Name: purification of extracellular trypanosomes, including african, from blood by anion-exchangers (diethylaminoethyl-cellulose columns)
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We thank all members of UMR 177 INTERTRYP IRD CIRAD Universit&#233; de Bordeaux. This research was supported by internal funding from University of Bordeaux and support from the ANR, LABEX ParaFrap ANR-11-LABX-0024, and from the Association pour le d&#233;veloppement de la recherche en parasitologie et m&#233;decine tropicale and the Service de coop&#233;ration et d&#39;action culturelle de l&#39;Ambassade de France &#224; Bangui (Centrafrique).

Investigations conformed to the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH Publication No. 85&#177;23, revised 1996). Protocols were approved by our local ethics committee.
1. Animals
<ol>
	<li>Keep female Swiss (OF-1) mice aged eight to ten weeks old, 20-25 g, in an animal housing facility fifteen days before each experiment. House them in ventilated boxes that are kept in a protected, temperature (22 &#176;C) and humidity (50%) controlled room, with 12 hours on/off ...

<ol>
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A., Da Silva, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibody-dependent+cytotoxicity+against+Trypanosoma+cruzi.">Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity against Trypanosoma cruzi.</a> Parasitology. 75 (3), 317-323 (1977).</li><li>Herbert, W. J., Lumsden, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trypanosoma+brucei:+a+rapid+&amp;#34;matching&amp;#34;+method+for+estimating+the+host's+parasitemia.">Trypanosoma brucei: a rapid &amp;#34;matching&amp;#34; method for estimating the host's parasitemia.</a> Experimental Parasitology. 40 (3), 427-431 (1976).</li><li>Dauchy, F. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trypanosoma+brucei+CYP51:+Essentiality+and+Targeting+Therapy+in+an+Experimental+Model.">Trypanosoma brucei CYP51: Essentiality and Targeting Therapy in an Experimental Model.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 10 (11), e0005125 (2016).</li><li>Raz, B., Iten, M., Grether-B&#252;hler, Y., Kaminsky, R., Brun, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Alamar+Blue+assay+to+determine+drug+sensitivity+of+African+trypanosomes+(T.+b.+rhodesiense+and+T.+b.+gambiense)+in+vitro.">The Alamar Blue assay to determine drug sensitivity of African trypanosomes (T. b. rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense) in vitro.</a> Acta Tropica. 68 (2), 139-147 (1997).</li><li>Albright, J. W., Albright, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+growth+of+Trypanosoma+musculi+in+cell-free+medium+conditioned+by+rodent+macrophages+and+mercaptoethanol.">In vitro growth of Trypanosoma musculi in cell-free medium conditioned by rodent macrophages and mercaptoethanol.</a> International Journal for Parasitology. 10 (2), 137-142 (1980).</li><li>Gobert, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=L-Arginine+availability+modulates+local+nitric+oxide+production+and+parasite+killing+in+experimental+trypanosomiasis.">L-Arginine availability modulates local nitric oxide production and parasite killing in experimental trypanosomiasis.</a> Infection and Immunity. 68 (8), 4653-4657 (2000).</li><li>De Muylder, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Trypanosoma+brucei+kinesin+heavy+chain+promotes+parasite+growth+by+triggering+host+arginase+activity.">A Trypanosoma brucei kinesin heavy chain promotes parasite growth by triggering host arginase activity.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 9 (10), e1003731 (2013).</li><li>Nzoumbou-Boko, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trypanosoma+musculi+Infection+in+Mice+Critically+Relies+on+Mannose+Receptor-Mediated+Arginase+Induction+by+a+TbKHC1+Kinesin+H+Chain+Homolog.">Trypanosoma musculi Infection in Mice Critically Relies on Mannose Receptor-Mediated Arginase Induction by a TbKHC1 Kinesin H Chain Homolog.</a> Journal of Immunology. 199 (5), 1762-1771 (2017).</li><li>Bonhivers, M., Nowacki, S., Landrein, N., Robinson, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogenesis+of+the+trypanosome+endo-exocytotic+organelle+is+cytoskeleton+mediated.">Biogenesis of the trypanosome endo-exocytotic organelle is cytoskeleton mediated.</a> PLoS Biology. 6 (5), e105 (2008).</li><li>Albisetti, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+between+the+flagellar+pocket+collar+and+the+hook+complex+via+a+novel+microtubule-binding+protein+in+Trypanosoma+brucei.">Interaction between the flagellar pocket collar and the hook complex via a novel microtubule-binding protein in Trypanosoma brucei.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 13 (11), e1006710 (2017).</li><li>Cross, G. A. M., Klein, R. A., Linstead, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Utilization+of+amino+acids+by+Trypanosoma+brucei+in+culture:+L-threonine+as+a+precursor+for+acetate.">Utilization of amino acids by Trypanosoma brucei in culture: L-threonine as a precursor for acetate.</a> Parasitology. 71 (2), 311-326 (1975).</li><li>Bringaud, F., Rivi&#232;re, L., Coustou, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+metabolism+of+trypanosomatids:+adaptation+to+available+carbon+sources.">Energy metabolism of trypanosomatids: adaptation to available carbon sources.</a> Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 149 (1), 1-9 (2006).</li><li>Mazet, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revisiting+the+central+metabolism+of+the+bloodstream+forms+of+Trypanosoma+brucei:+production+of+acetate+in+the+mitochondrion+is+essential+for+the+parasite+viability.">Revisiting the central metabolism of the bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei: production of acetate in the mitochondrion is essential for the parasite viability.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 7 (12), e2587 (2013).</li><li>Coutton, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+CFAP43+and+CFAP44+cause+male+infertility+and+flagellum+defects+in+Trypanosoma+and+human.">Mutations in CFAP43 and CFAP44 cause male infertility and flagellum defects in Trypanosoma and human.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 686 (2018).</li><li>Cnops, J., Magez, S., De Trez, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Escape+mechanisms+of+African+trypanosomes:+Why+trypanosomosis+is+keeping+us+awake.">Escape mechanisms of African trypanosomes: Why trypanosomosis is keeping us awake.</a> Parasitology. 142 (3), 417-427 (2015).</li><li>Barrett, M. 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Purified trypanosomes represent a powerful means to study immunology, biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology. Large expanses of data and results have been obtained from trypanosomes, which has then helped to obtain information from other eukaryotic cells30. Trypanosomes are also the subject of important and interesting research because they have devised numerous mechanisms that permit them to survive and grow in two very different environments: the tsetse fly vector and the mammalian host<su...

