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Tutti cura degli animali e procedure sperimentali seguite le linee guida dal National Institutes of Health e istituzionali Animal Care e uso Committee (IACUC) presso l'Università del Michigan. Utilizzare soluzioni RNasi-free e dispensare consigli in tutto il protocollo. Pulire l'area di lavoro, le pipette, tubi e centrifuga con soluzione di decontaminazione di RNAsi seguendo le linee guida del produttore (Vedi Materiali tavolo).
1. sgRNA selezione destinazione
<ol><li>Utilizzando un browser web, aprire la pagina Web: http://crispor.tefor.net8<ol>
<li>~ 60 paia di basi (bp) di sequenza che fiancheggia la modifica desiderata di interesse di ingresso (cioè 30 bp 5' e 3' di modifica desiderata).</li>
		<li>Dal menu a discesa, selezionare il genoma di Caenorhabditis elegans .</li>
		<li>Selezionare il motivo adiacente Protospacer (HF1-20 bp-NGG - SpCas9, SpCas9, eSPCas9 1.1) dal menu a discesa.</li>
		<li>Fare clic su Invia. Nella pagina dei risultati, scegliere la sequenza di destinazione n superiore più vicina per la modifica di interesse. Se esistono siti bersaglio adatto all'interno della sequenza di input bp 60 fiancheggianti, espandere la sequenza di query fino a 100 bp (cioè 50 bp entrambi i lati del desiderato modificare).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Da una fonte disponibile, ad esempio synthego, ottenere un 20-mer destinazione sgRNA con le seguenti specifiche: 3 nmol; senza modifiche.</li>
	<li>Al ricevimento, centrifugare sgRNA liofilizzato contenente tubo a > 12.000 x g per 1 min a temperatura ambiente. Aggiungere 60 µ l di TE privo di nucleasi alla provetta e Risospendere delicatamente pipettando su e giù per 15 - 20 volte superiori usando una pipetta P200. La concentrazione finale è di 50 µM.</li>
</ol>2. disegno del modello di riparazione omologia-regia
<ol><li>Progettare un modello HDR ssODN contenente: 1) la mutazione di interesse, 2) un sito unico endonucleasi di restrizione nel telaio, 3) una mutazione silenziosa di uno o entrambi del Gs all'interno della sequenza di NGG PAM e 4) 50 bp 5' e 3' omologia braccia che fiancheggiano la prima e l'ultima mutazione. (Figura 1) 9 , 10.<ol>
<li>Se non è possibile mutazione della sequenza NGG PAM, introdurre 5-6 mutazioni silenti all'interno della sequenza di riconoscimento di destinazione sgRNA per prevenire sgRNA-mediata scissione del modello HDR ssODN.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Da una fonte disponibile, ad esempio idtdna, ottenere un "oligonucleotide Ultramer DNA" con i seguenti parametri: scala: 4 nmol; Formulazione: Nessuno; Purificazione: Standard desalificazione.</li>
	<li>Al ricevimento, centrifugare ssODN liofilizzato contenente tubo a > 12.000 x g per 1 min a temperatura ambiente. Risospendere delicatamente ssODN ad una concentrazione finale di 100 µM in ddH nucleasi-free2O pipettando su e giù per 15 - 20 volte superiori usando una pipetta P200.</li>
</ol>3. design genotipizzazione primer
<ol><li>Progettare un set che fiancheggiano la modificazione del genoma per generare un ~ 400-700 bp PCR amplicone11di primer.</li>
	<li>Ottimizzare le condizioni di ciclismo di PCR per produrre un singolo e specifico amplicone11.</li>
</ol>4. preparare la miscela di iniezione
<ol><li>Centrifugare i reagenti di tabella 1 alla massima velocità per 2 min a 4 ° C.</li>
	<li>Nell'ordine elencato, è necessario aggiungere tabella 1 reagenti ad un tubo PCR nucleasi-free.</li>
	<li>Mescolare accuratamente pipettando delicatamente su e giù 10 volte con una pipetta P20.</li>
	<li>Incubare il mix di iniezione per 10 min a temperatura ambiente.</li>
</ol>5. iniezione protocollo
<ol><li>Carico iniezione micropipetta con circa la metà dell'iniezione mescolare12. Salvare restanti mix di iniezione nel caso in cui l'ago per iniezione zoccoli o si rompe.</li>
	<li>Rompere una micropipetta punta affinché p.s.i. ~ 20-30 produce una graduale che scorre soluzione12. Nota: Più grande diametro consigli negativamente incidere sulla salute degli animali e diminuiscono il rendimento di progenie di F1 .</li>
