Name: electromagnetic navigation transthoracic nodule localization for minimally invasive thoracic surgery
Uploaded: 2022-05-04T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electromagnetic Navigation Transthoracic Nodule Localization for Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery at JoVE.com

This work is supported by T32HL007106-41 (to Sohini Ghosh).

The procedure is performed in accordance with standard of care expectations and follows the guidelines of the human research ethics committee at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
1. Pre-operative Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Review prior chest computed tomography (CT) imaging to ensure that the patient undergoing nodule localization has a peripheral pulmonary nodule suitable for minimally invasive thoracic surgery (MITS).</li>
	<li>On the day of or a day prior to the procedure, perfo...

<ol>
	<li>National Lung Screening Trial Research, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Results+of+initial+low-dose+computed+tomographic+screening+for+lung+cancer.">Results of initial low-dose computed tomographic screening for lung cancer.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 368 (21), 1980-1991 (2013).</li><li>Gould, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+Trends+in+the+Identification+of+Incidental+Pulmonary+Nodules.">Recent Trends in the Identification of Incidental Pulmonary Nodules.</a> American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 192 (10), 1208-1214 (2015).</li><li>Ng, Y. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CT-guided+percutaneous+fine-needle+aspiration+biopsy+of+pulmonary+nodules+measuring+10+mm+or+less.">CT-guided percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pulmonary nodules measuring 10 mm or less.</a> Clinical Radiology. 63 (3), 272-277 (2008).</li><li>Rocco, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+statement+on+the+role+of+the+surgeon+and+surgical+issues+relating+to+computed+tomography+screening+programs+for+lung+cancer.">Clinical statement on the role of the surgeon and surgical issues relating to computed tomography screening programs for lung cancer.</a> The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 96 (1), 357-360 (2013).</li><li>Suzuki, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Video-assisted+thoracoscopic+surgery+for+small+indeterminate+pulmonary+nodules:+indications+for+preoperative+marking.">Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for small indeterminate pulmonary nodules: indications for preoperative marking.</a> Chest. 115 (2), 563-568 (1999).</li><li>Libby, D. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Managing+the+small+pulmonary+nodule+discovered+by+CT.">Managing the small pulmonary nodule discovered by CT.</a> Chest. 125 (4), 1522-1529 (2004).</li><li>Arias, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+Electromagnetic+Navigational+Transthoracic+Needle+Aspiration+(E-TTNA)+for+Sampling+of+Lung+Nodules.">Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (99), e52723 (2015).</li><li>Wang Memoli, J. S., Nietert, P. J., Silvestri, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Meta-analysis+of+guided+bronchoscopy+for+the+evaluation+of+the+pulmonary+nodule.">Meta-analysis of guided bronchoscopy for the evaluation of the pulmonary nodule.</a> Chest. 142 (2), 385-393 (2012).</li><li>Khandhar, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electromagnetic+navigation+bronchoscopy+to+access+lung+lesions+in+1,000+subjects:+first+results+of+the+prospective,+multicenter+NAVIGATE+study.">Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy to access lung lesions in 1,000 subjects: first results of the prospective, multicenter NAVIGATE study.</a> BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 17 (1), 59 (2017).</li><li>Munoz-Largacha, J. A., Ebright, M. I., Litle, V. R., Fernando, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electromagnetic+navigational+bronchoscopy+with+dye+marking+for+identification+of+small+peripheral+lung+nodules+during+minimally+invasive+surgical+resection.">Electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy with dye marking for identification of small peripheral lung nodules during minimally invasive surgical resection.</a> Journal of Thoracic Disease. 9 (3), 802-808 (2017).