The method presented described here allows the separation of trypanosomes, parasites responsible for animal and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), from blood. This is the best method for diagnosis of first stage HAT and furthermore this parasite purification method permits robust serological and research investigation.
HAT is caused by Tsetse fly transmitted Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense1. These protozoan parasites multiply extracellularly in the bloodstream, lymph, and interstitial fluids during the first stage of the disease (hemolymphatic stage). The second stage (meningoencephalitic stage) begins when parasites cross the blood brain barrier; neurological signs, including a sleep disorder, which has given its name &#34;sleeping sickness&#34; to this disease, are typical of this second-stage2. Related trypanosomes (T. evansi, T. congolense, T. vivax, T. b. brucei) are the causative agents of animal African trypanosomosis (AAT)3.
The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to eliminate HAT as a public health problem by 2020 and to stop transmission by 20304. The recent introduction of rapid diagnosis tests has improved serological diagnosis1,4,5. Several molecular diagnostic tests have been developed but their role in field diagnostics has not yet been established5. They are used to identify the sub-species of the brucei group and atypical trypanosomiasis caused by parasites responsible for animal trypanosomosis6.
The detection of the parasite is essential for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up, as serology can give false positive and unfortunately false negative results1. The direct microscopical observation of these hemoflagellate protists is difficult in HAT cases that are caused by T. b. gambiense, (more than 95% of cases) as low parasitemias are the rule, whereas for HAT caused by T. b. rhodesiense, a large number of parasites are frequently present in the blood. Various concentration techniques have been used, such as thick drop and capillary tube centrifugation (CTC), but the separation of parasites from blood by a column of anion-exchanger (DEAE cellulose) followed by centrifugation and microscopic observation of the pellet, is the most sensitive method (around 50 parasites/mL of blood can be detected)1,7. Consequently, the purification of trypanosomes by this anion-exchangers (DEAE cellulose) method is the best and, to date, the reference method for visualizing and isolating parasites from blood for HAT diagnosis. In field conditions, a mini-column of DEAE cellulose has been successfully used and several improvements have facilitated microscopical observation7,8.
The method of trypanosome separation from blood, described below, depends on parasite surface charge, which is less negative than mammalian blood cells9. Interestingly, this method was developed 50 years ago, in 1968 by Dr. Sheila Lanham, and remains the gold standard for detection and preparation of bloodstream trypanosomes. It is fast and reproducible for salivarian trypanosomes from a wide range of mammals, permitting the diagnosis of both animal and human trypanosomiasis10.
To obtain living, purified parasites, infected blood is added onto an anion-exchanger column. Chromatography conditions (mainly pH, ionic strength of buffers/media) have to be adapted to each trypanosome species, and more generally, to each mix of mammalian blood cells and trypanosomes10. Elution buffer is precisely adjusted to pH 8 for most African trypanosomes10. This method favors the concentration of parasites found in the blood of patients, because parasitemias can be too low to be detected by microscopic observation alone, and it also enables laboratory investigations. Working with freshly isolated trypanosomes and on blood from infected animals, using this technique, is more pertinent for various investigations than studies with parasites that have been cultured in axenic conditions in the laboratory for an indefinite period.
Host-parasite relationships are best studied with a parasite infecting its natural host, therefore, T. musculi, a natural murine parasite, which is representative of extracellular trypanosomes, has many advantages as murine infection involves in a small laboratory animal and does not require biohazard safety level (BSL) conditions. T. musculi does not kill immunocompetent mice, unlike many other Trypanosoma species, including human pathogens. T. musculi are not eliminated in T cell-deprived mice and parasitemias can be increased&#160;in infected mice by modifying food and nutrient intake11. This parasite modulates the immune response in co-infections with other pathogens12. T. musculi from infected mice exhibit differences from cultured T. musculi, for example, the expression of membrane Fc receptors is lost in T. musculi axenic cultures, compared to parasites purified from infected mice13,14. Excreted-secreted factors (ESF) are also qualitatively and quantitatively less expressed in axenic trypanosome cultures and differ between strains isolated in endemic areas15. ESF are the first antigens to be displayed to the host immune system and so play an important role in the initial host immune response16.
