Os autores gostariam de agradecer Hannah Zamore, Emily Saks e Josh Searle por sua ajuda no estabelecimento desta estratégia operante que muda paradigma no laboratório Grafe. Eles também gostariam de agradecer Kevin Snyder por sua ajuda com o código MATLAB para análise.

Os autores não têm nada a revelar.

O protocolo demonstra como medir os efeitos do estresse na função cognitiva. Especificamente, um paradigma de mudança de estratégia operante modificado é usado em roedores, que mede a flexibilidade cognitiva (análoga à Tarefa de Classificação de Cartões de Wisconsin em humanos)1. A flexibilidade cognitiva denota a capacidade de adaptar estratégias de processamento cognitivo para enfrentar novas condições no ambiente, e é crucial para o funcionamento diário normal2<...

Em humanos, eventos de vida estressantes podem prejudicar a função cognitiva (ou seja, flexibilidade cognitiva1), que denota a capacidade de adaptar estratégias de processamento cognitivo para enfrentar novas condições no ambiente2. O comprometimento na cognição precipita e exacerba muitos transtornos psiquiátricos, como Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT) e Transtorno Depressivo Maior (DMD)3,4. Esses transtornos são duas vezes mais prevalentes nas fêmeas5,6,7,8, mas a base biológica para essa disparidade permanece desconhecida. Aspectos do funcionamento executivo em humanos podem ser avaliados usando a Tarefa de Classificação de Cartões de Wisconsin, uma demonstração de flexibilidade cognitiva2. O desempenho nesta tarefa é prejudicado em pacientes com TEPT9 e MDD10,mas a base neural dessa mudança só pode ser examinada por imagem cerebral11.
Avanços na compreensão de como o estresse afeta o cérebro têm sido feitos através do uso de modelos animais, particularmente roedores. Como a flexibilidade cognitiva é afetada em doenças relacionadas ao estresse, é um fenótipo excepcionalmente relevante para examinar em roedores. Até o momento, a maioria da literatura de neurobiologia do estresse tem utilizado um paradigma alternativo de flexibilidade cognitiva (às vezes referido como tarefa de escavação)12,13,14,15. Embora esta tarefa tenha sido extensivamente examinada, requer mais tempo e esforço do experimentador para treinar roedores. Adaptado e descrito aqui é um protocolo de mudança automatizada bem estabelecido16 para avaliar a flexibilidade cognitiva em ratos de Sprague Dawley masculino e feminino usando vários modelos de estresse17,18. O procedimento requer supervisão mínima do experimentador e permite que vários ratos sejam testados simultaneamente. Além disso, ao contrário de outras versões desta tarefa automatizada19,a adaptação desse paradigma requer apenas 3 dias de treinamento e inclui uma análise eficiente de dados programados.
Se o estresse melhora ou prejudica a função cognitiva depende do tipo, intensidade e duração do estressor, bem como do tempo do estressor em relação à aprendizagem ou execução de uma tarefa cognitiva20,21. Assim, o protocolo incorpora procedimentos de estresse antes e depois do treinamento operante. Também examina resultados representativos de estudos de estresse. Além disso, as regiões cerebrais subjacentes a aspectos particulares da mudança de conjunto foram bem estabelecidas2,16,22; assim, o relatório também descreve como direcionar e avaliar determinadas regiões cerebrais durante ou após os procedimentos de mudança de estresse e estratégia.
Tem havido pesquisas limitadas sobre o exame direto das diferenças sexuais na flexibilidade cognitiva18,23.  O protocolo descreve como 1) incorporar ratos machos e fêmeas no paradigma experimental, então 2) rastrear ciclos estrous antes e durante os procedimentos no ciclismo livre feminino. Estudos anteriores indicaram que o estresse antes do treinamento operante pode levar a déficits específicos do sexo na flexibilidade cognitiva em ratos17. Particularmente, ratos fêmeas exibem interrupções na flexibilidade cognitiva após o estresse, enquanto a flexibilidade cognitiva melhora em ratos machos após o estresse17. Curiosamente, uma das principais marcas de transtornos psiquiátricos relacionados ao estresse, que têm uma incidência sexual em humanos, é a inflexibilidade cognitiva. Esses resultados sugerem que as fêmeas podem ser mais vulneráveis a esse tipo de comprometimento cognitivo do que os homens. O uso dessas técnicas em modelos animais lançará luz sobre os efeitos do estresse no cérebro e como prejudica a cognição em transtornos psiquiátricos em humanos.