</li><li>Awais, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electromagnetic+Navigation+Bronchoscopy-Guided+Dye+Marking+for+Thoracoscopic+Resection+of+Pulmonary+Nodules.">Electromagnetic Navigation Bronchoscopy-Guided Dye Marking for Thoracoscopic Resection of Pulmonary Nodules.</a> The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 102 (1), 223-229 (2016).</li><li>Kamel, M., Stiles, B., Altorki, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+Issues+in+the+Surgical+Management+of+Screen-Identified+Lung+Cancers.">Clinical Issues in the Surgical Management of Screen-Identified Lung Cancers.</a> Oncology (Williston Park). 29 (12), 944-949 (2015).</li><li>Park, C. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+Effectiveness+and+Safety+of+Preoperative+Lung+Localization+for+Pulmonary+Nodules:+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-analysis.">Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Preoperative Lung Localization for Pulmonary Nodules: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.</a> Chest. 151 (2), 316-328 (2017).</li><li>Kleedehn, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preoperative+Pulmonary+Nodule+Localization:+A+Comparison+of+Methylene+Blue+and+Hookwire+Techniques.">Preoperative Pulmonary Nodule Localization: A Comparison of Methylene Blue and Hookwire Techniques.</a> AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 207 (6), 1334-1339 (2016).</li><li>Keating, J., Singhal, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+Methods+of+Intraoperative+Localization+and+Margin+Assessment+of+Pulmonary+Nodules.">Novel Methods of Intraoperative Localization and Margin Assessment of Pulmonary Nodules.</a> Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 28 (1), 127-136 (2016).</li><li>Yang, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image-guided+thoracoscopic+surgery+with+dye+localization+in+a+hybrid+operating+room.">Image-guided thoracoscopic surgery with dye localization in a hybrid operating room.</a> Journal of Thoracic Disease. 8, S681-S689 (2016).</li><li>Gill, R. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image-guided+video+assisted+thoracoscopic+surgery+(iVATS)+-+phase+I-II+clinical+trial.">Image-guided video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (iVATS) - phase I-II clinical trial.</a> Journal of Surgical Oncology. 112 (1), 18-25 (2015).</li><li>Bolton, W. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electromagnetic+Navigational+Bronchoscopy+Reduces+the+Time+Required+for+Localization+and+Resection+of+Lung+Nodules.">Electromagnetic Navigational Bronchoscopy Reduces the Time Required for Localization and Resection of Lung Nodules.</a> Innovations (Phila). 12 (5), 333-337 (2017).</li><li>Hartwig, M. G., D'Amico, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thoracoscopic+lobectomy:+the+gold+standard+for+early-stage+lung+cancer?.">Thoracoscopic lobectomy: the gold standard for early-stage lung cancer?.</a> The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 89 (6), S2098-S2101 (2010).</li><li>Veronesi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+lobectomy+and+segmentectomy+for+lung+cancer:+results+and+operating+technique.">Robotic lobectomy and segmentectomy for lung cancer: results and operating technique.</a> Journal of Thoracic Disease. 7 (Suppl 2), S122-S130 (2015).</li><li>Wei, B., Eldaif, S. M., Cerfolio, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+Lung+Resection+for+Non-Small+Cell+Lung+Cancer.">Robotic Lung Resection for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.</a> Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America. 25 (3), 515-531 (2016).</li><li>Ninan, M., Dylewski, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Total+port-access+robot-assisted+pulmonary+lobectomy+without+utility+thoracotomy.">Total port-access robot-assisted pulmonary lobectomy without utility thoracotomy.</a> European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 38 (2), 231-232 (2010).</li><li>Veronesi, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Four-arm+robotic+lobectomy+for+the+treatment+of+early-stage+lung+cancer.">Four-arm robotic lobectomy for the treatment of early-stage lung cancer.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 140 (1), 19-25 (2010).</li><li>Dhillon, S. S., Harris, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bronchoscopy+for+the+diagnosis+of+peripheral+lung+lesions.">Bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions.</a> Journal of Thoracic Disease. 9 (Suppl 10), S1047-S1058 (2017).</li></ol>

