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Todos os cuidados com animais e procedimentos experimentais seguiram a diretriz do National Institutes of Health e cuidados institucionais do Animal e uso Comité (IACUC) da Universidade de Michigan. Usar soluções livre de RNase e pipetar dicas em todo o protocolo. Limpe a área de trabalho, pipetas, tubos e centrífuga com solução de RNase descontaminação seguindo as orientações do fabricante (ver Tabela de materiais).
1. sgRNA seleção de alvo
<ol><li>Usando um navegador da web, abra a página da Web: http://crispor.tefor.net8<ol>
<li>~ 60 pares de bases (bp) da sequência flanqueando a edição desejada de interesse de entrada (ou seja, 30 bp 5' e 3' da edição desejada).</li>
		<li>Selecione o genoma elegans de Caenorhabditis no menu pulldown.</li>
		<li>Selecione o motivo de Protospacer adjacentes (HF1-20 bp-NGG - SpCas9, SpCas9, eSPCas9 1.1) no menu suspenso.</li>
		<li>Clique em enviar. Na página de resultados, escolha a sequência de top ranking destino mais próxima para a edição de interesse. Se não há alvo apropriado sites dentro de flanqueamento 60 bp sequência de entrada, expandir a sequência de consulta até 100 bp (ou seja, 50 bp ambos os lados do desejado editar).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>De uma fonte disponível, por exemplo, synthego, obter um 20-mer alvo sgRNA com as seguintes especificações: 3 nmol; sem modificações.</li>
	<li>Após a recepção, centrifugue sgRNA liofilizado contendo tubo em > 12.000 x g por 1 min à temperatura ambiente. Adicionar 60 µ l de TE nuclease-livre para o tubo e ressuspender delicadamente pipetando acima e abaixo de 15 - 20 vezes usando uma pipeta P200. A concentração final é 50 µM.</li>
</ol>2. homologia-dirigido reparação Template Design
<ol><li>Desenha um HDR ssODN modelo que contém: 1) a mutação de interesse, 2) um site exclusivo em-frame endonuclease de restrição, 3) uma mutação silenciosa de um ou ambos os Gs dentro da sequência de NGG PAM e 4) 50 bp 5' e 3' homologia braços flanqueando a primeira e última mutação. (Figura 1) 9 , 10.<ol>
<li>Se a mutação da sequência NGG PAM não é possível, introduza mutações silenciosas de 5-6 dentro da sequência de reconhecimento do alvo de sgRNA para evitar clivagem mediada por sgRNA do ssODN modelo HDR.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>De uma fonte disponível, por exemplo, idtdna, obter um "do oligonucleotide Ultramer DNA" com os seguintes parâmetros: escala: nmol 4; Formulação: Nenhum; Purificação: Padrão de dessalinização.</li>
	<li>Após a recepção, centrifugue ssODN liofilizado contendo tubo em > 12.000 x g por 1 min à temperatura ambiente. Re-suavemente suspenda ssODN para uma concentração final de 100 µM em ddH nuclease livre2O pipetando acima e abaixo de 15 - 20 vezes usando uma pipeta P200.</li>
</ol>3. projeto genotipagem Primers
<ol><li>Desenha um primer conjunto flanqueando a modificação do genoma para gerar um ~ 400-700 bp PCR amplicons11.</li>
	<li>Otimize condições de ciclagem do PCR para produzir um único e específico amplicon11.</li>
</ol>4. preparar injeção Mix
<ol><li>Centrifugue a tabela 1 reagentes na velocidade máxima por 2 min a 4 ° C.</li>
	<li>Na ordem listada, adicione tabela 1 reagentes a um tubo PCR nuclease-livre.</li>
	<li>Misture bem, pipetando suavemente 10 vezes acima e para baixo com uma pipeta de P20.</li>
	<li>Incube a mistura de injeção por 10 min à temperatura ambiente.</li>
</ol>5. injeção protocolo
<ol><li>Micropipeta de injeção de carga com aproximadamente metade da injeção mix12. Salve o restante mistura de injeção, no caso a agulha de injeção entope ou quebra.</li>
	<li>Quebre a ponta da micropipeta para que ~ 20-30 psi produz uma gradual corrente solução12. Nota: Dicas de diâmetro maiores negativamente afetam a saúde animal e diminuem o rendimento de progênie F1 .</li>
