Name: isolation of exosome-enriched extracellular vesicles carrying granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor from embryonic stem cells
Uploaded: 2021-11-11T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Exosome-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor from Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

We are grateful to Mr. Arkadiusz Slusarczyk and Kentucky Biomedical Research Infrastructure Network (KBRIN, P20GM103436) for acquiring transmission electron microscope images. This work was supported in part by grants from NIH AA018016-01 (J.W.E.), Commonwealth of Kentucky Research Challenge Trust Fund (J.W.E.), NIH CA106599 and CA175003 (C.L.), NIH CA198249 (K.Y.), and Free to Breathe Research Grant (K.Y.).

1. Culturing ES-D3 cells
<ol>
	<li>To generate exosome-free fetal bovine serum (FBS), load FBS into an ultracentrifuge and centrifuge at 100,000 x g for 16 h at 4 &#176;C. Following centrifugation, collect serum supernatant as exosome-free FBS for culturing the murine ESC cell line ES-D3 and acquiring exosome-enriched EVs.</li>
	<li>Before plating the ES-D3 cells, coat 15 cm tissue culture dishes using gelatin (0.1%) at room temperature for 30 min.</li>
	<li>Following a previously described protocol<sup class=...

<ol>
	<li>Thomson, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+stem+cell+lines+derived+from+human+blastocysts.">Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts.</a> Science. 282 (5391), 1145-1147 (1998).</li><li>Sakthiswary, R., Raymond, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell+therapy+in+neurodegenerative+diseases:+From+principles+to+practice.">Stem cell therapy in neurodegenerative diseases: From principles to practice.</a> Neural Regeneration Research. 7 (23), 1822-1831 (2012).</li><li>Liu, Y. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+cardiomyocytes+restore+function+in+infarcted+hearts+of+non-human+primates.">Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes restore function in infarcted hearts of non-human primates.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 36 (7), 597-605 (2018).</li><li>Aguayo-Mazzucato, C., Bonner-Weir, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell+therapy+for+type+1+diabetes+mellitus.">Stem cell therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus.</a> Nature Reviews: Endocrinology. 6 (3), 139-148 (2010).</li><li>Thery, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimal+information+for+studies+of+extracellular+vesicles+2018+(MISEV2018):+a+position+statement+of+the+International+Society+for+Extracellular+Vesicles+and+update+of+the+MISEV2014+guidelines.">Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines.</a> Journal of Extracell Vesicles. 7 (1), 1535750 (2018).</li><li>Raposo, G., Stoorvogel, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+vesicles:+exosomes,+microvesicles,+and+friends.">Extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and friends.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 200 (4), 373-383 (2013).</li><li>Meldolesi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+and+Ectosomes+in+Intercellular+Communication.">Exosomes and Ectosomes in Intercellular Communication.</a> Current Biology. 28 (8), R435-R444 (2018).</li><li>Stremersch, S., De Smedt, S. C., Raemdonck, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+and+diagnostic+applications+of+extracellular+vesicles.">Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of extracellular vesicles.</a> Journal of Control Release. 244 (Pt B), 167-183 (2016).</li><li>Lindenbergh, M. F. S., Stoorvogel, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigen+Presentation+by+Extracellular+Vesicles+from+Professional+Antigen-Presenting+Cells.">Antigen Presentation by Extracellular Vesicles from Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells.</a> Annual Review of Immunology. 36, 435-459 (2018).</li><li>Kunigelis, K. E., Graner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Dichotomy+of+Tumor+Exosomes+(TEX)+in+Cancer+Immunity:+Is+It+All+in+the+ConTEXt?.">The Dichotomy of Tumor Exosomes (TEX) in Cancer Immunity: Is It All in the ConTEXt?.</a> Vaccines (Basel). 3 (4), 1019-1051 (2015).</li><li>Becher, B., Tugues, S., Greter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GM-CSF:+From+Growth+Factor+to+Central+Mediator+of+Tissue+Inflammation.">GM-CSF: From Growth Factor to Central Mediator of Tissue Inflammation.</a> Immunity. 45 (5), 963-973 (2016).</li><li>Conti, L., Gessani, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GM-CSF+in+the+generation+of+dendritic+cells+from+human+blood+monocyte+precursors:+recent+advances.">GM-CSF in the generation of dendritic cells from human blood monocyte precursors: recent advances.</a> Immunobiology. 213 (9-10), 859-870 (2008).