Peri-operative transthoracic nodule localization under EMN guidance is a novel application of a recently introduced EMN platform. The critical steps in the performance of EMTTNL are a proper point cloud registration of the device and attentiveness to the percutaneous insertion site and the angulation of the needle. Visualization and maintenance of the angle of entry on multiple planes of the CT scan (HUD, oblique 90, and oblique) are crucial to the success of the procedure.
Some of the followi...

With the increasing use of CT scans of the chest for diagnostic and screening purposes1, there is an increased detection of subcentimeter pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation2. Percutaneous and/or transbronchial biopsy have been successfully used to sample indeterminate and high-risk nodules. These lesions often make for challenging targets due to their distal parenchymal location and small size3. When indicated, surgical excision of these lesions should be performed, using a lung-sparing resection via minimally invasive thoracic surgery (MITS), such as video- or robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS/RATS)4. Even with advances in surgical technique, there remain intra-operative challenges to resection, despite direct visualization of the lung parenchyma during MITS. These challenges are primarily related to difficulties with nodule localization, especially with ground-glass/semisolid nodules, subcentimeter lesions, and those more than 2 cm from the visceral pleura5,6. These challenges are exacerbated during MITS due to a loss of tactile feedback during the procedure and can lead to more invasive surgical methods, including diagnostic lobectomy and/or open thoracotomy5. Many of these issues with intra-operative nodule localization can be mitigated by the use of adjunct nodule localization methods via electromagnetic navigation (EMN) and/or CT-guided localization (CTGL). This protocol will first highlight the benefits of using electromagnetic transthoracic nodule localization (EMTTNL). Secondly, it will delineate in a step-by-step fashion how to replicate the process prior to MITS.
Electromagnetic navigation helps to target peripheral pulmonary lesions by overlapping sensor technology with radiographic images. EMN first consists of using available software to convert CT images of the airway and parenchyma into a virtual roadmap. The patient&#39;s chest is then surrounded by an electromagnetic (EM) field within which the exact location of a sensory guide is detected. When a guide instrument (e.g., magnetic navigation [MN]-tracked needle) is placed within the patient&#39;s EM field (endobronchial tree or skin surface), the location is superimposed on the virtual roadmap, allowing for navigation to the target lesion identified on the software. EMN can be performed via either transthoracic needle approach or bronchoscopy. EMN bronchoscopy has previously been described for use in both biopsy and fiducial/dye localization7,8,9,10,11. A number of other localization techniques have been developed with varying success rates, including CT-guided fiducial placement, CT-guided injection of dye or radiotracer, intraoperative ultra-sonographic localization, and EMN bronchoscopy12. A recently introduced EMN platform has incorporated an electromagnetically guided transthoracic approach into its workflow. Using the CT roadmap, the system allows the user to define a point of entry on the chest wall surface through which they will pass a tip-tracked EMN-sensed needle guide into the lung parenchyma and lesion in question. Through this needle guide, biopsies and/or nodule localization can then be performed7.
Prior to the EMN localization of nodules for MITS, CTGL using dye marking or fiducial (e.g., microcoils, lipoidal, hook-wire) placement was the primary method employed. A recent meta-analysis of 46 studies of fiducial localization showed high success rates among all three fiducials; however, pneumothorax, pulmonary hemorrhage, and the dislodgement of fiducial markers remained significant complications13. A CT-guided tracer injection with methylene blue has had similar rates of success, but with fewer complications when compared with hook-wire fiducial placement14. One of the primary limitations of using dye for lung nodule localization has been diffusion over time15. Patients undergoing CTGL with dye marking have the localization performed in the radiology suite, followed by transport to the operating room, during which time dye diffusion can occur, making this technique less attractive. Some centers have mitigated this time lapse with the use of hybrid operating rooms with robotic C-arm CTs16,17; however, radiation exposure can be higher with the repeated images and use of fluorosocope15. The use of EMN bronchoscopy allows for peri-operative nodule localization. This, however, has been plagued by prolonged bronchoscopy times and an inability to navigate to those lesions without airway access. EMTTNL allows for a rapid percutaneous nodule localization followed by MITS in one location (i.e., the operating room), therefore decreasing time between the localization and the surgery18. In addition to EMN bronchoscopy, Arias et al. described using EMN for percutaneous biopsy7. An adaptation of this procedure for nodule localization is described below.
A 79-year-old male with a 40 pack-year history of tobacco use and bladder cancer was found to have a new PET fluorodeoxyglucose-avid lung nodule of size 1.0 cm x 1.1 cm in the left lower lobe by surveillance imaging (Figure 1). Given the lesion&#39;s size and position, wedge resection was considered challenging and the patient&#39;s pulmonary reserve made him a less than ideal candidate for diagnostic lobectomy. It was decided that he would undergo EMTTNL to aid in the MITS resection of the lung nodule.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Computed Tomography Scanner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>64 - detector (or greater) CT scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPiN Thoracic Navigation System</td>
			<td>Veran Medical Tecnologies</td>
			<td>SYS 4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPiN Planning Laptop Workstation</td>
			<td>Veran Medical Tecnologies</td>
			<td>SYS-0185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPiN View Console</td>
			<td>Veran Medical Tecnologies</td>
			<td>SYS-1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Always-On Tip Tracked Steerable Catheter</td>
			<td>Veran Medical Tecnologies</td>
			<td>INS-0322</td>
			<td>3.2 mm OD, 2.0 mm WC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>View Optical Probe</td>
			<td>Veran Medical Tecnologies</td>
			<td>INS-5500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vPAD2 Cable</td>
			<td>Veran Medical Techologies</td>
			<td>INS-0048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vPAD2 Patient Tracker</td>
			<td>Veran Medical Techologies</td>
			<td>INS-0050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPiNPerc Biopsy Needle Guide Kit</td>
			<td>Veran Medical Techologies</td>
			<td>INS-5600</td>
			<td>Includes INS 5029 (Box of 5)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ChloraPrep applicator</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson</td>
			<td>260815</td>
			<td>26 mL applicator (orange)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Provay/Methylene Blue</td>
			<td>Cenexi/American Regent</td>
			<td>0517-0374-05</td>
			<td>50 mg/10 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile gloves</td>
			<td>Cardinal Health</td>
			<td>2D72PLXXX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blue X-Ray O.R. Towels</td>
			<td>MedLine</td>
			<td>MDT2168204XR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scope Catheter</td>
			<td>DSC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3.2 mm outer diameter, working channel 2.0</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electromagnetic navigation transthoracic nodule localization for minimally invasive thoracic surgery