<table><tbody><tr><td>3 inch glass pipette eye droppers</td><td>Amazon</td><td>4306-30-012LC</td><td>For vaginal lavage</td></tr><tr><td>Alcohol Wipes</td><td>VWR</td><td>15648-990</td><td>To clean trays in set shifting boxes between rats</td></tr><tr><td>Biotin-SP-conjugated AffiniPure Donkey Anti-Mouse lgG (H+L), minimal cross reaction to bovine, chicken, goat, guinea pig, hamster, horse, human, rabbit, sheep serum proteins</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>715-065-150</td><td>All other DAB protocol staining materials are standard buffers/DAB and are not specified here, as this is not the main focus of the methods paper</td></tr><tr><td>C-fos mouse monoclonal primary antibody</td><td>AbCam</td><td>ab208942</td><td>To stain neural activation in brain areas after set shifting</td></tr><tr><td>Dustless Food Pellets</td><td>Bio Serv</td><td>F0021</td><td>For set shifting boxes (dispenser for reward)</td></tr><tr><td>GraphPad Prism</td><td></td><td></td><td>Used for data analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Leica DM4 B Microscope and associated imaging software</td><td>Leica</td><td></td><td>Lots of different parts for the microscope and work station, for imaging lavage and/or cfos</td></tr><tr><td>MatLab</td><td></td><td></td><td>Software; code to help analyze set shifting data, available upon request.</td></tr><tr><td>Med-PC Software Suite</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>SOF-736</td><td>Software; uses codes to operate operant chambers</td></tr><tr><td>Operant Chambers</td><td>Med PC</td><td>MED-008-B2</td><td>Many different parts for the chamber set up and software to work with it; we also wrote a separate code for set shifting, available upon request.</td></tr><tr><td>Rat Bedding</td><td>Envigo</td><td>T.7097</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rat Chow</td><td>Envigo</td><td>T.2014.15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Restraint Devices</td><td>Bryn Mawr College</td><td>Made by our shop</td><td>For stress exposure; specifications available upon request.</td></tr><tr><td>Scribbles 3d fabric paint</td><td>Amazon</td><td>54139</td><td>For vaginal lavage</td></tr><tr><td>Sprague Dawley Rats</td><td>Envigo</td><td></td><td>At least D65 Males and Females</td></tr><tr><td>VWR Superfrost Plus Micro Slide</td><td>VWR</td><td>48311-703</td><td>For vaginal lavage and/or brain slices/staining for c-fos</td></tr></tbody></table>

assessment of stress effects on cognitive flexibility using an operant strategy shifting paradigm

O estresse afeta a função cognitiva. Se o estresse aumenta ou prejudica a função cognitiva depende de vários fatores, incluindo o tipo 1, intensidade e duração do estressor; 2) tipo de função cognitiva em estudo; e 3) tempo do estressor em relação à aprendizagem ou execução da tarefa cognitiva. Além disso, as diferenças sexuais entre os efeitos do estresse na função cognitiva têm sido amplamente documentadas. Descrita aqui é uma adaptação de uma estratégia de operante automatizada que muda paradigma para avaliar como as variações no estresse afetam a flexibilidade cognitiva em ratos de Sprague Dawley masculinos e femininos. Especificamente, o estresse de contenção é usado antes ou depois do treinamento nesta tarefa baseada em operantes para examinar como o estresse afeta o desempenho cognitivo em ambos os sexos. Áreas cerebrais específicas associadas a cada tarefa neste paradigma automatizado foram bem estabelecidas (ou seja, o córtex pré-frontal medial e o córtex orbitofrontal). Isso permite manipulações direcionadas durante o experimento ou a avaliação de genes e proteínas específicos nessas regiões após a conclusão do paradigma. Esse paradigma também permite a detecção de diferentes tipos de erros de desempenho que ocorrem após o estresse, cada um dos quais definiu substratos neurais. Também são identificadas diferenças sexuais distintas em erros perseverativos após um paradigma de estresse de contenção repetido. O uso dessas técnicas em um modelo pré-clínico pode revelar como o estresse afeta o cérebro e prejudica a cognição em transtornos psiquiátricos, como transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) e transtorno depressivo maior (DMD), que apresentam diferenças sexuais acentuadas na prevalência.