</li><li>Higano, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+data+from+2+randomized,+double-blind,+placebo-controlled,+phase+3+trials+of+active+cellular+immunotherapy+with+sipuleucel-T+in+advanced+prostate+cancer.">Integrated data from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials of active cellular immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T in advanced prostate cancer.</a> Cancer. 115 (16), 3670-3679 (2009).</li><li>Yan, W. L., Shen, K. Y., Tien, C. Y., Chen, Y. A., Liu, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+progress+in+GM-CSF-based+cancer+immunotherapy.">Recent progress in GM-CSF-based cancer immunotherapy.</a> Immunotherapy. 9 (4), 347-360 (2017).</li><li>Dranoff, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vaccination+with+irradiated+tumor+cells+engineered+to+secrete+murine+granulocyte-macrophage+colony-stimulating+factor+stimulates+potent,+specific,+and+long-lasting+anti-tumor+immunity.">Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (8), 3539-3543 (1993).</li><li>Tremml, G., Singer, M., Malavarca, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+1,+Unit+1C+4,+Culture+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells.">Chapter 1, Unit 1C 4, Culture of mouse embryonic stem cells.</a> Current Protocols in Stem Cell Biology. , (2008).</li><li>Kirsch, P., Hafner, M., Zentgraf, H., Schilling, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time+course+of+fluorescence+intensity+and+protein+expression+in+HeLa+cells+stably+transfected+with+hrGFP.">Time course of fluorescence intensity and protein expression in HeLa cells stably transfected with hrGFP.</a> Molecules and Cells. 15 (3), 341-348 (2003).</li><li>Zeng, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+expression+of+hrGFP+by+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells:+promoter+activity+in+the+undifferentiated+state+and+during+dopaminergic+neural+differentiation.">Stable expression of hrGFP by mouse embryonic stem cells: promoter activity in the undifferentiated state and during dopaminergic neural differentiation.</a> Stem Cells. 21 (6), 647-653 (2003).</li><li>Yaddanapudi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vaccination+with+embryonic+stem+cells+protects+against+lung+cancer:+is+a+broad-spectrum+prophylactic+vaccine+against+cancer+possible?.">Vaccination with embryonic stem cells protects against lung cancer: is a broad-spectrum prophylactic vaccine against cancer possible?.</a> PLoS One. 7 (7), e42289 (2012).</li><li>Dalby, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+transfection+with+Lipofectamine+2000+reagent:+primary+neurons,+siRNA,+and+high-throughput+applications.">Advanced transfection with Lipofectamine 2000 reagent: primary neurons, siRNA, and high-throughput applications.</a> Methods. 33 (2), 95-103 (2004).</li><li>Thery, C., Amigorena, S., Raposo, G., Clayton, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+3,+Unit+3+22,+Isolation+and+characterization+of+exosomes+from+cell+culture+supernatants+and+biological+fluids.">Chapter 3, Unit 3 22, Isolation and characterization of exosomes from cell culture supernatants and biological fluids.</a> Current Protocols in Cell Biology. , (2006).</li><li>Zhang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+for+Immunoregulation+and+Therapeutic+Intervention+in+Cancer.">Exosomes for Immunoregulation and Therapeutic Intervention in Cancer.</a> Journal of Cancer. 7 (9), 1081-1087 (2016).</li><li>Bunggulawa, E. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advancements+in+the+use+of+exosomes+as+drug+delivery+systems.">Recent advancements in the use of exosomes as drug delivery systems.</a> Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 16 (1), 81 (2018).</li><li>Schlesinger, S., Lee, A. H., Wang, G. Z., Green, L., Goff, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proviral+silencing+in+embryonic+cells+is+regulated+by+Yin+Yang+1.">Proviral silencing in embryonic cells is regulated by Yin Yang 1.</a> Cell Reports. 4 (1), 50-58 (2013).</li><li>Dranoff, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GM-CSF-based+cancer+vaccines.">GM-CSF-based cancer vaccines.</a> Immunological Reviews. 188, 147-154 (2002).</li><li>Park, Y. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Feeder+Cell+Types+on+Culture+of+Mouse+Embryonic+Stem+Cell+In+Vitro.">Effects of Feeder Cell Types on Culture of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell In Vitro.</a> Development and Reproduction. 19 (3), 119-126 (2015).</li><li>Lin, S., Talbot, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+culturing+mouse+and+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Methods for culturing mouse and human embryonic stem cells.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 690, 31-56 (2011).</li><li>Yaddanapudi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+from+GM-CSF+expressing+embryonic+stem+cells+are+an+effective+prophylactic+vaccine+for+cancer+prevention.">Exosomes from GM-CSF expressing embryonic stem cells are an effective prophylactic vaccine for cancer prevention.</a> OncoImmunology. 8 (3), 1561119 (2019).</li></ol>