The increased use of chest computed tomography (CT) has led to an increased detection of pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation and/or excision. Many of these nodules are identified and excised via minimally invasive thoracic surgery; however, subcentimeter and subsolid nodules are frequently difficult to identify intra-operatively. This can be mitigated by the use of electromagnetic transthoracic needle localization. This protocol delineates the step-by-step process of electromagnetic localization from the pre-operative period to the postoperative period and is an adaptation of the electromagnetically guided percutaneous biopsy previously described by Arias et al. Pre-operative steps include obtaining a same day CT followed by the generation of a three-dimensional virtual map of the lung. From this map, the target lesion(s) and an entry site are chosen. In the operating room, the virtual reconstruction of the lung is then calibrated with the patient and the electromagnetic navigation platform. The patient is then sedated, intubated, and placed in the lateral decubitus position. Using a sterile technique and visualization from multiple views, the needle is inserted into the chest wall at the prechosen skin entry site and driven down to the target lesion. Dye is then injected into the lesion and, then, continuously during needle withdrawal, creating a tract for visualization intra-operatively. This method has many potential benefits when compared to the CT-guided localization, including a decreased radiation exposure and decreased time between the dye injection and the surgery. Dye diffusion from the pathway occurs over time, thereby limiting intra-operative nodule identification. By decreasing the time to surgery, there is a decrease in wait time for the patient, and less time for dye diffusion to occur, resulting in an improvement in nodule localization. When compared to electromagnetic bronchoscopy, airway architecture is no longer a limitation as the target nodule is accessed via a transparenchymal approach. Details of this procedure are described in a step-by-step fashion.

The patient was prepared per the protocol noted above. Following this, EMTTNL was performed with an injection of a total of 1 mL of a 1:1 methylene blue:patient blood mixture. Upon removal of the needle, the patient was prepped and draped for MITS. Robot-assisted thoracic surgery was performed using the four-arm technique with a robotic surgical system using five total ports. Four ports are placed along the eighth intercostal space (each 9 cm apart) anteriorly from the midclavicular line ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electromagnetic Navigation Transthoracic Nodule Localization for Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery at JoVE.com

Electromagnetic Navigation Transthoracic Nodule Localization for Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery

Presented here is a protocol for lung nodule localization using dye marking via electromagnetically navigated transthoracic needle access. The technique described here can be accomplished in the peri-operative period to optimize nodule localization and to successful resection when performing minimally invasive thoracic surgery.