	<li>Iniettare 10-15 giovane adulto worm in entrambi i bracci gonadici possibilmente12. In caso contrario, l'iniezione in un braccio gonadico è sufficiente.</li>
	<li>Permettono animali iniettati (P0) recuperare per 1-2 h a temperatura ambiente su un piatto di media (NGM) crescita del nematode OP50-seminato 35 mm. Successivamente, singoli animali di0 P iniettati a piastre NGM individuali OP50-seminato 35 mm utilizzando una vite senza fine del legare di platino pick12.</li>
</ol>6. schermo P0 piastre e singolo mCherry(+) F1s
<ol><li>Post-iniezione di due giorni, identificare piastre0 P contenente progenie di1 F esprimendo mCherry nella faringe utilizzando uno stereomicroscopio fluorescente (Figura 1, giorno 2 - 3). Scegliere piastre0 tre P che contengono la maggior parte degli animali1 mCherry(+) F.</li>
	<li>Da ciascuna delle tre selezionate piastre0 P, scegliere singola 8-12 mCherry(+) F1 animali per un totale di 24-36 mCherry(+) F1s utilizzando una vite senza fine (Figura 1, giorno 2 - 3). Nota: mCherry(-) animali possono anche essere individuati da queste piastre0 P, ma la probabilità di identificare correttamente modificato gli animali è molto più basso (Figura 2A).</li>
	<li>Consentire singoli F1s per note e deporre le uova per 1-2 giorni a temperatura ambiente.</li>
</ol>7. singolo verme PCR e genotipizzazione
<ol><li>Dopo 1-2 giorni di deposizione delle uova, è possibile trasferire il F1s nei tappi individuali di tubo del striscia PCR contenente 7 µ l di tampone di lisi Worm usando un plettro di vite senza fine (tabella 2, Figura 1, giorno 4-5).</li>
	<li>Provette per PCR centrifuga alla massima velocità per 1 minuto a temperatura ambiente per portare gli animali alla parte inferiore del tubo e congelamento tubi a-80 ° C per 1 h. Nota: Vermi possono essere memorizzati a-80 ° C a tempo indeterminato.</li>
	<li>Lyse vermi congelati in un termociclatore usando il seguente programma: 60 ° C per 60 min, 95 ° C per 15 min, 4 ° C tenere.</li>
	<li>Set-up PCR mastermix come mostrato nella tabella 3.</li>
	<li>µ L 21 di PCR mastermix nelle provette PCR puliti e quindi aggiungere 4 µ l di lisi verme dal passaggio 3. Mescolare bene usando una pipetta ed eseguire il programma PCR seguendo le indicazioni del produttore (Vedi Materiali tavolo).</li>
	<li>Purificare le reazioni di PCR usando un kit DNA pulito e concentrato, seguendo le istruzioni del produttore (Vedi Materiali tavolo). Eluire il DNA aggiungendo 10 µ l acqua nella colonna di selezione.</li>
	<li>Set-up degli enzimi di limitazione mastermix come illustrato nella tabella 4.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere 10 µ l di mastermix l'enzima di restrizione ad ogni reazione di PCR puliti e incubare per 1-2 h a 37 ° C13.</li>
	<li>Separato digerito i prodotti di PCR su un gel di agarosio 1.5% a 120 V utilizzando 1. tampone Tris-acetato-EDTA (TAE) x14.</li>
</ol>8. identificazione e verifica di sequenza degli animali modificati
<ol><li>Esaminare campioni di enzima digerito per la presenza di bande che indicano il potenziale modificato animali14 (Figura 1, giorno 4-5). Nota: Caricare un controllo N2 per identificare potenziali mutazioni indel che possono essere osservate come turni in taglia e/o digestione degli enzimi di restrizione di imprevisti e complessi disegni a strisce.</li>
	<li>Dopo aver identificato potenziali animali modificati, utilizzare i rimanenti 3 µ l di lisi di vite senza fine e ripetere la reazione di PCR. Non pulire o degli enzimi di limitazione digerire la reazione di PCR dopo avere completato il programma. Caricare la reazione di PCR su un gel di agarosio all'1%, separato ed estrarre la band utilizzando un kit di estrazione gel15 (Vedi Materiali tavolo).</li>
	<li>Gel di Sanger sequenza16 estratto il DNA utilizzando il primer di F1 per identificare correttamente modificati animali (Figura 1A) Nota: Heterozygote letture conterrà sovrapposti picchi a causa della presenza di tipo selvatico e ingegnerizzato allele.</li>
	<li>Per ottenere animali omozigoti da verificato eterozigoti modificati animali, singoli 8-122 animali ed eseguire i passaggi 7-8.</li>
</ol>

