This study was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81772423), the K. C. Wong Magna Fund of Ningbo University, and the National Social Science Foundation of China (16BTY085).

The experiment was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Sports Science in Ningbo University. All the participants have signed written consents and were told about the requirements and process of the lunge experiment.
1. Gait Laboratory Preparation
<ol>
	<li>When calibrating, remove or cover other potentially reflective items in the volume, avoid the effects of reflections from sunlight, light, and other reflective items on the identification, and ensure a reasonable fluorescent...

<ol>
	<li>Cronin, J., McNair, P. J., Marshall, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lunge+performance+and+its+determinants.">Lunge performance and its determinants.</a> Journal of Sports Sciences. 21 (1), 49-57 (2003).</li><li>Kuntze, G., Mansfield, N., Sellers, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+biomechanical+analysis+of+common+lunge+tasks+in+badminton.">A biomechanical analysis of common lunge tasks in badminton.</a> Journal of Sports Sciences. 28 (2), 183-191 (2010).</li><li>Alkj&#230;r, T., Henriksen, M., Dyhre-Poulsen, P., Simonsen, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forward+lunge+as+a+functional+performance+test+in+ACL+deficient+subjects:+test-retest+reliability.">Forward lunge as a functional performance test in ACL deficient subjects: test-retest reliability.</a> The Knee. 16 (3), 176-182 (2009).</li><li>Alkj&#230;r, T., Simonsen, E. B., Magnusson, S. P., Aagaard, H., Dyhre-Poulsen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+the+movement+pattern+of+a+forward+lunge+in+two+types+of+anterior+cruciate+ligament+deficient+patients:+copers+and+non-copers.">Differences in the movement pattern of a forward lunge in two types of anterior cruciate ligament deficient patients: copers and non-copers.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 17, 586-593 (2002).</li><li>Boesen, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+accumulated+stress+in+Achilles+and+anterior+knee+tendons+in+elite+badminton+players.">Evidence of accumulated stress in Achilles and anterior knee tendons in elite badminton players.</a> Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy. 19 (1), 30-37 (2011).</li><li>Hensley, L. D., Paup, D. 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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+does+knee+pain+affect+trunk+and+knee+motion+during+badminton+forehand+lunges.">How does knee pain affect trunk and knee motion during badminton forehand lunges.</a> Journal of Sports Sciences. 32 (7), 690-700 (2014).</li><li>Lin, C., Hua, S., Huang, M., Lee, H., Liao, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanical+analysis+of+knee+and+trunk+in+badminton+players+with+and+without+knee+pain+during+backhand+diagonal+lunges.">Biomechanical analysis of knee and trunk in badminton players with and without knee pain during backhand diagonal lunges.</a> Journal of Sports Sciences. 33 (14), 1429-1439 (2015).</li><li>Hu, X., Li, J. X., Hong, Y., Wang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristics+of+plantar+loads+in+maximum+forward+lunge+tasks+in+badminton.">Characteristics of plantar loads in maximum forward lunge tasks in badminton.</a> PloS One. 10 (9), 1-10 (2015).</li><li>Lam, W. 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One of the disadvantages of most studies analyzing the biomechanical characteristics of the badminton lunging step is that they ignore the skill level of the badminton players performing the lunge. This study divides the subjects into professional players and amateur players to explore the differences in joint ROM and joint moment at different levels when performing a right forward lunge.
As for the ankle joint ROM on the frontal plane, the amateur players exhibited greater ROM than the profes...