The increased use of chest computed tomography (CT) has led to an increased detection of pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation and/or ...

The main advantage of this technique is that it aids in the perioperative localization of small, deep, and/or sub-solid pulmonary nodules during minimally invasive lung resection. Before beginning the procedure, review prior chest computed tomography or CT imaging to ensure that the patient undergoing the nodule localization has a peripheral pulmonary nodule suitable for minimally invasive thoracic surgery. Then perform a non-contrast chest CT scan with the patient in the lateral decubitus position and the lung ipsilateral to the nodule positioned up to mimic the position during the dye injection.Obtain both expiratory and inspiratory images to account for nodule movement. On the day of the procedure, use the navigation system planning software to digitally segment the target lesion. If the target lesion is radiographically pure ground glass in nature, the segmentation software may fail to properly identify the lesion.If that is the case, place a virtual target in the center of the target lesion. Once the target lesion has been successfully marked, use the planning software to delineate the percutaneous site for needle entry. With the patient in the lateral decubitus position, attach three electronic reference point pads on the ipsilateral chest wall to the nodule and at least five centimeters away from the chosen point of entry.Plug the pads into the electromagnetic navigation system and position the electromagnetic navigation field generator over the reference pads to register the patient within the system. Then use the prompts provided by the electromagnetic navigation system to fine tune the calibration. Once the field generator is in position, use the electromagnetic navigation transthoracic nodule localization platform to take a virtual snapshot of the reference pads.To generate a data point cloud delineating the extent of the main airways, first insert the proprietary electromagnetic navigation tract disposable scope catheter into the right lumen of the double lumen endotracheal tube. Align the catheter on the main carina and slowly pull back into the trachea until prompted by the system to stop. Then drive the disposable scope catheter into the right lower lung lobe until prompted to stop with another green check mark.Once the data point collection is halted, transfer the disposable scope catheter from the right lung lumen of the double lumen endotracheal tube into the catheter of the left lung lumen of the tube. Then drive the disposable scope catheter into the left main stem bronchus two to three centimeters proximal to its bifurcation into the left upper and lower lobes. Resume the data collection driving the disposable scope catheter into the left lower lobe until prompted to stop.Once the full data point cloud has been collected, align a tract percutaneous needle at the chest wall skin entry site using the electromagnetic navigation platform for guidance. Mark the skin at the entry point to the chest cavity taking care that the entry point is just superior to the rib and avoiding any known vasculature or osseus structures. Clean the skin with the 2%chlorhexidine solution for a minimum of 15 seconds and allow the solution to dry for a minimum of 30 seconds.Drape the field using sterile technique and don sterile gloves and a sterile gown. Subcutaneously inject one to two milliliters of 1%lidocaine at the entry point for local anesthesia. Use a number 10 blade surgical scalpel to make a five millimeter superficial skin incision at the entry site through the epidermis.Place a sterile 19 gauge electromagnetic needle on the marked entry point. Use the transverse and coronal views on the electromagnetic system screen to adjust the angle of entry so that it lines up with the center of the target lesion. Once the angle of entry is confirmed, stabilize the electromagnetic navigation tract needle against the chest wall.Firmly advanced the needle through the chest wall while the anesthesia team holds the patient in exhalation. It is critical that the operator properly align the needle with the target lesion in at least two of the three views provided by the electromagnetic navigation system before stabilizing and advancing the needle in a straight downward thrust. Upon reaching the distal side of the target lesion from the chest wall, remove the tract stylet and cover the needle hub with a finger without dislodging the needle.Next, connect a syringe containing two to three milliliters of the appropriate concentration of methylene blue to the needle and inject 0.5 milliliters of the solution into the target lesion. Then gradually and continuously deposit another 0.5 milliliters of the solution while slowly withdrawing the needle to create a track. When all of the dye has been delivered, use the dye marking to localize and resect the lung nodule by minimally invasive thoracic surgery.After electromagnetic navigation transthoracic nodule localization as just demonstrated, the localization dye marking can be identified in the deflated lung and diagnostic wedge resection can be undertaken. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to ensure a proper registration and needle chest wall placement. This technique will hopefully pave the way for improvements in small nodule resection using minimally invasive surgical methods and in exploring this method's effects on the rate of diagnostic lobectomy and/or conversion to open thoracotomy.