In experimentally infected animals for laboratory investigations, this protocol facilitates experimentation on a greater number of parasites, minimizing the number of mice required especially when using immunosuppressed animals. The variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) that are used in the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT) in mass screening are still purified from trypanosomes that are propagated in rats. The two rapid diagnostic tests (individually wrapped cassettes) that are now available for use in the field, are still using an infective model source of native VSGs and not in vitro cultured trypanosomes1,4,5. The advancement in the study of trypanosome immunology and biology has been facilitated since these DEAE cellulose purified parasites can be easily obtained in large quantities from naturally or experimentally infected hosts, and in particular, rodents.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1036px;" width="1036">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">10 mL Pipettes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">357,551</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">2 mL Pipettes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">352,507</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Centrifugation tube 50 mL</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">352,070</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">4K15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">DEAE cellulose</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">s/c- 211213</td>
			<td>100 G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">filter paper&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">1,001,125</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Flat bottom flask narrow neck</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Duran</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">21 711 76</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">6000 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Glucose&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">101174Y</td>
			<td>500 G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">H3149-50KU</td>
			<td>5 000 U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:299px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">120 26936.260</td>
			<td>500 G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:299px;">Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">CH-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Thermofisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">CB00100RA020MNT0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Thermofisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">AGAA000001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:299px;">Na2HPO4&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">100 28026;260</td>
			<td>500 G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">27800.291</td>
			<td>1 KG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:299px;">NaH2PO4&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">110 33616;262</td>
			<td>500 G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Nalgene Plastic Media Bottles size 125 mL</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Thermofisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">342024-0125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Nalgene Plastic Media Bottles size 500 mL</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Thermofisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">342024-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Pasteur Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">BRND125400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:299px;">Penicillin 10,000 UI/Streptomycin 10,000 &#181;g</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">EUROBIO</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">CABPES01 OU</td>
			<td>100 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Phenol red</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">P0290</td>
			<td>100 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Syringue&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Dutscher</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">SS+10S21381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Tissue culture hood</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Thermoelectro Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">MSC-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Trypanosoma brucei brucei</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Institute of Tropical Medicine (Antwerp, Belgium).</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
			<td>ANTAT 1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Trypanosoma brucei gambiense</td>
			<td style="width:381px;">Institute of Tropical Medicine (Antwerp, Belgium).</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
			<td>ITMAP 1893</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Trypanosoma musculi</td>
			<td>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (UK)</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
			<td>Partinico II</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