	<li>Injectar 10-15 jovens adulto vermes em ambos os braços gonadais se possível12. Se não, injeção em um braço gonadal é suficiente.</li>
	<li>São permitidos animais injetados (P0) recuperar para 1-2 h à temperatura ambiente em um prato de mídia (NGM) nematoides crescimento OP50-semeado de 35mm. Subsequentemente, o único injetado P0 os animais às placas NGM individuais OP50-semeado 35mm usando um fio de platina worm pega12.</li>
</ol>6. tela P0 placas e único mCherry(+) F1s
<ol><li>Pós-injeção de dois dias, identificar placas de P0 contendo progênie de1 F expressando mCherry na faringe usando um microscópio fluorescente (Figura 1, dia 2 - 3). Escolha placas de três P0 que contêm a maioria dos animais de1 mCherry(+) F.</li>
	<li>De cada um dos três selecionados pratos P0 , único escolher 8-12 mCherry(+) F1 animais para um total de 24-36 mCherry(+) F1s usando um worm (Figura 1, dia 2 - 3). Nota: mCherry(-) animais também podem ser escolhidos destas placas de0 P, mas a probabilidade de identificar corretamente editado animais é muito baixa (Figura 2A).</li>
	<li>Permita individual F1s a auto-fertilização e põem ovos por 1-2 dias à temperatura ambiente.</li>
</ol>7. único Worm PCR e genotipagem
<ol><li>Após 1-2 dias de postura, transferi o F1s individuais tampões de tubo de tira PCR contendo 7 µ l de tampão de Lise Worm usando uma picareta worm (tabela 2, Figura 1, dia 4-5).</li>
	<li>Tubos de centrífuga de PCR na velocidade máxima por 1 min à temperatura ambiente para trazer os animais até o fundo do tubo e congelar os tubos a-80 ° C durante 1 h. Nota: Worms podem ser armazenadas a-80 ° C indefinidamente.</li>
	<li>Lyse vermes congelados em um thermocycler usando o seguinte programa: 60 ° C por 60 min, 95 ° C por 15 min, segurar de 4 ° C.</li>
	<li>Set-up do PCR mastermix conforme mostrado na tabela 3.</li>
	<li>Adicionar 21 µ l de PCR mastermix limpa tubos de PCR e em seguida, adicione 4 µ l do lysis do verme da etapa 3. Misture bem, usando uma pipeta e executar programa PCR, seguindo as orientações de fabricantes (veja a Tabela de materiais).</li>
	<li>Purificar as reações de PCR usando um kit de DNA limpo e concentre-se, seguindo as instruções do fabricante (ver Tabela de materiais). Eluir o DNA pela adição de 10 µ l água para a coluna de rotação.</li>
	<li>Set-up mastermix de enzima de restrição conforme mostrado na tabela 4.</li>
	<li>Adicionar 10 µ l de mastermix a enzima de restrição para cada reação de PCR limpa e incubar durante 1-2 h a 37 ° C13.</li>
	<li>Separado digerido produtos do PCR em um gel de agarose 1,5% correr em 120 V usando 1 x reserva de Tris-Acetato-EDTA (TAE)14.</li>
</ol>8. identificação e verificação de sequência dos animais editados
<ol><li>Examine amostras de enzima digerida para a presença de bandas que indicam potencial edição animais14 (Figura 1, dia 4-5). Nota: Carrega um controle de N2 para identificar potenciais mutações indel que podem ser observadas como mudanças no tamanho de banda e/ou digestão enzima de restrição inesperados e complexos padrões de borda.</li>
	<li>Depois de identificar potenciais animais editados, use o restante 3 μL de Lise worm e repetir a reação de PCR. Não limpe ou enzima de restrição digerir a reação de PCR, depois que o programa está completo. Carregar a reação de PCR em um gel de agarose a 1%, separar e extrair a banda usando um gel de extração kit15 (ver Quadro de materiais).</li>
	<li>Gel de16 Sanger sequência extraído DNA usando o primer de F1 para identificar os animais corretamente editados (figura 1A) Nota: Heterozigoto leituras conterá sobrepostos picos devido à presença do tipo selvagem e engenharia alelo.</li>
	<li>Para obter animais homozigotos de animais editados heterozigotos verificados, único 8-122 animais e executar as etapas de 7-8.</li>
</ol>

