This study was supported by the health Committee of Sichuan Province (Grant No.20PJ061), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.32101188), and the General Project of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2021YFS0102), China.

This study did not need approval to perform or any sort of consent from the patients to use and publish their data, because all the data and information in this study and video were anonymized.
1. Collection of image data
<ol>
	<li>Scan the patient&#39;s thyroid by enhanced computerized tomography (CT) to obtain the image data in DICOM format. Ensure that this process is done within 1 week before the operation and control the slice thickness so that it is &#8804;1 mm.</li>
<...

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comprehensive+review+of+biopolymer+fabrication+in+additive+manufacturing+processing+for+3D-tissue-engineering+scaffolds.">A comprehensive review of biopolymer fabrication in additive manufacturing processing for 3D-tissue-engineering scaffolds.</a> Polymers. 14 (10), 2119 (2022).</li><li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inkjet+bioprinting+of+biomaterials.">Inkjet bioprinting of biomaterials.</a> Chemical Reviews. 120 (19), 10793-10833 (2020).</li><li>Mironov, V., Kasyanov, V., Markwald, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organ+printing:+from+bioprinter+to+organ+biofabrication+line.">Organ printing: from bioprinter to organ biofabrication line.</a> Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 22 (5), 667-673 (2011).</li><li>Niedziela, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thyroid+nodules.">Thyroid nodules.</a> Best Practice &amp; Research. Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 28 (2), 245-277 (2014).</li><li>Hong, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Usefulness+of+a+3D-printed+thyroid+cancer+phantom+for+clinician+to+patient+communication.">Usefulness of a 3D-printed thyroid cancer phantom for clinician to patient communication.</a> World Journal of Surgery. 44 (3), 788-794 (2020).</li><li>Doucet, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modelling+and+manufacturing+of+a+3D+printed+trachea+for+cricothyroidotomy+simulation.">Modelling and manufacturing of a 3D printed trachea for cricothyroidotomy simulation.</a> Cureus. 9 (8), 1575 (2017).</li><li>Lim, P. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+3D+printed+models+in+resident+education+for+the+classification+of+acetabulum+fractures.">Use of 3D printed models in resident education for the classification of acetabulum fractures.</a> Journal of Surgical Education. 75 (6), 1679-1684 (2018).</li><li>Al Ali, A. B., Griffin, M. F., Calonge, W. M., Butler, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+the+use+of+cleft+lip+and+palate+3D-printed+models+as+a+teaching+aid.">Evaluating the use of cleft lip and palate 3D-printed models as a teaching aid.</a> Journal of Surgical Education. 75 (1), 200-208 (2018).</li><li>Chan, H. H. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+rapid+prototyping+for+otolaryngology-head+and+neck+surgery:+applications+in+image-guidance,+surgical+simulation+and+patient-specific+modeling.">3D rapid prototyping for otolaryngology-head and neck surgery: applications in image-guidance, surgical simulation and patient-specific modeling.</a> PLoS One. 10 (9), 0136370 (2015).</li><li>Craft, D. F., Howell, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+and+fabrication+of+a+full-scale,+sagittal-sliced,+3D-printed,+patient-specific+radiotherapy+phantom.">Preparation and fabrication of a full-scale, sagittal-sliced, 3D-printed, patient-specific radiotherapy phantom.</a> Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 18 (5), 285-292 (2017).</li><li>Hong, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+personalized+and+realistic+educational+thyroid+cancer+phantom+based+on+CT+images:+An+evaluation+of+accuracy+between+three+different+3D+printers.">Development of a personalized and realistic educational thyroid cancer phantom based on CT images: An evaluation of accuracy between three different 3D printers.</a> Computers in Biology and Medicine. 113, 103393 (2019).</li><li>Hazelaar, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+3D+printing+techniques+to+create+an+anthropomorphic+thorax+phantom+for+medical+imaging+purposes.">Using 3D printing techniques to create an anthropomorphic thorax phantom for medical imaging purposes.</a> Medical Physics. 45 (1), 92-100 (2018).</li><li>Tack, P., Victor, J., Gemmel, P., Annemans, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D-printing+techniques+in+a+medical+setting:+a+systematic+literature+review.">3D-printing techniques in a medical setting: a systematic literature review.</a> Biomedical Engineering Online. 15 (1), 115 (2016).</li><li>Bernhard, J. 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Ultrasound may be the only preoperative imaging procedure for most patients undergoing thyroid surgery15. However, a few well-differentiated cases may suffer from advanced diseases, which invade the surrounding tissues or organs and hinder the operation16. This model may be more suitable for patients with far-advanced thyroid cancer. When the disease progresses, additional CT scanning is helpful for further diagnosis. This model is based on CT scanning, which provides more ...