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Ringraziamo i membri del laboratorio Beg per la lettura critica di questo manoscritto. Ceppi sono stati forniti dal centro Caenorhabditis genetica, che è finanziato dall'ufficio di NIH di programmi di ricerca dell'infrastruttura (P40 OD010440). Ricerca in laboratorio Beg è sostenuta da sovvenzioni dal NIH (R01 NS094678) e Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA382300) a A.A.B.

Il sistema di CRISPR-Cas9 è uno strumento potente ed efficace per proprio modificando il genoma degli organismi modello. Qui, dimostriamo che chimerico sgRNAs20 accoppiato con ssODN HDR modelli permettono la generazione altamente efficiente di mutazioni genomiche di punto di c.elegans. D'importanza, dimostriamo che consegna RNP produce alta efficienza di editing quando fluorescenza viene utilizzato come un indicatore di co-selezione, mettendo in evidenza la facilità e l'affidabilità de...

I recenti progressi tecnologici hanno radicalmente trasformato e accelerato la possibilità al proprio genoma di ingegnere. In particolare, il sistema CRISPR-Cas9, che si basa sull'endonucleasi di RNA-guida Cas9 per indurre una rottura del doppio filamento (DSB) vicino alla sequenza di destinazione di interesse, è stato ampiamente utilizzato per progettare accuratamente il genoma della maggior parte degli organismi di modello utilizzato in ricerca biomedica1,2,3,4. Significativamente, l'uso di CRISPR-Cas9 ha sbloccato l'editing genomico anche in specie difficili come elegans del c.5. Indipendentemente dalla specie, generando mutazioni puntiformi con il genoma di CRISPR-Cas9 basato sistema di editing si basa su tre componenti principali: 1) Cas9 endonucleasi, 2) una singola guida RNA (sgRNA) che indirizza l'endonucleasi Cas9 a una sequenza di destinazione e 3) un utente progettato modello di omologia-regia di riparazione (HDR) contenente la modifica desiderata in/he / di interesse2.
Ci sono diversi metodi che possono essere utilizzati per introdurre il targeting sgRNA e Cas9 nucleasi nelle cellule incluse plasmide e RNA virale basato consegna metodi6. Recentemente, consegna diretta di pre-complessati sgRNA-Cas9 ribonucleoproteine (RNP) è emerso come uno strumento potente ed efficace nel genoma basati su CRISPR-Cas97di editing. La consegna diretta di pre-complessati CRISPR-Cas9 RNP ha diversi vantaggi distinti, vale a dire: 1) RNP ignorare la necessità di trascrizione cellulare e traduzione, 2) RNP sono rapidamente eliminato, che può aumentare la specificità riducendo il tempo disponibile per fuori bersaglio fenditura e 3) RNP non contenere nessun elementi di DNA/RNA estranei che aggira l'introduzione delle sequenze non-nativi nel genoma ospite attraverso integrazione casuale. Insieme, questi attributi probabili forniscono una breve raffica di on target CRISPR editing riducendo al minimo gli effetti fuori bersaglio.
Descriviamo un protocollo semplice ed efficace per introdurre cambiamenti genomici site-specific in c. elegans. Questo protocollo include destinazione sgRNA e disegno del modello HDR singolo incagliato oligonucleotide (ssODN), sgRNA-Cas9 RNP complessante e consegna e una strategia di genotipizzazione per l'identificazione inequivocabile degli animali correttamente modificati. Utilizzando questa strategia, non solo possono essere recuperate le modifiche desiderate e site-specifiche, ma altre mutazioni indel non specifici possono anche essere recuperati. Così, la nostra strategia consente la generazione di una serie allelica usando una strategia unica, dove entrambi allelica mono, bi-allelica e indel mutanti possono essere generati nella generazione1 F.

