<ol><li> Anestesiar ratos com isoflurano (4% para a indução, 1,5-2% para a cirurgia), utilizando IACUC procedimentos aprovados. É importante que a cauda e / ou pitadas toe são usados ​​para garantir que o animal está completamente sedado. </li><li> Usando um cortador de roedores, raspar o cabelo na parte de trás do pescoço até os olhos. </li><li> Posicione o mouse em uma moldura estereotáxica, sobre um cobertor cirurgia de água re-circulação. Fixe de forma segura a cabeça com barras de ouvido. </li><li> Aplicar pomada, para evitar que o olho do animal de secar. </li><li> Administrar, por via subcutânea, dexametasona (0,2 mg / Kg) e carprofeno (5 mg / Kg) para evitar o inchaço do cérebro e / ou uma resposta inflamatória, respectivamente. </li><li> Antes de iniciar a cirurgia, esterilizar a área operacional, limpando a pele com três golpes alternados de álcool 70% e betadine. </li><li> Todos os instrumentos cirúrgicos foram pré-esterilizados usando um copo esterilizador talão. Usando a tesoura que foram esterilizadas com etanol, retire a pele ao longo do topo do crânio, começando com um corte horizontal em toda a base da cabeça, seguido de dois cortes no sentido rostral, quase alcançando as pálpebras, em seguida, dois cortes oblíquos que convergem para a linha média. </li><li> Uma gota de solução de lidocaína + adrenalina é aplicado neste ponto sobre o periósteo para evitar sangramento excessivo ou dor. Com um bisturi, retirar o periósteo para as bordas do crânio. Além disso, levemente retrair a musculatura da parte de trás do pescoço. </li><li> Raspe toda a área exposta do crânio com o bisturi para criar uma superfície seca. Isto é muito importante, pois permitirá que a cola para aderir melhor quando aplicado mais tarde. </li><li> Uma vez que um site de imagens foi escolhido, um está pronto para criar a janela do crânio. Em primeiro lugar, gentilmente &quot;desenhar&quot; um círculo de cerca de 4 mm de diâmetro com o martelo pneumático dental. </li><li> Depois de um ligeiro de perfuração, aplicar solução de lidocaína + adrenalina novamente sobre a superfície do crânio. Parar a perfuração quando uma camada muito fina de osso é esquerda. Empurrando suavemente o centro da craniotomia para sentir como ele dá forma, pode-se geralmente sabem que este estágio é atingido. </li><li> De acordo com uma gota de soro fisiológico e tomar vantagem das trabéculas ósseas - a estrutura esponjosa do osso - elevador de distância da craniotomia do crânio com uma pinça ponta fina. A solução salina é importante, pois ajudará a levantar o crânio e prevenir o sangramento da dura-máter. </li><li> Aplicar Gelfoam que tenha sido previamente embebido em soro fisiológico para a dura-máter para evitar qualquer sangramento pequeno que ocasionalmente ocorre quando o crânio é removido. </li><li> Após a secagem da superfície dura-máter ea garantia de que não há sangramento, deite cuidadosamente estéril 5 milímetros lamínula de vidro em cima da dura-máter. (Nota: outros grupos, também, colocar uma gota de baixo ponto de fusão de agarose (1,2%) sobre a dura e colocar a lamela em cima do agar). </li><li> Aplique uma gota de cola à base de cianoacrilato, para o hemisfério oposto do crânio. Com a ajuda de uma agulha, aplicar suavemente a cola ao redor da janela, embora não tendo o cuidado de colocá-lo sob o vidro. Cola pode agora ser aplicada em uma camada fina sobre toda a superfície do crânio. </li><li> Uma vez que a cola secar, misture acrílica dental e aplicá-lo em toda a superfície do crânio, cobrindo também uma pequena borda da lamínula, para prendê-lo. </li><li> Depois de garantir a cobertura de vidro, faça um buraco pequeno em torno da janela com acrílico dental. Além disso, incorporar um bar de titânio no acrílico dental. Este bar, mais tarde, ser usado para anexar o mouse de forma segura para o palco do microscópio para a imagem latente. É importante garantir que o bar é o nível, de modo que ela fique paralela com a janela do crânio. Colocando um pedaço de papel sob a barra pode permitir que o bar para permanecer enquanto o nível de acrílico endurece. </li><li> O acrílico dental é permitido a cura (endurecimento) por 10 minutos, altura em que a barra de titânio é fixado no lugar. Colocar o animal em uma gaiola quente até que ela se recupera. </li><li> Após a recuperação da anestesia, o animal pode ser trabalhada no mesmo dia. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Svoboda, K., Denk, W., Kleinfeld, D., Tank, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=+In+vivo+dendritic+calcium+dynamics+in+neocortical+pyramidal+neurons."> In vivo dendritic calcium dynamics in neocortical pyramidal neurons.</a> Nature. 85, 161-165 (1997).</li><li>Lendvai, B., Stern, E. A., Chen, B., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience-dependent+plasticity+of+dendritic+spines+in+the+developing+rat+barrel+cortex+in+vivo.">Experience-dependent plasticity of dendritic spines in the developing rat barrel cortex in vivo.</a> Nature. 404, 876-881 (2000).</li><li>Trachtenberg, J. T., Chen, B., Knott, G. W., Feng, G., Sanes, J. R., Welker, E., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+in+vivo+imaging+of+experience-dependent+synaptic+plasticity+in+adult+cortex.">Long-term in vivo imaging of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in adult cortex.</a> Nature. 420, 788-794 (2002).</li><li>Portera-Cailliau, C., Weimer, R. M., DePaola, V., Caroni, P., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+modes+of+axon+elaboration+in+the+developing+neocortex.">Diverse modes of axon elaboration in the developing neocortex.</a> PLoS Biol. 3, (2005).</li><li>Holtmaat, A., Wilbrecht, L., Knott, G. W., Welker, E., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience-dependent+and+cell-type-specific+spine+growth+in+the+neocortex.">Experience-dependent and cell-type-specific spine growth in the neocortex.</a> Nature. 441, 979-983 (2006).</li></ol>