Thyroid nodules are one of the most common endocrine diseases, among which thyroid cancer accounts for 14%-21%1. The preferred treatment for thyroid cancer is surgery. However, because the thyroid gland is located in the anterior cervical area, there are important tissues and organs close to the thyroid gland in the operation area, such as the parathyroid gland, trachea, esophagus, and cervical great vessels and nerves2,3, making the operation relatively difficult and risky. The most common surgical complications are a decrease in parathyroid function caused by parathyroid function injury or mis-resection and hoarseness caused by recurrent laryngeal nerve injury4. The reduction of the above-mentioned surgical complications has always been an objective for surgeons. The most common imaging method before thyroid surgery is ultrasound imaging, although its display of the parathyroid gland and nerve is very limited5. In addition, the variation in the position of the parathyroid gland and the recurrent laryngeal nerve in the thyroid surgery area is very high, which hinders identification6,7. If the anatomical position of each patient can be clearly displayed to the surgeon through the model in real time during the operation, it will reduce the operational risk of thyroid surgery, reduce the incidence of complications, and improve the efficiency of thyroid surgery.
In addition, it is also challenging to thoroughly explain the surgical process to patients before surgery. Some inexperienced surgeons find it difficult to explain and convey the precise details of the operation to patients, especially because of the complexity of the thyroid gland and its surrounding structures. Each patient has their own unique anatomical structure and personal needs8. Therefore, a personalized 3D thyroid model based on the real anatomy of the patient can effectively help patients and clinicians. Currently, the majority of the products on the market are mass-produced based on plane diagrams. By utilizing 3D printing technology to produce a patient-specific model that reflects each patient&#39;s individual medical needs, this model can be used to evaluate the actual condition of patients with thyroid cancer and help surgeons better communicate the nature of the disease with patients.
3D printing (or additive manufacturing) is a three-dimensional construction built from a computer aided design model or digital 3D model9. It has been used in many medical applications, such as medical devices, anatomical models, and drug formulation10. Compared to traditional imaging, a 3D printing model is more visible and more legible. Therefore, 3D printing is increasingly being used in modern surgical procedures. Commonly used 3D-printed technologies include vat polymerization-based printing, powder-based printing, inkjet-based printing, and extrusion-based printing11. In vat polymerization-based printing, a specific wavelength of light is irradiated onto a barrel of light-curing resin, which locally cures the resin one layer at a time. It has the advantages of material saving and fast printing. Powder-based printing relies on localized heating to fuse the powder material for a denser structure, but it also leads to a significant increase in printing time and cost, and is currently in limited use12. Inkjet-based printing uses a precise spraying of droplets onto the substrate in a layer-by-layer process. This technology is the most mature and has the advantages of high material compatibility, controllable cost, and fast printing time13. Extrusion-based printing extrudes materials such as solutions and suspensions through nozzles. This technique utilizes cells and, therefore, has the highest soft tissue-mimicking capabilities. Due to the higher cost and bio-affinity, it is mainly used in the field of tissue engineering and less frequently in surgical organ models14.
As a result, we chose the &#34;White Jet Process&#34; printing technology, based on the complexity of the thyroid and its surrounding structures and the surgical schedule. This technology combines the advantages of vat polymerization-based printing and inkjet-based printing, and offers high precision, fast printing, and low cost, making it a good fit for thyroid surgery. The aim of this protocol is to make a 3D-printed thyroid cancer model, improve the prognosis of patients by providing sufficient information about the anatomical structure and variation of patients, and better inform doctors and patients about all the conditions related to the surgical process.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3D color printer</td>
			<td>Zhuhai Sina 3D Technology Co</td>
			<td>J300PLUS</td>
			<td>Function support: automatic optimized placement, automatic model typesetting, automatic generation support, real-time layered edge cutting and printing, slice export, custom color thickness, custom placement / scaling, man hour evaluation, material consumption evaluation, print status monitoring, material remaining display, changing materials and colors, managing work queues, full / semi enclosed printing, automatic detection of model interference, layer preview, automatic pause of ink shortage, power failure to resume printing Automatic cleaning nozzle, automatic channel adaptation, ink change, automatic cleaning pipeline, follow-up laying. Range of optional materials: RGD series transparent molding materials, RGD series opaque molding materials, FLX series soft molding materials, ABS like series molding materials, high temperature resistant molding materials, Med series molding materials (first-class medical record certification), ordinary supporting materials, water-soluble supporting materials.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mimics 21.0 software&#160;</td>
			<td>Materialise, Belgium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>DICOM data processing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a personalized 3d-printed model for preoperative evaluation in thyroid surgery