<table><tbody><tr><td>CRISPRevolution sgRNA&amp;nbsp; EZ Kit</td><td>Synthego Inc.</td><td></td><td>chimeric sgRNA</td></tr><tr><td>Nuclease-free TE</td><td>Synthego Inc.</td><td>provided with the sgRNA kit EZ kit</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nuclease-free water</td><td>Synthego Inc.</td><td>provided with the sgRNA kit EZ kit</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4 nmole Ultramer DNA Oligo</td><td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td><td></td><td>ssODN HDR template</td></tr><tr><td>Alt-R S.p. HiFi Cas9 Nuclease 3NLS</td><td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td><td>1078728</td><td>Cas9 protein</td></tr><tr><td>pCFJ90&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Addgene</td><td>19327</td><td>Pmyo-2::mCherry Marker Plasmid</td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P5405</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H4034</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNA Clean &amp;amp; Concentrator</td><td>Zymo Research</td><td>D4004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zymoclean Gel DNA Recovery Kit</td><td>Zymo Research</td><td>D4002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Q5 Hot Start High-Fidelity 2X Master Mix</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>M0494L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Proteinase K</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P2308</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass Borosilicate Glass Micropipettes</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>BF100-78-10</td><td>OD: 1.0mm. ID: 0.78mm</td></tr><tr><td>Trizma Hydrochloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T5941</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M2393</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NP-40</td><td>Sigma</td><td>74385</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween-20</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP337-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNaseZap Decontamination Solution</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AM9780</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a rapid and facile pipeline for generating genomic point mutants in c. elegans using crispr/cas9 ribonucleoproteins

Si ripete regolarmente sparpagliata palindromica cluster (CRISPR) - CRISPR - associati proteina 9 (Cas9) sistema di difesa immunitario adattivo prokaryotic ha stato cooptato come un potente strumento per l'ingegneria precisa del genoma eucariotico. Qui, presentiamo un metodo rapido e semplice utilizzando RNA chimerico guida singola (sgRNA) e CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteine (RNP) per la generazione efficiente e precisa di mutazioni genomiche di punto di c.elegans. Descriviamo una pipeline per selezione target sgRNA, disegno del modello di omologia-regia di riparazione (HDR), CRISPR-Cas9-RNP complessante e consegna e una strategia di genotipizzazione che consente l'identificazione robusto e rapido degli animali correttamente modificati. Il nostro approccio non solo consente la facile generazione e l'identificazione del punto desiderato genomico animali mutanti, ma facilita anche la rilevazione di altri alleli complessi indel in circa 4-5 giorni con alta efficienza e un carico di lavoro ridotto lo screening.