Como temos mostrado no vídeo e nas figuras complementares, a preparação janela cranial, combinado com o uso de dois fótons de microscopia, é uma ferramenta muito poderosa para estudar in vivo a estrutura e função do neocórtex. A técnica requer um rigoroso treinamento para se familiarizar com a anatomia relevante e os procedimentos cirúrgicos fina e habilidades que esta preparação exige. Apenas cirurgias pristine pode ser usado para geração de imagens crônica. Se a duração é manipulado excessivamente ou perfurado, a prepara...

Barras de titânio são feitos sob medida

a craniotomy surgery procedure for chronic brain imaging

Técnicas de imagem estão se tornando cada vez mais importante na função cerebral estudo. Entre eles, dois fótons microscopia de varredura a laser tem emergido como um método extremamente útil, pois permite o estudo do cérebro vivo intacta. Com preparações adequadas, esta técnica permite a observação da mesma área cortical cronicamente, de minutos a meses. Neste vídeo, mostramos uma preparação para a crônica in vivo de imagens do cérebro usando dois fótons de microscopia. Esta técnica foi desenvolvida pioneiramente pelo Dr. Karel Svoboda, que agora é um Howard Hughes Medical Institute na Janelia Farm. Preparações como a mostrada aqui pode ser usado para geração de imagens da estrutura neocortical (por exemplo, a dinâmica dendríticas e axonal), para gravar a atividade neuronal de cálcio utilizando-sensíveis corantes, a imagem dinâmica do fluxo sanguíneo cortical, ou para estudos de imagem óptico intrínseco. Imagem profunda do neocórtex é possível com ótima janela cirurgias cranianas. Funcionar nas condições mais estéril possível, para evitar infecções, juntamente com o uso extremo cuidado para não danificar a dura-máter durante a cirurgia, irá resultar em sucesso e de longa duração coberto de vidro janelas do crânio.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Craniotomy Surgery Procedure for Chronic Brain Imaging at JoVE.com

A Craniotomy Surgery Procedure for Chronic Brain Imaging

Este vídeo e protocolo de demonstrar como a implantação de um vidro coberto janela craniana em roedores. Estas preparações podem ser usados ​​para doenças crônicas in vivo de dois fótons de imagens do neocórtex em escalas de tempo de meses. Também pode ser utilizado para outros tipos de imagem, incluindo imagens sinal óptico intrínseco.