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Research

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Medicine

Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules

Lung nodule evaluation represents a clinical challenge especially in patients with intermediate risk for malignancy. Multiple technologies are presently available to sample nodules for pathological diagnosis. Those technologies can be divided into bronchoscopic and non-bronchoscopic interventions. Electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy is being extensively used for the endobronchial approach to peripheral lung nodules but has been hindered by anatomic challenges resulting in a 70% diagnostic yield. Electromagnetic navigational guided transthoracic needle lung biopsy is novel non-bronchoscopic method that uses a percutaneous electromagnetic tip tracked needle to obtain core biopsy specimens. Electromagnetic navigational transthoracic needle aspiration complements bronchoscopic techniques potentially allowing the provider to maximize the diagnostic yield during one single procedure. This article describes a novel integrated diagnostic approach to pulmonary lung nodules. We propose the use of endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for mediastinal staging; radial EBUS, navigational bronchoscopy and E-TTNA during one single procedure to maximize diagnostic yield and minimize the number of invasive procedures needed to obtain a diagnosis. This manuscript describes in detail how the navigation transthoracic procedure is performed. Additional clinical studies are needed to determine the clinical utility of this novel technology.

Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration E-TTNA for Sampling of Lung Nodules

We describe the novel use of electromagnetic navigational guided transthoracic needle aspiration for the pathologic assessment of human lung nodules.

Lung nodule evaluation represents a clinical challenge especially in patients with intermediate risk for malignancy. Multiple technologies are presently ...

Encapsulation Thermogenic Preadipocytes for Transplantation into Adipose Tissue Depots

Cell encapsulation was developed to entrap viable cells within semi-permeable membranes. The engrafted encapsulated cells can exchange low molecular weight metabolites in tissues of the treated host to achieve long-term survival. The semipermeable membrane allows engrafted encapsulated cells to avoid rejection by the immune system. The encapsulation procedure was designed to enable a controlled release of bioactive compounds, such as insulin, other hormones, and cytokines. Here we describe a method for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production and energy dissipation (thermogenesis) in the intra-abdominal adipose tissue of obese mice. Encapsulation of thermogenic catabolic cells may be potentially applicable to the prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Another potential application of catabolic cells may include detoxification from alcohols or other toxic metabolites and environmental pollutants.

Here, we present a protocol for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production in intra-abdominal adipose tissue and increase energy dissipation in obese mice.

Cell encapsulation was developed to entrap viable cells within semi-permeable membranes. The engrafted encapsulated cells can exchange low molecular ...

An Anatomical Study of Nerves at Risk During Minimally Invasive Hallux Valgus Surgery

The growing popularity of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) procedures makes it necessary that new anatomical references arise, to aid in tridimensional orientation and localization of structures that are not directly visible to the surgeon. This is especially critical for structures at risk like nerves or blood vessels. Optimization of the handling of cadaveric material and the combination of multiple techniques compensate for the limited availability of adequate specimens. The described protocol combines anatomical plane-by-plane dissection and sectional anatomy of fresh-frozen specimens to help localize relevant structures, such as nerves, arteries, veins and to correctly position the portals during MIS procedures. Depiction of these structures in anatomy textbooks can differ from what is encountered in the surgical field; and for this reason, new anatomical studies with a surgical orientation are needed. However, this is a complex, time-consuming technique requiring specific training. The anatomical references described with the so-called 'clock method' provide the surgeon with an easy and reproducible system to locate the path of the nerves at risk in Hallux Valgus MIS procedures. This model can be extrapolated to many other minimally invasive surgical procedures.

Minimally invasive surgical (MIS) procedures rely on anatomical references to localize structures not directly visible to the surgeon. This manuscript describes a combined method of plane-by-plane dissection and sectional anatomy of fresh-frozen specimens to locate the structures at risk during MIS procedures.

The growing popularity of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) procedures makes it necessary that new anatomical references arise, to aid in tridimensional ...