Mutazioni in umano superossido dismutasi 1 (SOD1) rappresentano ~ 10-20% di sclerosi laterale amiotrofica familiare, una devastante malattia neurodegenerativa che conduce invariabilmente a paralisi e morte17. SOD-1 umana è una proteina evolutivamente conservata condivisione di somiglianza di identità e il 70% di 55% con la proteina SOD-1 c. elegans (Figura 1B). Per dimostrare la semplicità, la fattibilità e l'effi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins at JoVE.com

A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

Un veloce e Facile Pipeline per generazione di mutanti di punto Genomic in c. elegans utilizzando CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoproteine

Qui, presentiamo un metodo per progettare il genoma di c. elegans usando CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteine e modelli di omologia riparazione dipendente.

The clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) prokaryotic adaptive immune defense system has been ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

7.5K Views.  University of Michigan. Qui, presentiamo un metodo per progettare il genoma di c. elegans usando CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteine e modelli di omologia riparazione dipendente.

Video: A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

Efficient Generation of hiPSC Neural Lineage Specific Knockin Reporters Using the CRISPR/Cas9 and Cas9 Double Nickase System

Gene targeting is a critical approach for characterizing gene functions in modern biomedical research. However, the efficiency of gene targeting in human cells has been low, which prevents the generation of human cell lines at a desired rate. The past two years have witnessed a rapid progression on improving efficiency of genetic manipulation by genome editing tools such as the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system. This manuscript describes a protocol for generating lineage specific human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) reporters using CRISPR/Cas system assisted homologous recombination. Procedures for obtaining necessary components for making neural lineage reporter lines using the CRISPR/Cas system, focusing on construction of targeting vectors and single guide RNAs, are described. This protocol can be extended to platform establishment and mutation correction in hiPSCs.

Genome editing tools such as the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system have greatly improved gene targeting efficiency in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This manuscript describes a protocol for generating lineage specific hiPSC reporter using CRISPR/Cas system assisted homologous recombination.

Gene targeting is a critical approach for characterizing gene functions in modern biomedical research. However, the efficiency of gene targeting in human ...

Ricerca

Biologia dello sviluppo

Using a Fluorescent PCR-capillary Gel Electrophoresis Technique to Genotype CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Knockout Mutants in a High-throughput Format

The development of programmable genome-editing tools has facilitated the use of reverse genetics to understand the roles specific genomic sequences play in the functioning of cells and whole organisms. This cause has been tremendously aided by the recent introduction of the CRISPR/Cas9 system-a versatile tool that allows researchers to manipulate the genome and transcriptome in order to, among other things, knock out, knock down, or knock in genes in a targeted manner. For the purpose of knocking out a gene, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated double-strand breaks recruit the non-homologous end-joining DNA repair pathway to introduce the frameshift-causing insertion or deletion of nucleotides at the break site. However, an individual guide RNA may cause undesirable off-target effects, and to rule these out, the use of multiple guide RNAs is necessary. This multiplicity of targets also means that a high-volume screening of clones is required, which in turn begs the use of an efficient high-throughput technique to genotype the knockout clones. Current genotyping techniques either suffer from inherent limitations or incur high cost, hence rendering them unsuitable for high-throughput purposes. Here, we detail the protocol for using fluorescent PCR, which uses genomic DNA from crude cell lysate as a template, and then resolving the PCR fragments via capillary gel electrophoresis. This technique is accurate enough to differentiate one base-pair difference between fragments and hence is adequate in indicating the presence or absence of a frameshift in the coding sequence of the targeted gene. This precise knowledge effectively precludes the need for a confirmatory sequencing step and allows users to save time and cost in the process. Moreover, this technique has proven to be versatile in genotyping various mammalian cells of various tissue origins targeted by guide RNAs against numerous genes, as shown here and elsewhere.

The genotyping technique described here, which couples fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to capillary gel electrophoresis, allows for high-throughput genotyping of nuclease-mediated knockout clones. It circumvents limitations faced by other genotyping techniques and is more cost effective than sequencing methods.

Usando una tecnica fluorescente PCR-capillare elettroforesi su gel al genotipo CRISPR / Cas9 mediata Knockout Mutants in un formato high-throughput

The development of programmable genome-editing tools has facilitated the use of reverse genetics to understand the roles specific genomic sequences play ...