Um procedimento de cirurgia Craniotomia para Brain Imaging crônica

Imaging techniques are becoming increasingly important in the study brain function. Among them, two-photon laser scanning microscopy has emerged as an ...

a-craniotomy-surgery-procedure-for-chronic-brain-imaging

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

63.7K visualizações.  University of California, Los Angeles. Este vídeo e protocolo de demonstrar como a implantação de um vidro coberto janela craniana em roedores. Estas preparações podem ser usados ​​para doenças crônicas in vivo de dois fótons de imagens do neocórtex em escalas de tempo de meses. Também pode ser utilizado para outros tipos de imagem, incluindo imagens sinal óptico intrínseco.

Vídeo: A Craniotomy Surgery Procedure for Chronic Brain Imaging

Application of Light-cured Dental Adhesive Resin for Mounting Electrodes or Microdialysis Probes in Chronic Experiments

In chronic recording experiments, self-curing dental acrylic resins have been used as a mounting base of electrodes or microdialysis-probes. Since these acrylics do not bond to the bone, screws have been used as anchors. However, in small experimental animals like finches or mouse, their craniums are very fragile and can not successfully hold the anchors. In this report, we propose a new application of light-curing dental resins for mounting base of electrodes or microdialysis probes in chronic experiments. This material allows direct bonding to the cranium. Therefore, anchor screws are not required and surgical field can be reduced considerably. Past experiences show that the bonding effect maintains more than 2 months. Conventional resin's window of time when the materials are pliable and workable is a few minutes. However, the window of working time for these dental adhesives is significantly wider and adjustable.

In this report, we propose a new application of light-curing dental resins for mounting base of electrodes or microdialysis probes in chronic experiments. This material allows direct bonding to the cranium.

Aplicação de Light-resina adesivo dental para Eletrodos de montagem ou Sondas microdiálise em Experimentos crônica

In chronic recording experiments, self-curing dental acrylic resins have been used as a mounting base of electrodes or microdialysis-probes. Since these ...

Biologia

Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Drive Fabrication

Chronic recording of large populations of neurons is a valuable technique for studying the function of neuronal circuits in awake behaving rats. Lightweight recording devices carrying a high density array of tetrodes allow for the simultaneous monitoring of the activity of tens to hundreds of individual neurons. Here we describe a protocol for the fabrication of a micro-drive array with twenty one independently movable micro-drives. This device has been used successfully to record from hippocampal and cortical neurons in our lab. We show how to prepare a custom designed, 3-D printed plastic base that will hold the micro-drives. We demonstrate how to construct the individual micro-drives and how to assemble the complete micro-drive array. Further preparation of the drive array for surgical implantation, such as the fabrication of tetrodes, loading of tetrodes into the drive array and gold-plating, is covered in a subsequent video article.

Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Drive Fabrication

In this protocol we demonstrate how to fabricate a micro-drive array for chronic electrophysiological recordings in rats.

Micro-drive Array para Crônica In vivo</emGravação>: Fabricação Unidade

Chronic recording of large populations of neurons is a valuable technique for studying the function of neuronal circuits in awake behaving rats. ...

Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Tetrode Assembly

The tetrode, a bundle of four electrodes, has proven to be a valuable tool for the simultaneous recording of multiple neurons in-vivo.  The differential amplitude of action potential signatures over the channels of a tetrode allows for the isolation of single-unit activity from multi-unit signals.  The ability to precisely control the stereotaxic location and depth of the tetrode is critical for studying coordinated neural activity across brain regions.  In combination with a micro-drive array, it is possible to achieve precise placement and stable control of many tetrodes over the course of days to weeks.  In this protocol, we demonstrate how to fabricate and condition tetrodes using basic tools and materials, install the tetrodes into a multi-drive tetrode array for chronic in-vivo recording in the rat, make ground wire connections to the micro-drive array, and attach a protective cone onto the micro-drive array in order to protect the tetrodes from physical contact with the environment.



Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Tetrode Assembly

In this protocol we demonstrate how to fabricate and condition tetrodes for use with a micro-drive array, which was designed for chronic electrophysiological recordings in rats. In addition, we illustrate the final stages of micro-drive array construction, which includes installing ground wires and a protective cone.

Micro-drive Array para Crônica In vivo</emGravação>: Assembléia Tetrodo

The tetrode, a bundle of four electrodes, has proven to be a valuable tool for the simultaneous recording of multiple neurons in-vivo.  The differential ...

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell et al over 30 years ago (1) and refined by Zhang et al years later (2), few people in the world have mastered this procedure. In our laboratory we have successfully performed 1200 orthotopic kidney transplantations with &gt; 90% survival rate. The key points for success include stringent control of reperfusion injury, bleeding and thrombosis, both during the procedure and post-transplantation, and use of 10-0 instead of 11-0 suture for anastomoses.
Post-operative care and treatment of the recipient is extremely important to transplant success and evaluation. All renal graft recipients receive antibiotics in the form of an injection of penicillin immediately post-transplant and sulfatrim in the drinking water continually. Overall animal health is evaluated daily and whole blood creatinine analyses are performed routinely with a portable I-STAT machine to assess graft function.

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

Murino Procedimento de Transplante Renal

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

Live Imaging of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain by Confocal Microscopy

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the developing zebrafish brain (Gutzman et al, 2008). Such analysis affords a new understanding of the underlying cell biology required for development of the 3D structure of the vertebrate brain, and significantly increases our ability to study neural tube morphogenesis. The embryonic zebrafish brain is shaped beginning at 18 hours post fertilization (hpf) as the ventricles within the neuroepithelium inflate. By 24 hpf, the initial steps of neural tube morphogenesis are complete. Using the method described here, embryos at the one cell stage are injected with mRNA encoding membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein (memGFP). After injection and incubation, the embryo, now between 18 and 24 hpf, is mounted, inverted, in agarose and imaged by confocal microscopy. Notably, the zebrafish embryo is transparent making it an ideal system for fluorescent imaging. While our analyses have focused on the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and the hindbrain, this method could be extended for analysis of any region in the zebrafish to a depth of 
80-100 &mu;m.

In this video, we demonstrate a method by which to analyze the developing vertebrate brain in live zebrafish embryos at single cell resolution by confocal microscopy. This includes the method by which we inject the single-cell zebrafish embryo and subsequently mount and image the developing brain.

Vivem de imagem do cérebro Zebrafish embrionárias por microscopia confocal

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the ...

Making MR Imaging Child's Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure

Within the last decade there has been an increase in the use of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural basis of human perception, cognition and behavior 1, 2. Moreover, this non-invasive imaging method has grown into a tool for clinicians and researchers to explore typical and atypical brain development. Although advances in neuroimaging tools and techniques are apparent, (f)MRI in young pediatric populations remains relatively infrequent 2. Practical as well as technical challenges when imaging children present clinicians and research teams with a unique set of problems 3, 2. To name just a few, the child participants are challenged by a need for motivation, alertness and cooperation. Anxiety may be an additional factor to be addressed. Researchers or clinicians need to consider time constraints, movement restriction, scanner background noise and unfamiliarity with the MR scanner environment2,4-10. A progressive use of functional and structural neuroimaging in younger age groups, however, could further add to our understanding of brain development. As an example, several research groups are currently working towards early detection of developmental disorders, potentially even before children present associated behavioral characteristics e.g.11. Various strategies and techniques have been reported as a means to ensure comfort and cooperation of young children during neuroimaging sessions. Play therapy 12, behavioral approaches 13, 14,15, 16-18 and simulation 19, the use of mock scanner areas 20,21, basic relaxation 22 and a combination of these techniques 23 have all been shown to improve the participant's compliance and thus MRI data quality. Even more importantly, these strategies have proven to increase the comfort of families and children involved 12. One of the main advances of such techniques for the clinical practice is the possibility of avoiding sedation or general anesthesia (GA) as a way to manage children's compliance during MR imaging sessions 19,20. In the current video report, we present a pediatric neuroimaging protocol with guidelines and procedures that have proven to be successful to date in young children.