This study shows a highly efficient method of producing exosome-enriched EVs carrying the immune-stimulatory protein GM-CSF, which can be employed to study the immune-modulatory effects of exosome-enriched EVs. Several studies suggest that exosomes exhibit immune-regulatory and anti-tumor functions22. Thus, exosomes from ESCs expressing GM-CSF might also possess biological activities that regulate the immune response. In this protocol, exogenous murine GM-CSF was stably overexpressed in murine ES-...

ESCs are derived from the blastocyst stage of a preimplantation embryo1. As pluripotent stem cells, ESCs have the capability to self-renew and differentiate into any type of embryonic cell. Due to their remarkable developmental potential and long-term proliferative capacity, ESCs are extremely valuable for biomedical research1. Current research efforts have largely focused on the therapeutic potential of ESCs for a variety of major pathological disorders, including diabetes, heart disease, and neurodegenerative diseases2,3,4.
Mammalian cells, including ESCs, are known to release vesicles with variable sizes to the extracellular environment, and these EVs possess many physiological and pathological functions due to their role in intercellular communication5. Among different subtypes of EVs, exosomes are small membrane vesicles released from various cell types into the extracellular space upon fusion of intermediate endocytic compartments, multivesicular bodies (MVBs), with the plasma membrane6. Exosomes have been reported to mediate intercellular communication and are critically involved in many (patho)physiological processes7,8. Exosomes inherit some biological functions from their own parental cells, because exosomes contain biological materials acquired from the cytosol, including proteins and nucleic acids. Thus, the associated antigens or factors stimulating the immune response specific for a given disease are encapsulated in the exosomes from particular types of cells9. This paved the way for clinical trials exploring tumor-derived exosomes as an anti-cancer vaccine10.
GM-CSF is a cytokine secreted by different types of immune cells11. Emerging evidence demonstrates that GM-CSF activates and regulates the immune system and plays an essential role in the antigen-presenting process12. For instance, a clinical report suggests that GM-CSF stimulates the immune response to tumors as a vaccine adjuvant13. Several GM-CSF-based cancer immunotherapy strategies to exploit the potent immune-stimulatory activity of GM-CSF have been investigated in clinical trials14. Among these, a cancer vaccine composed of irradiated GM-CSF-secreting tumor cells has shown some promise in advanced melanoma patients by inducing cellular and humoral antitumor responses and subsequent necrosis in metastasized tumors15.
Because the exosomes derived from ESCs possess similar biological activities as the original ESCs, maybe GM-CSF-carrying exosomes from ESCs could function as cell-free vesicles to regulate the immune response. In this paper, a detailed method to produce high-quality exosome-enriched EVs from ESCs expressing GM-CSF is described. These exosome-enriched EVs have the potential to serve as immune-regulatory vesicles to modulate the immune response.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkaline phosphate, Calf Intestinal</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0290S</td>
			<td>Dephosphorylating DNA plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Annexin V mAb</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>clone H-3, sc-74438</td>
			<td>Western blot, RRID:AB_1118989</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD81 mAb</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>clone B-11, sc-166029</td>
			<td>Western blot, RRID:AB_2275892</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-cytochrome c mAb</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>clone A-8, sc-13156</td>
			<td>Western blot, RRID:AB_627385</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Flotillin-1 mAb</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>clone C-2; sc-74566</td>
			<td>Western blot, RRID:AB_2106563</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-GAPDH pAb</td>
			<td>Rockland</td>
			<td>600-401-A33S</td>
			<td>Western blot, RRID:AB_11182910</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse IgG, goat, peroxidase-conjugated</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>31430</td>
			<td>Western blot, RRID:AB_228307</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Oxphos COX IV-subunit IV mAb</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>clone 20E8C12 A21348</td>
			<td>Western blot, RRID:AB_221509</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) pAb</td>
			<td>Enzo</td>
			<td>ADI-SPA-890</td>
			<td>Western blot, RRID:AB_10616242</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rabbit IgG, goat, peroxidase-conjugated</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>31460</td>
			<td>Western blot, RRID:AB_228341</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA (bicinchoninic acid) assay</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>23223</td>
			<td>Determining protein concentrations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bis-Tris PAGE Gel, ExpressPlus, 4-20%</td>
			<td>Genscript</td>
			<td>M42015</td>
			<td>Western blot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbenicillin, Disodium Salt</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>10177012</td>
			<td>Selecting E. coli colonies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge, Avanti J-26 XPI</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Low speed centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge rotor, JA-10</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>09U1597</td>
			<td>Low speed centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge bottle, Nalgene PPCO</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>3120-0500PK</td>