The anatomic structure of the surgical area of thyroid cancer is complex. It is very important to comprehensively and carefully evaluate the tumor location and its relation with the capsule, trachea, esophagus, nerves, and blood vessels before operation. This paper introduces an innovative 3D-printed model establishment method based on computerized tomography (CT) DICOM images. We established a personalized 3D-printed model of the cervical thyroid surgery field for each patient who needed thyroid surgery to help clinicians evaluate the key points and difficulties of the surgery and select the operation methods of key parts as a basis. The results showed that this model is conducive to preoperative discussion and the formulation of operation strategies. In particular, as a result of the clear display of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid gland locations in the thyroid operation field, injury to them can be avoided during surgery, the difficulty of thyroid surgery reduced, and the incidence of postoperative hypoparathyroidism and complications related to recurrent laryngeal nerve injury reduced too. Moreover, this 3D-printed model is intuitive and aids communication for the signing of informed consent by patients before surgery.

This paper presents a protocol for the construction of personalized 3D-printed models of patients&#39; thyroids. Figure 1 shows a flow chart for establishing a personalized 3D-printed model for thyroids of patients. Figure 2 shows the personalized 3D-printed model printing device for thyroids of patients. Figure 3 shows the software interface for the establishment of a personalized 3D-printed model for thyroid patients. The interfac...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Personalized 3D-Printed Model for Preoperative Evaluation in Thyroid Surgery at JoVE.com

A Personalized 3D-Printed Model for Preoperative Evaluation in Thyroid Surgery

Here, a new method of establishing a personalized 3D-printed model for preoperative evaluation of thyroid surgery is proposed. It is conducive to preoperative discussion, reducing the difficulty of thyroid surgery.

The anatomic structure of the surgical area of thyroid cancer is complex. It is very important to comprehensively and carefully evaluate the tumor ...

In this study, we aim to improve the preoperative assessment, patient communication, and the surgical certainty of thyroid surgery through personalized 3D thyroid models. This technique can very valiantly restore the relationship between the thyroid gland and the surrounding structures using less time and cost. If we can obtain high precision 3D images or personalized 3D model can be met.For example, liver surgery. To begin scan the patient's thyroid by enhanced computerized tomography to obtain the image data in DICOM format. Import the scanned image data into the software and set the appropriate threshold according to the difference in gray value between the thyroid gland and surrounding tissues or organs.As different gray values reflect differences in the intensity of different areas of the human body, set the gray scale threshold to 226 to 1500 to present the bone image, set the threshold to minus 200 to 226 to show the thyroid gland image. Let the software automatically identify the boxed area or manually outline the boundary of the target area if the recognition is not satisfactory. Generate STL files from the reconstructed data model.After getting the doctor's approval on the reconstructed 3D model, transfer the STL file data to the colorful material 3D printer to set the parameter presets through the supporting 3D printing slicing software. Select the printing model according to the type of finished products. Color printing models usually use white jet process technology.While photosensitive resin uses digital light procession. Select the slice stroke thickness parameter according to the thickness of the products. Here, 23 to 36 micrometers.Choose the support method according to the fineness of the printing model either overall support for better protection and less damage to fine details or partial support which saves materials. Then select model coloring using the color palette function on the printer. Unify the arteries with red color 255 and the veins with blue color 255.Fill in hard light curing resin in the 3D printer. Debug the printing platform and print using white jet process technology. After printing, take out the preliminary printed thyroid model.Subtract the supporting structure by breaking apart and wrapping supports around the preliminary model with gloved hands and remove most of the main body of the supporting structure. Put the model into an ultrasonic cleaner with calcium hydroxide alkaline solution for a 15-minute cleaning. Put the model into a wet sandblaster and rinse it until the rest of the support structure on the surface is washed away.Next, grind the model with an electric grinder file or grinding wheel. After grinding, spray the varnish into large area color blocks on half of the model's surface. Then manually paint the small area color blocks with varnish.Next, put the model into a UV curing machine for 30 seconds of curing. Then take out the model and clean it with 95%alcohol. Pack the finished thyroid model and complete the delivery to the surgeons before surgery.Following this approach, a complete 3D printed model of the thyroid region was constructed through enhanced computerized tomography before the operation for a thyroid cancer patient. High quality 3D images is a basis for printing. The WGP printing technology is a key point to high quality 3D models.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

1.1K visualizações.  Sichuan University. Neste estudo, pretendemos melhorar a avaliação pré-operatória, a comunicação com o paciente e a certeza cirúrgica da cirurgia da tireoide através de modelos 3D personalizados de tireoide. Esta técnica pode muito valentemente restaurar a relação entre a glândula tireoide e as estruturas circundantes usando menos tempo e custo. Se pudermos obter imagens 3D de alta precisão ou modelo 3D personalizado pode ser atendido.Por exemplo, cirurgia hepática. Iniciar a varredura da ti...