Making MR Imaging Child&#039;s Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure

Despite an increase in the use of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans, the study of young pediatric populations remains a challenge. We present a hands-on, step-by-step video protocol including guidelines for clinicians and researchers intending to perform (f)MRI in young children.

Jogue Criança fazendo MR Imaging - Protocolo de neuroimagem Pediátrica, Diretrizes e Procedimento

Within the last decade there has been an increase in the use of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural ...

Bioluminescence Imaging of Heme Oxygenase-1 Upregulation in the Gua Sha Procedure

Gua Sha is a traditional Chinese folk therapy that employs skin scraping to cause subcutaneous microvascular blood extravasation and bruises. The protocol for bioluminescent optical imaging of HO-1-luciferase transgenic mice reported in this manuscript provides a rapid in vivo assay of the upregulation of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression in response to the Gua Sha procedure. HO-1 has long been known to provide cytoprotection against oxidative stress. The upregulation of HO-1, assessed by the bioluminescence output, is thought to represent an antioxidative response to circulating hemoglobin products released by Gua Sha. Gua Sha was administered by repeated strokes of a smooth spoon edge over lubricated skin on the back or other targeted body part of the transgenic mouse until petechiae (splinter hemorrhages) or ecchymosis (bruises) indicative of extravasation of blood from subcutaneous capillaries was observed. After Gua Sha, bioluminescence imaging sessions were carried out daily for several days to follow the dynamics of HO-1 expression in multiple internal organs.

Gua Sha, traditional Chinese therapeutic skin scraping, causes subcutaneous microvascular blood extravasation. We report a protocol of bioluminescence imaging of HO-1-luciferase transgenic mice to demonstrate that Gua Sha upregulates heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in multiple organs.

Imagem de bioluminescência de heme oxigenase-1 Upregulation no Procedimento de Gua Sha

Gua Sha is a traditional Chinese folk therapy that employs skin scraping to cause subcutaneous microvascular blood extravasation and bruises. The protocol ...

Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent progress, the functional properties and lateralization of the human auditory cortex are far from being fully understood. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses, and represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and connectivity. It has only recently begun to be applied to understand auditory cortical function 2. 
An important issue in using TMS is that the physiological consequences of the stimulation are difficult to establish. Although many TMS studies make the implicit assumption that the area targeted by the coil is the area affected, this need not be the case, particularly for complex cognitive functions which depend on interactions across many brain regions 3. One solution to this problem is to combine TMS with functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The idea here is that fMRI will provide an index of changes in brain activity associated with TMS. Thus, fMRI would give an independent means of assessing which areas are affected by TMS and how they are modulated 4. In addition, fMRI allows the assessment of functional connectivity, which represents a measure of the temporal coupling between distant regions. It can thus be useful not only to measure the net activity modulation induced by TMS in given locations, but also the degree to which the network properties are affected by TMS, via any observed changes in functional connectivity.
Different approaches exist to combine TMS and functional imaging according to the temporal order of the methods. Functional MRI can be applied before, during, after, or both before and after TMS. Recently, some studies interleaved TMS and fMRI in order to provide online mapping of the functional changes induced by TMS 5-7. However, this online combination has many technical problems, including the static artifacts resulting from the presence of the TMS coil in the scanner room, or the effects of TMS pulses on the process of MR image formation. But more importantly, the loud acoustic noise induced by TMS (increased compared with standard use because of the resonance of the scanner bore) and the increased TMS coil vibrations (caused by the strong mechanical forces due to the static magnetic field of the MR scanner) constitute a crucial problem when studying auditory processing. 
This is one reason why fMRI was carried out before and after TMS in the present study. Similar approaches have been used to target the motor cortex 8,9, premotor cortex 10, primary somatosensory cortex 11,12 and language-related areas 13, but so far no combined TMS-fMRI study has investigated the auditory cortex. The purpose of this article is to provide details concerning the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools to investigate auditory processing. 
Previously we showed that repetitive TMS (rTMS) at high and low frequencies (resp. 10 Hz and 1 Hz) applied over the auditory cortex modulated response time (RT) in a melody discrimination task 2. We also showed that RT modulation was correlated with functional connectivity in the auditory network assessed using fMRI: the higher the functional connectivity between left and right auditory cortices during task performance, the higher the facilitatory effect (i.e. decreased RT) observed with rTMS. However those findings were mainly correlational, as fMRI was performed before rTMS. Here, fMRI was carried out before and immediately after TMS to provide direct measures of the functional organization of the auditory cortex, and more specifically of the plastic reorganization of the auditory neural network occurring after the neural intervention provided by TMS. 
Combined fMRI and TMS applied over the auditory cortex should enable a better understanding of brain mechanisms of auditory processing, providing physiological information about functional effects of TMS. This knowledge could be useful for many cognitive neuroscience applications, as well as for optimizing therapeutic applications of TMS, particularly in auditory-related disorders.