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Agradecemos a membros do laboratório de leitura crítica deste manuscrito Beg. Cepas foram fornecidas pelo centro de genética Caenorhabditis , que é financiado pelo NIH escritório de programas de infra-estrutura de pesquisa (OD010440 P40). Pesquisa no laboratório Beg é suportada por subvenções do NIH (R01 NS094678) e Associação de Distrofia Muscular (MDA382300) para A.A.B.

O sistema CRISPR-Cas9 é uma ferramenta poderosa e eficaz para precisamente modificar o genoma de organismos modelo. Aqui, demonstramos que sgRNAs quimérico20 juntamente com ssODN HDR modelos habilitar a geração altamente eficiente de genômicas mutações pontuais em c. elegans. Importante, demonstramos que a entrega da RNP produz alta eficiência de edição quando fluorescência é usada como um marcador de seleção co, destacando a facilidade e confiabilidade da técnica.
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Recentes avanços tecnológicos têm radicalmente transformada e acelerou a capacidade de genomas de engenheiro precisamente. Em particular, o sistema CRISPR-Cas9, que depende da endonuclease guiada por RNA Cas9 para induzir uma pausa de fita dupla (DSB) perto da sequência alvo do interesse, tem sido extensivamente usado para engenheiro com precisão o genoma da maioria dos organismos modelo usados no investigação biomédica1,2,3,4. Significativamente, o uso de CRISPR-Cas9 destravou genoma edição mesmo em espécies de difícil como c. elegans5. Independentemente da espécie, gerar mutações pontuais com o genoma de CRISPR-Cas9 baseado editando o sistema se baseia em três componentes principais: 1) Cas9 endonuclease, 2) um guia único RNA (sgRNA) que direciona a endonuclease Cas9 para uma sequência do alvo e 3) um usuário projetado modelo de reparação de homologia-dirigido (HDR) contendo o desejado edit(s) de juros2.
Existem vários métodos que podem ser usados para introduzir o direcionamento sgRNA e Cas9 nuclease em células incluindo plasmídeo, RNA e de métodos de entrega baseada em viral6. Recentemente, entrega direta de ribonucleoproteínas sgRNA pre-complexado-Cas9 (RNPs) surgiu como uma ferramenta poderosa e eficiente no genoma baseados em CRISPR-Cas9 edição7. A entrega direta de pre-complexado CRISPR-Cas9 RNPs tem várias vantagens distintas, a saber: 1) RNPs ignorar a necessidade de transcrição celular e tradução, 2) RNPs são limpas rapidamente, que pode aumentar a especificidade, reduzindo o tempo disponível para o alvo clivagem e 3) RNPs contêm elementos de DNA/RNA não estrangeiros que contorna a introdução de sequências não-nativas no genoma hospedeiro através da integração aleatória. Juntos, esses atributos prováveis fornecem uma rajada curta duração de edição de CRISPR no alvo, minimizando os efeitos fora do alvo.
Descreveremos um protocolo simples e eficiente para a introdução de alterações genômicas site-specific em c. elegans. Este protocolo inclui a segmentação sgRNA design de modelo HDR único encalhado do oligonucleotide (ssODN), sgRNA-Cas9 complexantes de RNP e entrega e uma estratégia de genotipagem para a identificação inequívoca dos animais devidamente editados. Usando essa estratégia, não só as alterações desejadas e site-specific podem ser recuperadas, mas outras mutações indel inespecíficos também podem ser recuperadas. Assim, nossa estratégia permite a geração de uma série alélica usando uma estratégia simples, onde ambos mono-alélica, bi-alélica e indel mutantes podem ser gerados na geração1 F.