Genetica

Selection-dependent and Independent Generation of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockouts in Mammalian Cells

The CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering system has revolutionized biology by allowing for precise genome editing with little effort. Guided by a single guide RNA (sgRNA) that confers specificity, the Cas9 protein cleaves both DNA strands at the targeted locus. The DNA break can trigger either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology directed repair (HDR). NHEJ can introduce small deletions or insertions which lead to frame-shift mutations, while HDR allows for larger and more precise perturbations. Here, we present protocols for generating knockout cell lines by coupling established CRISPR/Cas9 methods with two options for downstream selection/screening. The NHEJ approach uses a single sgRNA cut site and selection-independent screening, where protein production is assessed by dot immunoblot in a high-throughput manner. The HDR approach uses two sgRNA cut sites that span the gene of interest. Together with a provided HDR template, this method can achieve deletion of tens of kb, aided by the inserted selectable resistance marker. The appropriate applications and advantages of each method are discussed.

Recent advances in the ability to genetically manipulate somatic cell lines hold great potential for basic and applied research. Here, we present two approaches for CRISPR/Cas9 generated knockout production and screening in mammalian cell lines, with and without the use of selectable markers.

Selezione-dipendente e generazione indipendente di CRISPR / Cas9-mediata Gene Knockouts nelle cellule di mammiferi

The CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering system has revolutionized biology by allowing for precise genome editing with little effort. Guided by a single guide ...

Primordial Germ Cell Transplantation for CRISPR/Cas9-based Leapfrogging in Xenopus

The creation of mutant lines by genome editing is accelerating genetic analysis in many organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 methods have been adapted for use in the African clawed frog, Xenopus, a longstanding model organism for biomedical research. Traditional breeding schemes for creating homozygous mutant lines with CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis have several time-consuming and laborious steps. To facilitate the creation of mutant embryos, particularly to overcome the obstacles associated with knocking out genes that are essential for embryogenesis, a new method called leapfrogging was developed. This technique leverages the robustness of Xenopus embryos to &#34;cut and paste&#34; embryological methods. Leapfrogging utilizes the transfer of primordial germ cells (PGCs) from efficiently-mutagenized donor embryos into PGC-ablated wildtype siblings. This method allows for the efficient mutation of essential genes by creating chimeric animals with wildtype somatic cells that carry a mutant germline. When two F0 animals carrying &#34;leapfrog transplants&#34; (i.e., mutant germ cells) are intercrossed, they produce homozygous, or compound heterozygous, null F1 embryos, thus saving a full generation time to obtain phenotypic data. Leapfrogging also provides a new approach for analyzing maternal effect genes, which are refractory to F0 phenotypic analysis following CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. This manuscript details the method of leapfrogging, with special emphasis on how to successfully perform PGC transplantation.

Primordial Germ Cell Transplantation for CRISPR/Cas9-based Leapfrogging in Xenopus

Genes essential for survival pose technical hurdles for creating mutant lines. Leapfrogging circumvents lethality by combining genome editing with primordial germ cell transplantation to create wild-type animals carrying germline mutations. Leapfrogging also permits the efficient generation of homozygous null mutants in the F1 generation. Here, the transplantation step is demonstrated.

Trapianto di cellule germinali primordiali per basati su CRISPR/Cas9 rincorsa in Xenopus

The creation of mutant lines by genome editing is accelerating genetic analysis in many organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 methods have been adapted for use in the ...

Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio

Characterization of the clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system of Streptococcus pyogenes has enabled the development of a customizable platform to rapidly generate gene modifications in a wide variety of organisms, including zebrafish. CRISPR-based genome editing uses a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to target a CRISPR-associated (Cas) endonuclease to a genomic DNA (gDNA) target of interest, where the Cas endonuclease generates a double-strand break (DSB). Repair of DSBs by error-prone mechanisms lead to insertions and/or deletions (indels). This can cause frameshift mutations that often introduce a premature stop codon within the coding sequence, thus creating a protein-null allele. CRISPR-based genome engineering requires only a few molecular components and is easily introduced into zebrafish embryos by microinjection. This protocol describes the methods used to generate CRISPR reagents for zebrafish microinjection and to identify fish exhibiting germline transmission of CRISPR-modified genes. These methods include in vitro transcription of sgRNAs, microinjection of CRISPR reagents, identification of indels induced at the target site using a PCR-based method called a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA), and characterization of the indels using both a low throughput and a powerful next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based approach that can analyze multiple PCR products collected from heterozygous fish. This protocol is streamlined to minimize both the number of fish required and the types of equipment needed to perform the analyses. Furthermore, this protocol is designed to be amenable for use by laboratory personal of all levels of experience including undergraduates, enabling this powerful tool to be economically employed by any research group interested in performing CRISPR-based genomic modification in zebrafish.

Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio

Targeted genome editing in the model system Danio rerio (zebrafish) has been greatly facilitated by the emergence of CRISPR-based approaches. Herein, we describe a streamlined, robust protocol for generation and identification of CRISPR-derived nonsense alleles that incorporates the heteroduplex mobility assay and identification of mutations using next-generation sequencing.

Produzione efficiente e identificazione di CRISPR/Cas9-generato Gene Ko nel sistema modello Danio rerio

Characterization of the clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system of Streptococcus pyogenes has enabled the development ...

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms

Site-specific eukaryotic genome editing with CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems has quickly become a commonplace amongst researchers pursuing a wide variety of biological questions. Users most often employ the Cas9 protein derived from Streptococcus pyogenes in a complex with an easily reprogrammed guide RNA (gRNA). These components are introduced into cells, and through a base pairing with a complementary region of the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome, the enzyme cleaves both strands to generate a double-strand break (DSB). Subsequent repair leads to either random insertion or deletion events (indels) or the incorporation of experimenter-provided DNA at the site of the break.
The use of a purified single-guide RNA and Cas9 protein, preassembled to form an RNP and delivered directly to cells, is a potent approach for achieving highly efficient gene editing. RNP editing particularly enhances the rate of gene insertion, an outcome that is often challenging to achieve. Compared to the delivery via a plasmid, the shorter persistence of the Cas9 RNP within the cell leads to fewer off-target events. 
Despite its advantages, many casual users of CRISPR gene editing are less familiar with this technique. To lower the barrier to entry, we outline detailed protocols for implementing the RNP strategy in a range of contexts, highlighting its distinct benefits and diverse applications. We cover editing in two types of primary human cells, T cells and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). We also show how Cas9 RNP editing enables the facile genetic manipulation of entire organisms, including the classic model roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans and the more recently introduced model crustacean, Parhyale hawaiensis.

Utilizing a preassembled Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) is a powerful method for precise, efficient genome editing. Here, we highlight its utility across a broad range of cells and organisms, including primary human cells and both classic and emerging model organisms.

Enhanced Genome Editing con Cas9 ribonucleoproteina nelle Diverse cellule e degli organismi

Site-specific eukaryotic genome editing with CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems has ...

Generation of Defined Genomic Modifications Using CRISPR-CAS9 in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells offer a powerful system to study gene function and model specific mutations relevant to disease. The generation of precise heterozygous genetic modifications is challenging due to CRISPR-CAS9 mediated indel formation in the second allele. Here, we demonstrate a protocol to help overcome this difficulty by using two repair templates in which only one expresses the desired sequence change, while both templates contain silent mutations to prevent re-cutting and indel formation. This methodology is most advantageous for gene editing coding regions of DNA to generate isogenic control and mutant human stem cell lines for studying human disease and biology. In addition, optimization of transfection and screening methodologies have been performed to reduce labor and cost of a gene editing experiment. Overall, this protocol is widely applicable to many genome editing projects utilizing the human pluripotent stem cell model.