Badminton has always been one of the most popular sports in the world. In a game, the frequency of performing lunges is relatively high1. It is of vital importance to master the ability to quickly perform a lunge and return to the start position or move in the other direction2. The lunge not only is crucial to badminton but also is of great importance to tennis, table tennis, and other sports.
The forward lunge has been taken as a function evaluation method for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency and knee stability3,4. Studies show that badminton players need both high muscular strength and professional techniques. In general, amateur players pay more attention to technical training than to muscular strength training. If an individual of low-strength ability takes a low-quality training, the training time becomes longer, therefore leading to an overload of the lower limbs and even to a sports injury.
High-intensity training results in a large load on the lower limbs, which may be the cause of sports injuries5. Lower limb injuries account for 60% of the total number of injuries. For both male and female badminton players, the knee and the foot are the most vulnerable parts6,7,8,9. Kinetic data analysis can be used to explain the lower limb injuries of players at different levels. It was reported that professional badminton players have considerable intratendinous flow which rises after repetitive load movements, especially in the patella tendon of the dominant leg.
Reports show that previously conducted research on racquet sports mainly assessed kinematic parameters but focused less on kinetics2,10. When a professional player has played a competition, the pressure is concentrated in their Achilles tendon and anterior knee tendons, especially in the dominant lunge leg5. In racquet sports, clinical analyses of injuries mainly focused on the lower limb, which exceeded 58%, specifically on the knee and ankle5,8,10,11,12,13.
Previous studies have evaluated the physiological indicators of badminton14,15,16 and the features of physical abilities17,18,19,20. Due to these basic features, basic actions on the agility of badminton are proposed to improve the training effect and the on-the-spot performance of the players21,22. Previous studies on badminton focused on different movements or directions of lunge movement without comparing the movement characteristics between professional and amateur badminton players23,24,25,26,27. These differences in dynamics and joint movement make them susceptible to different mechanisms of sports injuries.
The aim of this study is to study the differences in kinematics and dynamics between professional badminton players and amateur badminton players, as well as the range of movement (ROM) of the dominant leg. It is assumed that professional and amateur badminton players show differences in the right forward lunge and that a greater ROM increases the risk of sports injuries.

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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Motion Tracking Cameras</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">n= 8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Valid Dongle</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Vicon Nexus 1.4.116</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Force Platform Amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Kistler, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>n=1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Force Platform</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Kistler, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>n=1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;">Vicon Datastation ADC&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">T-Frame</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:216px;">14 mm Diameter Passive Retro-reflective Marker</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>n=16</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Double Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For fixing markers to skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="210">
			<td height="210" style="height:210px;width:216px;">Badmionton racket&#160;</td>
			<td>Li-ning, China</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BADMINTON RACKET CLUB PLAY BLADE 1000 
			[AYPL186-4]</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">MATERIAL: Standard Grade Carbon Fiber 
			WEIGHT: 81-84 grams 
			OVERALL LENGTH: 675mm 
			GRIP LENGTH: 200mm 
			BALANCE POINT: 295mm 
			TENSION: Vertical 20-24 lbs, Horizontal 22-26 lbs</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

biomechanical analysis methods to assess professional badminton players' lunge performance

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge movements of eight professional badminton players and eight amateur players. The purpose of this protocol is to study the differences in kinematics and joint moment of the right knee and ankle. A motion capture system and force plate were used to capture data of the joint movements of the lower extremity and the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF). Sixteen young men who did not have any sports injuries in the past 6 months took part in the study. The subjects performed a maximal right lunge from the start position with their right foot, stepping on and fully contacting with the force plate, hit the shuttlecock with an underhand stroke to the designated position in the backcourt, and then returned to the start/end position. All subjects wore the same badminton shoes to avoid a difference in impact from different badminton shoes. The amateur players showed a greater range of ankle movement and reverse joint moment on the frontal plane, and a larger internal joint rotation moment on the horizontal plane. The professional badminton players exhibited greater knee moment on the sagittal and frontal planes. Therefore, these factors should be considered in the development of the training program to reduce the risk of sports injuries in knee and ankle joints. This study simulates the real badminton court and calibrates the range of activities of each movement of the subjects so that the subjects complete the experimental action in a natural state with high quality. A limitation of this study is that it does not combine joint load and muscle activity. Another limitation is that the sample size is small and should be expanded in future studies. This research method can be applied to the lower limb biomechanical research of other footwork in the badminton project.

Figure 2&#160;shows the mean vGRF of phases I, II, III, and IV (i.e., the initial impact peak, secondary impact peak, weight acceptance, and drive-off phases, respectively) of the professional players and the amateur players when they performed a lunge. There is no significant difference in phases I, II, and III. However, the vGRF of the professional players is markedly higher than that of the amateur players, indicating a significant difference (<st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance at JoVE.com

Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players&#039; Lunge Performance

Here, we present a protocol to evaluate the differences in injury mechanisms between professional and amateur players when performing a badminton maximal right lunge movement by analyzing lower limb kinematics.

Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge ...