Auditory processing is the basis of speech and music-related processing. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has been used successfully to study cognitive, sensory and motor systems but has rarely been applied to audition. Here we investigated TMS combined with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to understand the functional organization of auditory cortex.

Mapear as sequelas de Theta Explosão Estimulação no córtex auditivo humano com Imagem Funcional

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent ...

Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure

The liver, an organ with an exceptional regeneration capacity, carries out a wide range of functions, such as detoxification, metabolism and homeostasis. As such, hepatocytes are an important model for a large variety of research questions. In particular, the use of human hepatocytes is especially important in the fields of pharmacokinetics, toxicology, liver regeneration and translational research. Thus, this method presents a modified version of a two-step collagenase perfusion procedure to isolate hepatocytes as described by Seglen 1.
Previously, hepatocytes have been isolated by mechanical methods. However, enzymatic methods have been shown to be superior as hepatocytes retain their structural integrity and function after isolation. This method presented here adapts the method designed previously for rat livers to human liver pieces and results in a large yield of hepatocytes with a viability of 77&plusmn;10%. The main difference in this procedure is the process of cannulization of the blood vessels. Further, the method described here can also be applied to livers from other species with comparable liver or blood vessel sizes.

A modified two-step collagenase perfusion procedure for isolation of human hepatocytes is described. This method can also be applied to other mammalian livers. The isolated hepatocytes are available in high yield and viability, making them a suitable model for scientific research in areas such as liver regeneration, pharmacokinetics and toxicology.

Isolamento de hepatócitos humanos por duas etapas Collagenase Perfusão Procedimento

The liver, an organ with an exceptional regeneration capacity, carries out a wide range of functions, such as detoxification, metabolism and homeostasis. ...

Sampling Blood from the Lateral Tail Vein of the Rat

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, proteins, and glucose, yet the composition of the blood is dynamically regulated and easily perturbed. One factor that can change the blood composition is the stress response triggered by the sampling procedure, which can contribute to variability in the measures of interest. Here we describe a procedure for blood sampling from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This procedure offers significant advantages over other more commonly used techniques. It permits rapid sampling with minimal pain or invasiveness, without anesthesia or analgesia. Additionally, it can be used to obtain large volume samples (upwards of 1 ml in some rats), and it may be used repeatedly across experimental days. By minimizing the stress response and pain resulting from blood sampling, measures can more accurately reflect the true basal state of the animal, with minimal influence from the sampling procedure itself.

Blood samples are useful for assessing biomarkers of physiological states or disease in vivo. Here we describe the methodology to sample blood from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This method provides rapid samples with minimal pain and invasiveness.

A amostragem de sangue a partir da veia lateral da cauda do rato

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, ...