			<td>Low speed centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cu grids with carbon support film</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>FF200-Cu</td>
			<td>Acquiring electron microscopy images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EcoRI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0101</td>
			<td>Digesting DNA plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enhanced chemiluminescence detection system</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>32106</td>
			<td>Western blot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACScalibur flow cytometer</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Examining GFP levels of ES-D3 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>SCRR-30-2020</td>
			<td>Medium for ES-D3 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherbrand Sterile Cell Strainers; Mesh Size: 40&#956;m</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>22-363-547</td>
			<td>Filtering ES-D3 cells for FACS sorting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin (0.1%)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>ES006B</td>
			<td>Culturing ES-D3 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GM-CSF ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>88733422</td>
			<td>Determining GM-CSF concentrations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>10-829-018</td>
			<td>Medium for ES-D3 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leukemia Inhibitory Factor</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>ESG1106</td>
			<td>Medium for ES-D3 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>VWRL0131-0100</td>
			<td>Medium for ES-D3 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>11668019</td>
			<td>Transfecting ES-D3 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate reader, PowerWave XS</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Determining GM-CSF concentrations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MoFlo XDP high-speed cell sorter</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Isolating single ES-D3 cell clones</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEB 5-alpha Competent E. coli</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>C2988J</td>
			<td>Generating GM-CSF expression plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>10-131-035</td>
			<td>Selecting ES-D3 clones</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-essential amino acids</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>SH3023801</td>
			<td>Medium for ES-D3 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-fat dry milk</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>NC9022655</td>
			<td>Western blot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>31985062</td>
			<td>Transfecting ES-D3 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>Acquiring electron microscopy images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>sc45000-652</td>
			<td>Medium for ES-D3 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmid pEF1a-FD3ER-IRES-hrGFP</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>37270</td>
			<td>Generating GM-CSF expression plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF membranes</td>
			<td>Millipore EMD</td>
			<td>IPVH00010</td>
			<td>Western blot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (250)</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>27106</td>
			<td>Generating GM-CSF expression plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (50)</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>28704</td>
			<td>Generating GM-CSF expression plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quick Ligation Kit</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M2200S</td>
			<td>Generating GM-CSF expression plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmission electron microscope</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>HT7700</td>
			<td>Acquiring electron microscopy images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>45000-660</td>
			<td>Culturing ES-D3 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge, OptimaTM L-100 XP</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>High speed centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge rotor, 45Ti</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>09U4454</td>
			<td>High speed centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge polycarbonate bottle</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>355622</td>
			<td>High speed centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UranyLess staining solution</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>22409</td>
			<td>Acquiring electron microscopy images</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of exosome-enriched extracellular vesicles carrying granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor from embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into all types of embryonic cells. Like many other cell types, ESCs release small membrane vesicles, such as exosomes, to the extracellular environment. Exosomes serve as essential mediators of intercellular communication and play a basic role in many (patho)physiological processes. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) functions as a cytokine to modulate the immune response. The presence of GM-CSF in exosomes has the potential to boost their immune-regulatory function. Here, GM-CSF was stably overexpressed in the murine ESC cell line ES-D3. A protocol was developed to isolate high-quality exosome-enriched extracellular vesicles (EVs) from ES-D3 cells overexpressing GM-CSF. Isolated exosome-enriched EVs were characterized by a variety of experimental approaches. Importantly, significant amounts of GM-CSF were found to be present in exosome-enriched EVs. Overall, GM-CSF-bearing exosome-enriched EVs from ESCs might function as cell-free vesicles to exert their immune-regulatory activities.