This protocol provides a method to facilitate the generation of defined heterozygous or homozygous nucleotide changes using CRISPR-CAS9 in human pluripotent stem cells.

Generazione di modifiche genomiche definite utilizzando CRISPR-CAS9 nelle cellule staminali pluripotenti umane

Human pluripotent stem cells offer a powerful system to study gene function and model specific mutations relevant to disease. The generation of precise ...

CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of the C. elegans rbm-3.2 Gene using the dpy-10 Co-CRISPR Screening Marker and Assembled Ribonucleoprotein Complexes.

The bacterial Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)/Streptococcus pyogenes CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system has been harnessed by researchers to study important biologically relevant problems. The unparalleled power of the CRISPR/Cas genome editing method allows researchers to precisely edit any locus of their choosing, thereby facilitating an increased understanding of gene function. Several methods for editing the C. elegans genome by CRISPR/Cas9 have been described previously. Here, we discuss and demonstrate a method which utilizes in vitro assembled ribonucleoprotein complexes and the dpy-10 co-CRISPR marker for screening. Specifically, in this article, we go through the step-by-step process of introducing premature stop codons into the C. elegans rbm-3.2 gene by homology-directed repair using this method of CRISPR/Cas9 editing. This relatively simple editing method can be used to study the function of any gene of interest and allows for the generation of homozygous-edited C. elegans by CRISPR/Cas9 editing&#160;in less than two weeks.

CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of the C. elegans rbm-3.2 Gene using the dpy-10 Co-CRISPR Screening Marker and Assembled Ribonucleoprotein Complexes.

The goal of this protocol is to enable seamless CRISPR/Cas9 editing of the C. elegans genome using assembled ribonucleoprotein complexes and the dpy-10 co-CRISPR marker for screening. This protocol can be used to make a variety of genetic modifications in C. elegans including insertions, deletions, gene replacements and codon substitutions.

CRISPR/Cas9 Editing del gene C. elegans rbm-3.2 utilizzando il marcatore di screening dpy-10 Co-CRISPR e complessi di ribonucleoproteine assemblati.

The bacterial Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)/Streptococcus pyogenes CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system has been ...

Construction of Homozygous Mutants of Migratory Locust Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology

The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, is not only one of the worldwide plague locusts that caused huge economic losses to human beings but also an important research model for insect metamorphosis. The CRISPR/Cas9 system can accurately locate at a specific DNA locus and cleave within the target site, efficiently introducing double-strand breaks to induce target gene knockout or integrate new gene fragments into the specific locus. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing is a powerful tool for addressing questions encountered in locust research as well as a promising technology for locust control. This study provides a systematic protocol for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout with the complex of Cas9 protein and single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) in migratory locusts. The selection of target sites and design of sgRNA are described in detail, followed by in vitro synthesis and verification of the sgRNAs. Subsequent procedures include egg raft collection and tanned-egg separation to achieve successful microinjection with low mortality rate, egg culture,&#160;preliminary estimation of the mutation rate, locust breeding as well as detection, preservation, and passage of the mutants to ensure population stability of the edited locusts. This method can be used as a reference for CRISPR/Cas9 based gene editing applications in migratory locusts as well as in other insects.

This study provides a systematically optimized procedure of CRISPR/Cas9 ribonuclease-based construction of homozygous locust mutants as well as a detailed method for cryopreservation and resuscitation of the locust eggs.

Costruzione di mutanti omozigoti di locuste migratorie utilizzando la tecnologia CRISPR/Cas9

The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, is not only one of the worldwide plague locusts that caused huge economic losses to human beings but also an ...

Biologia

Single Worm PCR: A Method to Extract and Amplify Genomic DNA

Source: Prior, H., et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/57518/a-rapid-facile-pipeline-for-generating-genomic-point-mutants-c">A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in&#160;C. elegans&#160;Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp.&#160;(2018).
This video describes a technique to rapidly screen a single nematode for a genetic marker by PCR screening. In the example protocol, we screen for CRISPR-based genome editing.