O paradigma de mudança de estratégia automatizada adaptada delineado acima foi usado para determinar se o estresse de contenção repetida afeta a cognição em ratos de Sprague Dawley masculinos e femininos. Os dados comportamentais representativos estão descritos na Figura 2 abaixo. Em suma, o controle e os ratos repetidamente contidos realizaram este teste de mudança de estratégia operante, que consistia em uma série de tarefas: discriminação lateral, reversão lateral e discrimin...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm at JoVE.com

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

Eventos de vida estressantes prejudicam a função cognitiva, aumentando o risco de transtornos psiquiátricos. Este protocolo ilustra como o estresse afeta a flexibilidade cognitiva usando uma estratégia de operante automatizada que muda paradigma em ratos de Sprague Dawley masculino e feminino. Áreas cerebrais específicas subjacentes a comportamentos particulares são discutidas, e a relevância translacional dos resultados é explorada.

Avaliação dos efeitos do estresse na flexibilidade cognitiva usando um paradigma de mudança de estratégia operante

Stress affects cognitive function. Whether stress enhances or impairs cognitive function depends on several factors, including the 1) type, intensity, and ...

assessment-stress-effects-on-cognitive-flexibility-using-an-operant

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

3.2K visualizações.  Bryn Mawr College. Eventos de vida estressantes prejudicam a função cognitiva, aumentando o risco de transtornos psiquiátricos. Este protocolo ilustra como o estresse afeta a flexibilidade cognitiva usando uma estratégia de operante automatizada que muda paradigma em ratos de Sprague Dawley masculino e feminino. Áreas cerebrais específicas subjacentes a comportamentos particulares são discutidas, e a relevância translacional dos resultados é explorada.

Vídeo: Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

A Task Congruência Crossmodal como um meio para se obter uma medida comportamental Objetivo no Rubber Mão Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

Comportamento

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are frequently used in the research on human action control. One important question in these settings is how distractor stimuli, competing with the target stimulus for a response, influence actions. The distractor-response binding paradigm can be used to investigate this influence. It is particular useful to separately analyze response retrieval and distractor inhibition effects. Computer-based experiments are used to collect the data (reaction times and error rates). In a number of sequentially presented pairs of stimulus arrays (prime-probe design), participants respond to targets while ignoring distractor stimuli. Importantly, the factors response relation in the arrays of each pair (repetition vs. change) and distractor relation (repetition vs. change) are varied orthogonally. The repetition of the same distractor then has a different effect depending on response relation (repetition vs. change) between arrays. This result pattern can be explained by response retrieval due to distractor repetition. In addition, distractor inhibition effects are indicated by a general advantage due to distractor repetition. The described paradigm has proven useful to determine relevant parameters for response retrieval effects on human action.

The distractor-response binding paradigm is described. It can be used to shed light on the influence irrelevant stimuli, competing with targets for a response, can have on human action. Both response retrieval effects and distractor inhibition effects can be analyzed within the paradigm.

Estímulos irrelevantes e Controle Ação: analisar a influência da Ignorado estímulos através do distrator-Resposta Encadernação Paradigm

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

A Task Attentional Set Shifting: uma certa flexibilidade cognitiva em ratos

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

Investigando os efeitos dos antipsicóticos e esquizotipia no N400 Usando Potenciais relacionados a eventos e Categorização Semântica

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

Procedimentos operantes para avaliar a flexibilidade comportamental em ratos

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric diseases. The most widely used neuropsychological tests for the evaluation of attentional set-shifting in human subjects are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the CANTAB Intra-/Extra-dimensional set shift task (ID/ED). These tasks have proven clinical relevance and have been modified and successfully adapted for research in animal models. However, currently available tasks for rodents present several limitations, mainly due to their manual-based testing procedures, which are hampering translational advances in psychiatric medicine. To overcome these limitations and to better mimic the original version in primates, we present the development of a novel operant-based two-chamber ID/ED "Operon" task for rodents. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this novel task to measure different facets of cognitive flexibility in mice including attentional set formation and shifting, and reversal learning. Moreover, we show the high flexibility of this task in which three different perceptual dimensions can be manipulated with a high number of stimuli cues for each dimension. This novel ID/ED Operon task can be an effective preclinical tool for drug testing and/or large genetic screening relevant to the study of executive dysfunction and cognitive symptoms found in psychiatric disorders.

