response, making it possible to perform RNAi at any life stage by simply injecting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into the beetle&#8217;s body cavity.
In this report, we provide an overview of our larval RNAi technique in T. castaneum. The protocol includes (i) isolation of the proper stage of T. castaneum larvae for injection, (ii) preparation for the injection setting, and (iii) dsRNA injection. Larval RNAi is a simple, but powerful technique that provides us with quick access to loss-of-function phenotypes, including multiple gene knockdown phenotypes as well as a series of hypomorphic phenotypes. Since virtually all T. castaneum tissues are susceptible to extracellular dsRNA, the larval RNAi technique allows researchers to study a wide variety of tissues in diverse contexts, including the genetic basis of organismal responses to the outside environment. In addition, the simplicity of this technique stimulates more student involvement in research, making T. castaneum an ideal genetic system for use in a classroom setting.

Larval RNA Interference in the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum

RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene knockdown techniques are at the core of Tribolium research. Here, we provide an overview of our larval RNAi technique in Tribolium castaneum. Larval RNAi is a simple, but powerful technique that provides quick access to loss-of-function phenotypes, allowing researchers to study gene functions in diverse contexts.

A interferência RNA larval no Red Flour Beetle,<em&gt; Tribolium castaneum</em

The red flour beetle, Tribolium&#160;castaneum, offers a repertoire of experimental tools for genetic and developmental studies, including a fully ...

Production of Double-stranded DNA Ministrings

We constructed linear covalently closed (LCC) DNA minivectors as a non-viral gene-delivery vector alternative produced via a simple platform in vivo. DNA ministrings possess a heightened safety profile and also efficiently deliver DNA cargo to targeted cells. Conventional DNA vectors carry undesirable prokaryotic sequences, including antibiotic resistance genes, CpG motifs, and bacterial origins of replication, which may lead to the stimulation of host immunological responses. The bioavailability of conventional DNA vectors is also compromised due to their larger molecular size. Their circular nature may also impart chromosomal integration, leading to insertional mutagenesis.
Bacterial sequences are excised from DNA minivectors, leaving only the gene of interest (GOI) and necessary eukaryotic expression elements. Our LCC DNA minivectors, or DNA ministrings, are devoid of immunogenic bacterial sequences; therefore improving their bioavailability and GOI expression. In the event of vector integration into the chromosome, the LCC DNA ministring will lethally disrupt the host chromosome, thereby removing the potentially dangerous mutant from the proliferating cell population. Consequently, DNA ministrings offer the benefits of &#39;minicircle&#39; DNA while eliminating the potential for undesirable vector integration events. In comparison to conventional plasmids and their isogenic circular covalently closed (CCC) counterparts, DNA ministrings demonstrate superior bioavailability, transfection efficiency, and cytoplasmic kinetics - they thus require lower amounts of cationic surfactants for effective transfection of target cells.
We have constructed a one-step inducible in vivo system for the production of DNA ministrings in Escherichia coli that is simple to use, rapid, and scalable.

The linear covalently closed (LCC) DNA minivector (DNA ministring) is a non-viral gene delivery vector offering high transfection efficiency and is relevant to any DNA delivery application. The production system is simple, rapid, and scalable in vivo. The following protocol provides visual step-by-step instructions for the production of DNA ministrings.

Produção de Double-stranded DNA Ministrings

We constructed linear covalently closed (LCC) DNA minivectors as a non-viral gene-delivery vector alternative produced via a simple platform in vivo. DNA ...

Detection of RNA-binding Proteins by In Vitro RNA Pull-down in Adipocyte Culture

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are emerging as a regulatory layer in the development and function of adipose. RBPs play a key role in the gene expression regulation at posttranscriptional levels by affecting the stability and translational efficiency of target mRNAs. RNA pull-down technique has been widely used to study RNA-protein interaction, which is necessary to elucidate the mechanism underlying RBPs&#39; as well as long non-coding RNAs&#39; (lncRNAs) function. However, the high lipid abundance in adipocytes poses a technical challenge in conducting this experiment. Here a detailed RNA pull-down protocol is optimized for primary adipocyte culture. An RNA fragment from androgen receptor&#39;s (AR) 3&#39; untranslated region (3&#39;UTR) containing an adenylate-uridylate-rich elementwas used as an example to demonstrate how to retrieve its RBP partner, HuR protein, from adipocyte lystate. The method described here can be applied to detect the interactions between RBPs and noncoding RNAs, as well as between RBPs and coding RNAs.

Detection of RNA-binding Proteins by In Vitro RNA Pull-down in Adipocyte Culture

An RNA pull-down protocol is optimized here for detection of interactions between RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and noncoding as well as coding RNAs. An RNA fragment from androgen receptor (AR) was used as an example to demonstrate how to retrieve its RBP from lystate of primary brown adipocytes.

Detecção de proteínas de ligação a ARN pela<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; RNA Pull-down em Cultura adipócito

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are emerging as a regulatory layer in the development and function of adipose. RBPs play a key role in the gene expression ...

TChIP-Seq: Cell-Type-Specific Epigenome Profiling

Epigenetic regulation plays central roles in gene expression. Since histone modification was discovered in the 1960s, its physiological and pathological functions have been extensively studied. Indeed, the advent of next-generation deep sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) via specific histone modification antibodies has revolutionized our view of epigenetic regulation across the genome. Conversely, tissues typically consist of diverse cell types, and their complex mixture poses analytic challenges to investigating the epigenome in a particular cell type. To address the cell type-specific chromatin state in a genome-wide manner, we recently developed tandem chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (tChIP-Seq), which is based on the selective purification of chromatin by tagged core histone proteins from cell types of interest, followed by ChIP-Seq. The goal of this protocol is the introduction of best practices of tChIP-Seq. This technique provides a versatile tool for tissue-specific epigenome investigation in diverse histone modifications and model organisms.

We describe a step-by-step protocol for tandem chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (tChIP-Seq) that enables the analysis of cell-type-specific genome-wide histone modification.

TChIP-Seq: Epigenoma célula tipo-específicas de criação de perfil

Epigenetic regulation plays central roles in gene expression. Since histone modification was discovered in the 1960s, its physiological and pathological ...

Uso prático da interferência do RNA: Oral entrega de RNA Double-stranded em lipossomas transportadoras para baratas

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