<table><tbody><tr><td>CRISPRevolution sgRNA&amp;nbsp; EZ Kit</td><td>Synthego Inc.</td><td></td><td>chimeric sgRNA</td></tr><tr><td>Nuclease-free TE</td><td>Synthego Inc.</td><td>provided with the sgRNA kit EZ kit</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nuclease-free water</td><td>Synthego Inc.</td><td>provided with the sgRNA kit EZ kit</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4 nmole Ultramer DNA Oligo</td><td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td><td></td><td>ssODN HDR template</td></tr><tr><td>Alt-R S.p. HiFi Cas9 Nuclease 3NLS</td><td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td><td>1078728</td><td>Cas9 protein</td></tr><tr><td>pCFJ90&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Addgene</td><td>19327</td><td>Pmyo-2::mCherry Marker Plasmid</td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P5405</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H4034</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNA Clean &amp;amp; Concentrator</td><td>Zymo Research</td><td>D4004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zymoclean Gel DNA Recovery Kit</td><td>Zymo Research</td><td>D4002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Q5 Hot Start High-Fidelity 2X Master Mix</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>M0494L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Proteinase K</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P2308</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass Borosilicate Glass Micropipettes</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>BF100-78-10</td><td>OD: 1.0mm. ID: 0.78mm</td></tr><tr><td>Trizma Hydrochloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T5941</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M2393</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NP-40</td><td>Sigma</td><td>74385</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween-20</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP337-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNaseZap Decontamination Solution</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AM9780</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a rapid and facile pipeline for generating genomic point mutants in c. elegans using crispr/cas9 ribonucleoproteins

As repetições de palíndromos regularmente intercaladas em cluster (CRISPR) - CRISPR - proteína 9 (Cas9) sistema de defesa imune adaptativo procarióticas foi co-optado como uma poderosa ferramenta para a engenharia de precisão genoma eucariótico associada. Aqui, apresentamos um método rápido e simples, usando a guia único quimérico RNAs (sgRNA) e CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteínas (RNPs) para a geração eficiente e precisa de genômicas mutações pontuais em c. elegans. Descrevemos um pipeline para seleção de alvo sgRNA, reparação de homologia-dirigido (HDR) modelo de design, complexantes CRISPR-Cas9-RNP e entrega e uma estratégia de genotipagem que permita a identificação robusta e rápida dos animais corretamente editados. Nossa abordagem não só permite a geração fácil e a identificação do ponto desejado genômica animais mutantes, mas também facilita a detecção de outros alelos do complexo indel em aproximadamente 4-5 dias com eficiência elevada e uma carga de trabalho reduzida de triagem.

Mutações no humano superóxido dismutase 1 (SOD1) representam ~ 10-20% do familiar esclerose amiotrófica lateral, uma doença neurodegenerativa devastadora que invariavelmente leva à paralisia e morte17. SOD-1 humana é uma proteína evolutivamente conservada compartilhamento de 55% de identidade e 70% de similaridade com a proteína de SOD-1 de c. elegans (figura 1B). Para demonstrar a simplicidade, viabilidade e...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins at JoVE.com

A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

Uma rápida e superficial Pipeline para gerar Genomic ponto mutantes em c. elegans usando CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoproteínas

Aqui, apresentamos um método para engenheiro do genoma de c. elegans usando CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteínas e modelos de reparo dependente de homologia.

The clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) prokaryotic adaptive immune defense system has been ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

7.5K visualizações.  University of Michigan. Aqui, apresentamos um método para engenheiro do genoma de c. elegans usando CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteínas e modelos de reparo dependente de homologia.

Vídeo: A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

Efficient Generation of hiPSC Neural Lineage Specific Knockin Reporters Using the CRISPR/Cas9 and Cas9 Double Nickase System

Gene targeting is a critical approach for characterizing gene functions in modern biomedical research. However, the efficiency of gene targeting in human cells has been low, which prevents the generation of human cell lines at a desired rate. The past two years have witnessed a rapid progression on improving efficiency of genetic manipulation by genome editing tools such as the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system. This manuscript describes a protocol for generating lineage specific human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) reporters using CRISPR/Cas system assisted homologous recombination. Procedures for obtaining necessary components for making neural lineage reporter lines using the CRISPR/Cas system, focusing on construction of targeting vectors and single guide RNAs, are described. This protocol can be extended to platform establishment and mutation correction in hiPSCs.

Genome editing tools such as the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system have greatly improved gene targeting efficiency in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This manuscript describes a protocol for generating lineage specific hiPSC reporter using CRISPR/Cas system assisted homologous recombination.

Geração eficiente de hiPSC Neurais Lineage Repórteres Knockin específica usando o CRISPR / Cas9 e Cas9 Duplo Nickase Sistema

Gene targeting is a critical approach for characterizing gene functions in modern biomedical research. However, the efficiency of gene targeting in human ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Using a Fluorescent PCR-capillary Gel Electrophoresis Technique to Genotype CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Knockout Mutants in a High-throughput Format

The development of programmable genome-editing tools has facilitated the use of reverse genetics to understand the roles specific genomic sequences play in the functioning of cells and whole organisms. This cause has been tremendously aided by the recent introduction of the CRISPR/Cas9 system-a versatile tool that allows researchers to manipulate the genome and transcriptome in order to, among other things, knock out, knock down, or knock in genes in a targeted manner. For the purpose of knocking out a gene, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated double-strand breaks recruit the non-homologous end-joining DNA repair pathway to introduce the frameshift-causing insertion or deletion of nucleotides at the break site. However, an individual guide RNA may cause undesirable off-target effects, and to rule these out, the use of multiple guide RNAs is necessary. This multiplicity of targets also means that a high-volume screening of clones is required, which in turn begs the use of an efficient high-throughput technique to genotype the knockout clones. Current genotyping techniques either suffer from inherent limitations or incur high cost, hence rendering them unsuitable for high-throughput purposes. Here, we detail the protocol for using fluorescent PCR, which uses genomic DNA from crude cell lysate as a template, and then resolving the PCR fragments via capillary gel electrophoresis. This technique is accurate enough to differentiate one base-pair difference between fragments and hence is adequate in indicating the presence or absence of a frameshift in the coding sequence of the targeted gene. This precise knowledge effectively precludes the need for a confirmatory sequencing step and allows users to save time and cost in the process. Moreover, this technique has proven to be versatile in genotyping various mammalian cells of various tissue origins targeted by guide RNAs against numerous genes, as shown here and elsewhere.

The genotyping technique described here, which couples fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to capillary gel electrophoresis, allows for high-throughput genotyping of nuclease-mediated knockout clones. It circumvents limitations faced by other genotyping techniques and is more cost effective than sequencing methods.

Usando uma técnica de PCR fluorescente-capilar Electroforese em Gel de genótipo CRISPR / cas9 mediada KO mutantes em um formato de elevado rendimento

The development of programmable genome-editing tools has facilitated the use of reverse genetics to understand the roles specific genomic sequences play ...