Attentional set-shifting cognitive abnormalities are a core feature of many psychiatric diseases. Here, we present the development of a novel automatic system for the effective study of attentional set-shifting abilities, executive functions and other cognitive abilities in mice with high translational validity to human studies.

Um operante intra / extra-dimensional Set-shift-Tarefa para ratos

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric ...

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy based on a change in governing rules. We describe a strategy set-shifting task that requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. The paradigm is often used for testing cognitive flexibility in primates. However, the rodent version has not been as extensively developed. We have recently extended an established set-shifting task in the rat1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. All the experimental conditions required animals to choose either a left or right lever. Initially, all animals had to choose on the basis of the location of the lever. Subsequently, a change in the rule occurred, which required a shift in set from location-based rule to a rule in which the correct lever was indicated by a light cue. We compared performance on three different versions of the task, in which the light stimulus was either novel, previously relevant, or previously irrelevant. We found that specific neurochemical lesions selectively impaired the ability to make particular types of set shift as measured by the performance on the different versions of the task.

Set-shifting, a form of behavioral flexibility, requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. We extended an established rodent set-shifting task1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. The task was combined with specific lesions to identify neuron subtypes underlying a successful shift.

Novas Variações para estratégia definida de mudança no Rat

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy ...

Chronic Stress Shifts Effort-Related Choice Behavior in a Y-Maze Barrier Task in Mice

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that measures motivation to expend effort and obtain reward. In mice, chronic stress exposure significantly impacts motivation to work for a higher value reward when a lesser value reward is freely available compared to unstressed mice. Here we describe the chronic corticosterone administration paradigm, which produces a shift in effortful responding in the Y-maze barrier task. In the Y-maze task, one arm contains 4 food pellets, while the other arm contains only 2 pellets. After mice learn to select the high reward arm, barriers with progressively increasing height are then introduced into the high reward arm over multiple test sessions. Unfortunately, most chronic stress paradigms (including corticosterone and social defeat) were developed in male mice and are less effective in female mice. Therefore, we also discuss chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), a stress paradigm we developed that is effective in both male and female mice. Repeating results with multiple distinct chronic stressors in male and female mice combined with increased usage of translationally relevant behavior tasks will help to advance the understanding of how chronic stress can precipitate mood disorders.

The Y-maze barrier task is a behavior test that examines motivation to expend effort for reward. Here, we discuss testing multiple well-validated chronic stressors including chronic corticosterone and social defeat stress with this behavior, as well as the novel chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), which is effective in females.

Estresse crônico muda comportamento de escolha relacionado ao esforço em uma tarefa de barreira y-maze em camundongos

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Impacto do estresse de contenção na fisiologia e neurobiologia em modelos de roedores

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats

Across all animal species, exposure to stressful conditions induces stress responses. One method to study the effects of stress using rodent models is the restraint stress procedure. Restraint stress has been used for decades to investigate changes in physiology, genetics, neurobiology, immunology, and other systems impacted by stress. Due to the ease of performing the procedure, low cost, and numerous modifications to scale for the intensity and duration of stress exposure, a vast literature of studies has used restraint stress in mice and rats. As one example, this study presents previously published data showing the impact of restraint stress in transgenic mice on plasma corticosterone levels and optogenetically-induced norepinephrine release. Acute restraint stress increased plasma corticosterone levels, yet this effect was blunted in mice following repeat restraint stress. However, stimulated norepinephrine release in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis was increased only in the repeat restraint stress group. These data highlight important considerations of restraint parameters on dependent measures. Additional descriptions of restraint stress in rats are also included for comparison. Finally, the influence of the parameters of the restraint (e.g., acute vs. chronic) and characteristics of the animal subjects (strain, sex, age) are discussed.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Contenção para induzir estresse em camundongos e ratos

This article covers the procedures to induce stress responses using physical restraint stress in mice and rats. Additional considerations that should be observed when selecting and using restraint stress in rodent models are discussed.

Contenção para induzir estresse em camundongos e ratos

Across all animal species, exposure to stressful conditions induces stress responses. One method to study the effects of stress using rodent models is the ...

Avaliação dos efeitos do estresse na flexibilidade cognitiva usando um paradigma de mudança de estratégia operante

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