GM-CSF is overexpressed in murine ESCs. 
To stably overexpress GM-CSF in ES-D3 cells, murine GM-CSF cDNA was cloned into a transfection vector to generate the expression vector pEF1&#945;-mGM-CSF-IRES-hrGFP (Figure 1A). GM-CSF was overexpressed in ES-D3 cells by transfection, and about 20% of transiently transfected ES-D3 cells were GFP-positive. Cell clones stably overexpressing GM-CSF or the empty vector control were a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Exosome-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor from Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation of Exosome-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor from Embryonic Stem Cells

This study describes a method to isolate exosome-enriched extracellular vesicles carrying immune-stimulatory granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors from embryonic stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into all types of embryonic cells. Like many other cell ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Invasive Behavior of Human Breast Cancer Cells in Embryonic Zebrafish

In many cases, cancer patients do not die of a primary tumor, but rather because of metastasis. Although numerous rodent models are available for studying ...

Harnessing the DNA Dye-triggered Side Population Phenotype to Detect and Purify Cancer Stem Cells from Biological Samples

Cancer is a stem cell-driven disease and eradication of these cells has become a major therapeutic goal. Deciphering vulnerabilities of Cancer Stem Cells ...

A Preclinical Mouse Model of Osteosarcoma to Define the Extracellular Vesicle-mediated Communication Between Tumor and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Within the tumor microenvironment, resident or recruited mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contribute to malignant progression in multiple cancer types. Under ...

Isolation and Characterization of Tumor-initiating Cells from Sarcoma Patient-derived Xenografts

The existence and importance of tumor-initiating cells (TICs) have been supported by increasing evidence during the past decade. These TICs have been ...

Isolation of Human Endothelial Cells from Normal Colon and Colorectal Carcinoma - An Improved Protocol

Primary cells isolated from human carcinomas are valuable tools to identify pathogenic mechanisms contributing to disease development and progression. In ...

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Isolation from Pulp Tissue and Co-Culture with Cancer Cells to Study Their Interactions

Cancer as a multistep process and complicated disease is not only regulated by individual cell proliferation and growth but also controlled by tumor ...

Extraction of Extracellular Vesicles from Whole Tissue

Circulating and interstitial small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent promising targets for the development of novel diagnostic or ...

Spatial and Temporal Control of Murine Melanoma Initiation from Mutant Melanocyte Stem Cells

Cutaneous melanoma is well known as the most aggressive skin cancer. Although the risk factors and major genetic alterations continue to be documented ...

Isolation of Stem-like Cells from 3-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures

Despite advances in adult stem cell research, identification and isolation of stem cells from tissue specimens remains a major challenge. While resident ...

Isolation and Functional Assessment of Human Breast Cancer Stem Cells from Cell and Tissue Samples

Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are cancer cells with inherited or acquired stem cell-like characteristics. Despite their low frequency, they are major ...