Genética

Selection-dependent and Independent Generation of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockouts in Mammalian Cells

The CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering system has revolutionized biology by allowing for precise genome editing with little effort. Guided by a single guide RNA (sgRNA) that confers specificity, the Cas9 protein cleaves both DNA strands at the targeted locus. The DNA break can trigger either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology directed repair (HDR). NHEJ can introduce small deletions or insertions which lead to frame-shift mutations, while HDR allows for larger and more precise perturbations. Here, we present protocols for generating knockout cell lines by coupling established CRISPR/Cas9 methods with two options for downstream selection/screening. The NHEJ approach uses a single sgRNA cut site and selection-independent screening, where protein production is assessed by dot immunoblot in a high-throughput manner. The HDR approach uses two sgRNA cut sites that span the gene of interest. Together with a provided HDR template, this method can achieve deletion of tens of kb, aided by the inserted selectable resistance marker. The appropriate applications and advantages of each method are discussed.

Recent advances in the ability to genetically manipulate somatic cell lines hold great potential for basic and applied research. Here, we present two approaches for CRISPR/Cas9 generated knockout production and screening in mammalian cell lines, with and without the use of selectable markers.

Geração independente dependente da seleção e de genes independentes de CRISPR / Cas9 em células de mamíferos

The CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering system has revolutionized biology by allowing for precise genome editing with little effort. Guided by a single guide ...

Primordial Germ Cell Transplantation for CRISPR/Cas9-based Leapfrogging in Xenopus

The creation of mutant lines by genome editing is accelerating genetic analysis in many organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 methods have been adapted for use in the African clawed frog, Xenopus, a longstanding model organism for biomedical research. Traditional breeding schemes for creating homozygous mutant lines with CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis have several time-consuming and laborious steps. To facilitate the creation of mutant embryos, particularly to overcome the obstacles associated with knocking out genes that are essential for embryogenesis, a new method called leapfrogging was developed. This technique leverages the robustness of Xenopus embryos to &#34;cut and paste&#34; embryological methods. Leapfrogging utilizes the transfer of primordial germ cells (PGCs) from efficiently-mutagenized donor embryos into PGC-ablated wildtype siblings. This method allows for the efficient mutation of essential genes by creating chimeric animals with wildtype somatic cells that carry a mutant germline. When two F0 animals carrying &#34;leapfrog transplants&#34; (i.e., mutant germ cells) are intercrossed, they produce homozygous, or compound heterozygous, null F1 embryos, thus saving a full generation time to obtain phenotypic data. Leapfrogging also provides a new approach for analyzing maternal effect genes, which are refractory to F0 phenotypic analysis following CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. This manuscript details the method of leapfrogging, with special emphasis on how to successfully perform PGC transplantation.

Primordial Germ Cell Transplantation for CRISPR/Cas9-based Leapfrogging in Xenopus

Genes essential for survival pose technical hurdles for creating mutant lines. Leapfrogging circumvents lethality by combining genome editing with primordial germ cell transplantation to create wild-type animals carrying germline mutations. Leapfrogging also permits the efficient generation of homozygous null mutants in the F1 generation. Here, the transplantation step is demonstrated.

Transplante de células de germes primordial para baseado em CRISPR/Cas9 saltos em Xenopus

The creation of mutant lines by genome editing is accelerating genetic analysis in many organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 methods have been adapted for use in the ...

Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio

Characterization of the clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system of Streptococcus pyogenes has enabled the development of a customizable platform to rapidly generate gene modifications in a wide variety of organisms, including zebrafish. CRISPR-based genome editing uses a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to target a CRISPR-associated (Cas) endonuclease to a genomic DNA (gDNA) target of interest, where the Cas endonuclease generates a double-strand break (DSB). Repair of DSBs by error-prone mechanisms lead to insertions and/or deletions (indels). This can cause frameshift mutations that often introduce a premature stop codon within the coding sequence, thus creating a protein-null allele. CRISPR-based genome engineering requires only a few molecular components and is easily introduced into zebrafish embryos by microinjection. This protocol describes the methods used to generate CRISPR reagents for zebrafish microinjection and to identify fish exhibiting germline transmission of CRISPR-modified genes. These methods include in vitro transcription of sgRNAs, microinjection of CRISPR reagents, identification of indels induced at the target site using a PCR-based method called a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA), and characterization of the indels using both a low throughput and a powerful next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based approach that can analyze multiple PCR products collected from heterozygous fish. This protocol is streamlined to minimize both the number of fish required and the types of equipment needed to perform the analyses. Furthermore, this protocol is designed to be amenable for use by laboratory personal of all levels of experience including undergraduates, enabling this powerful tool to be economically employed by any research group interested in performing CRISPR-based genomic modification in zebrafish.

Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio

Targeted genome editing in the model system Danio rerio (zebrafish) has been greatly facilitated by the emergence of CRISPR-based approaches. Herein, we describe a streamlined, robust protocol for generation and identification of CRISPR-derived nonsense alleles that incorporates the heteroduplex mobility assay and identification of mutations using next-generation sequencing.

Produção eficiente e identificação de CRISPR/Cas9 gerado pelo Gene nocautes no sistema modelo Danio rerio

Characterization of the clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system of Streptococcus pyogenes has enabled the development ...

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms

Site-specific eukaryotic genome editing with CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems has quickly become a commonplace amongst researchers pursuing a wide variety of biological questions. Users most often employ the Cas9 protein derived from Streptococcus pyogenes in a complex with an easily reprogrammed guide RNA (gRNA). These components are introduced into cells, and through a base pairing with a complementary region of the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome, the enzyme cleaves both strands to generate a double-strand break (DSB). Subsequent repair leads to either random insertion or deletion events (indels) or the incorporation of experimenter-provided DNA at the site of the break.
The use of a purified single-guide RNA and Cas9 protein, preassembled to form an RNP and delivered directly to cells, is a potent approach for achieving highly efficient gene editing. RNP editing particularly enhances the rate of gene insertion, an outcome that is often challenging to achieve. Compared to the delivery via a plasmid, the shorter persistence of the Cas9 RNP within the cell leads to fewer off-target events. 
Despite its advantages, many casual users of CRISPR gene editing are less familiar with this technique. To lower the barrier to entry, we outline detailed protocols for implementing the RNP strategy in a range of contexts, highlighting its distinct benefits and diverse applications. We cover editing in two types of primary human cells, T cells and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). We also show how Cas9 RNP editing enables the facile genetic manipulation of entire organisms, including the classic model roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans and the more recently introduced model crustacean, Parhyale hawaiensis.

Utilizing a preassembled Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) is a powerful method for precise, efficient genome editing. Here, we highlight its utility across a broad range of cells and organisms, including primary human cells and both classic and emerging model organisms.

Maior genoma edição com Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein em diversas células e organismos

Site-specific eukaryotic genome editing with CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems has ...

Generation of Defined Genomic Modifications Using CRISPR-CAS9 in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells offer a powerful system to study gene function and model specific mutations relevant to disease. The generation of precise heterozygous genetic modifications is challenging due to CRISPR-CAS9 mediated indel formation in the second allele. Here, we demonstrate a protocol to help overcome this difficulty by using two repair templates in which only one expresses the desired sequence change, while both templates contain silent mutations to prevent re-cutting and indel formation. This methodology is most advantageous for gene editing coding regions of DNA to generate isogenic control and mutant human stem cell lines for studying human disease and biology. In addition, optimization of transfection and screening methodologies have been performed to reduce labor and cost of a gene editing experiment. Overall, this protocol is widely applicable to many genome editing projects utilizing the human pluripotent stem cell model.

This protocol provides a method to facilitate the generation of defined heterozygous or homozygous nucleotide changes using CRISPR-CAS9 in human pluripotent stem cells.