A Minimally Invasive Model to Analyze Endochondral Fracture Healing in Mice Under Standardized Biomechanical Conditions

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an increased use of mouse models in orthopedic research was noted, most probably because mouse models offer a large number of genetically-modified strains and special antibodies for the analysis of molecular mechanisms of fracture healing. To control the biomechanical conditions, well-characterized osteosynthesis techniques are mandatory, also in mice. Here, we report on the design and use of a closed bone healing model to stabilize femur fractures in mice. The intramedullary screw, made of medical-grade stainless steel, provides through fracture compression an axial and rotational stability compared to the mostly used simple intramedullary pins, which show a complete lack of axial and rotational stability. The stability achieved by the intramedullary screw allows the analysis of endochondral healing. A large amount of callus tissue, received after stabilization with the screw, offers ideal conditions to harvest tissue for biochemical and molecular analyses. A further advantage of the use of the screw is the fact that the screw can be inserted into the femur with a minimally invasive technique without inducing damage to the soft tissue. In conclusion, the screw is a unique implant that can ideally be used in closed fracture healing models offering standardized biomechanical conditions.

This protocol describes a minimally invasive osteosynthesis technique using an intramedullary screw for standardized stabilization of femur fractures, which can be used to analyze endochondral bone healing in mice.

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an ...

Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation

Endoscopic septoplasty is a surgical procedure in otolaryngology that is commonly performed to treat nasal airway obstruction caused by nasal septal deviation. It has a long history with multiple variations. In this article, a modified endoscopic septoplasty procedure using the limited two-line resection (2LoRs) technique at the posterior and inferior junction of the cartilaginous and bony septum is presented based on embryologic and anatomic knowledge of the nasal septum and the biomechanics of cartilaginous behavior. With this procedure, the quadrangular cartilage can be preserved as much as possible, which is helpful in retaining the supporting framework and rigidness of the septum. 2LoRs has been proven effective and sound for the correction of nasal septal deviation with rare complications. This modified procedure can be applied to correct the deviated nasal septum in the absence of any external nasal deformity to improve nasal patency or to improve access to the middle meatus or to the axillary region of the middle turbinate. It may also be used to expand the indications of septoplasty to children and adolescents because of its minimally invasive approach.

Endoscopic septoplasty is a time-honored surgical procedure with multiple variations. This paper focuses on a step-by-step surgical approach to perform a modified septoplasty procedure known as limited two-line resection. This surgical technique can be applied to correct a deviated nasal septum in the absence of an external nasal deformity.

Endoscopic septoplasty is a surgical procedure in otolaryngology that is commonly performed to treat nasal airway obstruction caused by nasal septal ...

Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is commonly used for the treatment of spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease, and spondylolisthesis. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) approaches have been applied to this technique with an associated decrease in estimated blood loss (EBL), length of hospital stay, and infection rates, while preserving outcomes with traditional open surgery. Previous MIS TLIF techniques involve significant fluoroscopy that subjects the patient, surgeon, and operating room staff to non-trivial levels of radiation exposure, particularly for complex multi-level procedures. We present a technique that utilizes an intraoperative computed tomography (CT) scan to aid in placement of pedicle screws, followed by traditional fluoroscopy for confirmation of cage placement. Patients are positioned in the standard fashion and a reference arc is placed in the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) followed by intraoperative CT scan. This allows for image-guidance-based placement of pedicle screws through a one-inch skin incision on each side. Unlike traditional MIS-TLIF that requires significant fluoroscopic imaging during this stage, the operation can now be performed without any additional radiation exposure to the patient or operating room staff. After completion of the facetectomy and discectomy, final TLIF cage placement is confirmed with fluoroscopy. This technique has the potential to decrease operative time and minimize total radiation exposure.

The purpose of this article is to provide image-guidance for minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion.

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is commonly used for the treatment of spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease, and spondylolisthesis. ...

Transaxillary First Rib Resection for Treatment of the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a common disorder that causes a significant loss of productivity. The transaxillary first rib resection (TFRR) protocol has been used for the decompression of trapped neurovascular structures in the TOS. Among the other surgical procedures, the advantage of the TFRR is that it has the smallest rate of recurrence and better cosmetic outcomes. The disadvantage of TFRR is that it provides a narrow, and deep working corridor that makes obtaining vascular control challenging.