This method can help answer key questions biomechanical fact about the lunge performance of badminton players. The main advantage of this technique is that it reproduces actual badminton moments. So the data isn't highly reliable.The implications of this technique is tend toward therapy of sports injuries because changes in the joint over angle while playing badminton are likely to result in injury. On the day of the evaluation have the subject wear a T-shirt and tight shorts and the same brand of badminton shoes as the rest of the subject's hight in the study. Measure the subject's height millimeters and weight in kilograms, as well as the length of both the left and right legs in millimeters from the superior iliac spine to the ankle internal condyle, the knee widths in millimeters from the medial to the lateral knee condyle, and the ankle widths in millimeters from the medial to the lateral ankle condyle.Palpate to identify the anatomical landmarks and shave any body hair as needed, followed by disinfection with alcohol, then mark the skin over the anatomical bony landmarks and paste the eight markers on the identified areas on each leg. When all of the markers have been placed ask the subject to perform a right forward lunge naturally, to make sure that the markers on their lower limbs are captured by the cameras. Have the subject continue to perform the right forward lunge at a comfortable low speed in the simulated court until they can perform the movement steadily.After having the subject perform some auxiliary exercises to warm up, ask the subject to perform the right forward lunge at a comfortable high speed in the simulated court until they can perform the movement steadily at this speed. Next, ask the subject to put their right leg in the designated area and underhand strike the shuttlecock. Then instruct the subject to perform a maximal right forward lunge from the start position, and underhand strike the shuttlecock to the backcourt, while making sure that the right foot naturally steps on and fully contacts the forest platform as they pass before returning to the start position.For static calibration, open the data management program to create a new database, and select the location for saving the data file. Enter the name of the new file and select Based On and Clinical Template, click create, select the subject's name, and click Open. To create a new session with the subject's information, click New Patient Classification, New Patient, and New Session.Click Go Live, at the beginning of the trials. Select Session to capture the data, and return to the Nexus pane. Click Subjects and New Subject renaming the trials as necessary, and select Split Horizontally in graph to view the trajectory count.Then, check that the number of markers is 16, that there is no unwanted light pollution, and that all of the markers have been captured. If all the markers are in view, in the Subject Preparation window, select Subject Capture, and click Start to begin capturing the static data, having the subject remains still until 200 frames of images have been captured. Then click Stop and Run to reconstruct the pipeline for constructing the marker data.Select Label and apply the appropriate labels to the corresponding markers in the markers list. When all of the labels have been applied, click Save, and press the Escape key to exit. Click Subject Preparation and select the Static Plugin Gate in the subject calibration drop down menu.Click Option in the newly displayed frame range window and select Left Foot and Right Foot in the pop up window. Then click Start and Save. To start the dynamic trials, have the subject returned to the start position, and click Go Live and Capture.Set the trial type and the session in order and enter the trial name. Click Start to begin capturing and have the subject first perform a fast right forward lunge six times, with the last step hitting the force plate each time. After a two minute break, have the subject performed six lunges, naturally.After another two minute break, have the subject performed six maximal right forward lunges before returning to the start position, and click Stop to end the data capture. In this study, no significant difference was observed in the mean vertical ground reaction force of the initial impact peak, the secondary impact peak, and weight acceptance phases of the evaluation between the professional and amateur badminton players. The vertical ground reaction force of the professional players in the drive-off phase was markedly higher than that of the amateur players however.Results from independent t-tests revealed a greater range of movement in the ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion on the sagittal plain, demonstrated a significant difference on the frontal and horizontal plains. Further, a significant difference between the professional and amateur players in the external, internal rotation of the knee was observed on the horizontal plain with a larger range of movement also measured in the abduction, adduction on the frontal plain and in the flexion, extension on the sagittal plain. The amateur players presented a smaller planter flexion moment or a greater dorsiflexion moment in the four phases when performing a lunge, while the professional players exhibited a greater eversion moment in the weight acceptance phase when performing a lunge with a smaller internal rotation moment or greater external rotation moment in the drive off phase.In addition, the professional players showed a greater extension moment in the knee in the secondary impact peak phase and a greater abduction moment in the initial impact peak. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to pay attention to the continuity of the player's movements.

biomechanical-analysis-methods-to-assess-professional-badminton

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.3K visualizações.  Ningbo University. Este método pode ajudar a responder a perguntas-chave fato biomecânico sobre o desempenho pulmonar dos jogadores de badminton. A principal vantagem dessa técnica é que ela reproduz momentos reais de badminton. Então os dados não são altamente confiáveis.As implicações desta técnica tendem à terapia de lesões esportivas porque mudanças na articulação sobre o ângulo enquanto jogam badminton são susceptivas de resultar em lesões. No dia da avaliação, o sujeito usou um...