purification of extracellular trypanosomes, including african, from blood by anion-exchangers (diethylaminoethyl-cellulose columns)

This method allows the separation of trypanosomes, parasites responsible for animal and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), from infected blood. This is the best method for diagnosis of first stage HAT and furthermore this parasite purification method permits serological and research investigations.
HAT is caused by Tsetse fly transmitted Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense. Related trypanosomes are the causative agents of animal trypanosomiasis. Trypanosome detection is essential for HAT diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. The technique described here is the most sensitive parasite detection technique, adapted to field conditions for the diagnosis of T. b. gambiense HAT and can be completed within one hour. Blood is layered onto an anion-exchanger column (DEAE cellulose) previously adjusted to pH 8, and elution buffer is added. Highly negatively charged blood cells are adsorbed onto the column whereas the less negatively charged trypanosomes pass through. Collected trypanosomes are pelleted by centrifugation and observed by microscopy. Moreover, parasites are prepared without cellular damage whilst maintaining their infectivity.
Purified trypanosomes are required for immunological testing; they are used in the trypanolysis assay, the gold standard in HAT serology. Stained parasites are utilized in the card agglutination test (CATT) for field serology. Antigens from purified trypanosomes, such as variant surface glycoprotein, exoantigens, are also used in various immunoassays. The procedure described here is designed for African trypanosomes; consequently, chromatography conditions have to be adapted to each trypanosome strain, and more generally, to the blood of each species of host mammal.
These fascinating pathogens are easily purified and available to use in biochemical, molecular and cell biology studies including co-culture with host cells to investigate host-parasite relationships at the level of membrane receptors, signaling, and gene expression; drug testing in vitro; investigation of gene deletion, mutation, or overexpression on metabolic processes, cytoskeletal biogenesis and parasite survival.

Purified trypanosomes have been used in pharmaceutical tests. Parasites are transferred into culture wells containing serial dilutions of specific drugs, either alone or mixed19. Microscopic observations, evaluating motility is a marker of viability, can be performed when only a few dugs are being tested, whereas AlamarBlue cell viability assay is an excellent method for large motility assays during drug screening20. The effect&#160;of penta...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of Extracellular Trypanosomes, Including African, from Blood by Anion-Exchangers Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose Columns at JoVE.com

Purification of Extracellular Trypanosomes, Including African, from Blood by Anion-Exchangers Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose Columns

This method of trypanosome separation from blood depends on their surface charge being less negative than mammalian blood cells. Infected blood is placed and treated on an anion-exchanger column. This method, the most fitting diagnostic for African trypanosomiasis, provides purified parasites for immunological, biological, biochemical, pharmaceutical and molecular biology investigations.

Purification of Extracellular Trypanosomes, Including African, from Blood by Anion-Exchangers (Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose Columns)

This method allows the separation of trypanosomes, parasites responsible for animal and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), from infected blood. This is ...

Research

JoVE Journal

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