Here, we present a protocol of the transaxillary resection of the first rib for treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome caused by compression of the brachial plexus, subclavian vein and artery.

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a common disorder that causes a significant loss of productivity. The transaxillary first rib resection (TFRR) protocol ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many areas of biomedical research due to its cost-effectiveness and its translation to humans. This protocol describes a method to create a preclinical free skin flap model in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The described 3 cm x 6 cm rat free skin flap model is easily obtained after the placement of several vascular ligatures and the section of the vascular pedicle. Then, 8 h after the ischemic insult and completion of the microsurgical anastomosis, the free skin flap develops the tissue damage. These ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damages can be studied in this model, making it a suitable model for evaluating therapeutic agents to address this pathophysiological process. Furthermore, two main monitoring techniques are described in the protocol for the assessment of this animal model: transit-time ultrasound technology and laser speckle contrast analysis.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...

Evaluation of Capnography Sampling Line Compatibility and Accuracy when Used with a Portable Capnography Monitor

Capnography is commonly used to monitor patient&#8217;s ventilatory status. While sidestream capnography has been shown to provide a reliable assessment of end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), its accuracy is commonly validated using commercial kits composed of a capnography monitor and its matching disposable nasal cannula sampling lines. The purpose of this study was to assess the compatibility and accuracy of cross-paired capnography sampling lines with a single portable bedside capnography monitor. A series of 4 bench tests were performed to evaluate the tensile strength, rise time, ETCO2 accuracy as a function of respiratory rate, and ETCO2 accuracy in the presence of supplemental O2. Each bench test was performed using specialized, validated equipment to allow for a full evaluation of sampling line performance. The 4 bench tests successfully differentiated between sampling lines from different commercial sources and suggested that due to increased rise time and decreased ETCO2 accuracy, not all nasal cannula sampling lines provide reliable clinical data when cross-paired with a commercial capnography monitor. Care should be taken to ensure that any cross-pairing of capnography monitors and disposable sampling lines is fully validated for use across respiratory rates and supplemental O2 flow rates commonly encountered in clinical settings.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of capnography sampling lines used in conjunction with a portable bedside capnography monitor. Sampling lines from 7 manufacturers were evaluated for tensile strength, rise time, and ETCO2 accuracy as a function of respiratory rate or supplemental oxygen flow rate.

Capnography is commonly used to monitor patient&#8217;s ventilatory status. While sidestream capnography has been shown to provide a reliable assessment ...

Surgical Techniques to Optimize Ovarian Reserve during Laparoscopic Cystectomy for Ovarian Endometrioma

Surgical management of ovarian endometrioma in patients desiring fertility is complicated by the need to balance maximal resection of disease with efforts to spare normal ovarian cortex. Optimization of tubal anatomy is another frequent consideration. Fertility-sparing laparoscopic techniques at the time of cystectomy for ovarian endometrioma seek to limit iatrogenic surgical damage to the ovarian cortex and strategically assess and respond to genital tract patency. Surgical candidates frequently desire relief from endometriosis-associated pain while also seeking to optimize spontaneous or assisted conception rates. Operative benefits include potential for surgical and histopathologic diagnosis of endometriosis, evaluation of genital tract patency, and treatment of visualized lesions. Resection of ovarian endometrioma nonetheless poses significant risks, including surgical injury, blood loss, post-surgical decline in ovarian reserve and post-operative inflammation with adhesion formation, both of which may impair folliculogenesis.
We present the case of a 32-year-old woman with known endometriosis and continued pain refractory to medical management who opted for surgical management of her disease tailored toward optimizing her chances at future conception. Using this case as an example, we describe techniques and considerations for diagnostic laparoscopy, adhesiolysis, ovarian cystectomy, chromopertubation, and salpingectomy with a focus on maintaining a fertility-preserving approach.

This protocol presents techniques to laparoscopically excise ovarian endometrioma, to perform adhesiolysis with sparing electrosurgical application, and to employ intraoperative chromopertubation to assess for genital tract patency. This systematic approach will facilitate optimal endometriosis management, guide concomitant adnexal surgeries, and enhance post-surgical fertility outcomes.

Surgical management of ovarian endometrioma in patients desiring fertility is complicated by the need to balance maximal resection of disease with efforts ...