Geração de modificações genómicas definidas usando CRISPR-CAS9 em células-tronco pluripotentes humanas

Human pluripotent stem cells offer a powerful system to study gene function and model specific mutations relevant to disease. The generation of precise ...

CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of the C. elegans rbm-3.2 Gene using the dpy-10 Co-CRISPR Screening Marker and Assembled Ribonucleoprotein Complexes.

The bacterial Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)/Streptococcus pyogenes CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system has been harnessed by researchers to study important biologically relevant problems. The unparalleled power of the CRISPR/Cas genome editing method allows researchers to precisely edit any locus of their choosing, thereby facilitating an increased understanding of gene function. Several methods for editing the C. elegans genome by CRISPR/Cas9 have been described previously. Here, we discuss and demonstrate a method which utilizes in vitro assembled ribonucleoprotein complexes and the dpy-10 co-CRISPR marker for screening. Specifically, in this article, we go through the step-by-step process of introducing premature stop codons into the C. elegans rbm-3.2 gene by homology-directed repair using this method of CRISPR/Cas9 editing. This relatively simple editing method can be used to study the function of any gene of interest and allows for the generation of homozygous-edited C. elegans by CRISPR/Cas9 editing&#160;in less than two weeks.

CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of the C. elegans rbm-3.2 Gene using the dpy-10 Co-CRISPR Screening Marker and Assembled Ribonucleoprotein Complexes.

The goal of this protocol is to enable seamless CRISPR/Cas9 editing of the C. elegans genome using assembled ribonucleoprotein complexes and the dpy-10 co-CRISPR marker for screening. This protocol can be used to make a variety of genetic modifications in C. elegans including insertions, deletions, gene replacements and codon substitutions.

CRISPR/Cas9 Edição do Gene C. elegans rbm-3.2 utilizando o marcador de triagem co-CRISPR dpy-10 e complexos de ribonucleoproteína montados.

The bacterial Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)/Streptococcus pyogenes CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system has been ...

Construction of Homozygous Mutants of Migratory Locust Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology

The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, is not only one of the worldwide plague locusts that caused huge economic losses to human beings but also an important research model for insect metamorphosis. The CRISPR/Cas9 system can accurately locate at a specific DNA locus and cleave within the target site, efficiently introducing double-strand breaks to induce target gene knockout or integrate new gene fragments into the specific locus. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing is a powerful tool for addressing questions encountered in locust research as well as a promising technology for locust control. This study provides a systematic protocol for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout with the complex of Cas9 protein and single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) in migratory locusts. The selection of target sites and design of sgRNA are described in detail, followed by in vitro synthesis and verification of the sgRNAs. Subsequent procedures include egg raft collection and tanned-egg separation to achieve successful microinjection with low mortality rate, egg culture,&#160;preliminary estimation of the mutation rate, locust breeding as well as detection, preservation, and passage of the mutants to ensure population stability of the edited locusts. This method can be used as a reference for CRISPR/Cas9 based gene editing applications in migratory locusts as well as in other insects.

This study provides a systematically optimized procedure of CRISPR/Cas9 ribonuclease-based construction of homozygous locust mutants as well as a detailed method for cryopreservation and resuscitation of the locust eggs.

Construção de mutantes homozigotos de gafanhotos migratórios utilizando tecnologia CRISPR/Cas9

The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, is not only one of the worldwide plague locusts that caused huge economic losses to human beings but also an ...

Biologia

Single Worm PCR: A Method to Extract and Amplify Genomic DNA

Source: Prior, H., et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/57518/a-rapid-facile-pipeline-for-generating-genomic-point-mutants-c">A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in&#160;C. elegans&#160;Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp.&#160;(2018).
This video describes a technique to rapidly screen a single nematode for a genetic marker by PCR screening. In the example protocol, we screen for CRISPR-based genome editing.