<ol><li> IACUC 승인 절차를 사용하여 isoflurane와 쥐 (유도 4 %, 수술을 1.5-2 %)을 마취. 꼬리 및 / 또는 발가락 핀치스이 동물이 완전히 진정되도록하기 위해 사용하는 것이 중요합니다. </li><li> 쥐 트리머를 사용하여, 최대 눈 목 뒤쪽에서 머리를 면도. </li><li> 수술 물을 다시 순환 담요 이상 stereotaxic 프레임에 마우스를 놓습니다. 단단히 귀에 바와 함께 머리를 확보. </li><li> 밖으로 건조에서 동물의 눈에을 방지하기 위해, 눈 연고를 적용합니다. </li><li> Dexamethasone (0.2 밀리그램 / 킬로그램)와 Carprofen가 (5 밀리그램 / 킬로그램) 각각의 뇌 및 / 또는 염증 반응의 붓기 방지하기 위해, subcutaneously, 관리할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 수술을 시작하기 전에 70 % 알코올 및 betadine 세 교대 swipes와 함께 피부를 닦는하여 운영 지역을 소독. </li><li> 모든 수술기구는 유리 비드 살균기를 사용하여 사전에 소독하고 있습니다. 에탄올로 소독되었습니다 가위를 사용하여 살다가 두 주동이의 방향으로 상처 거의 눈꺼풀에 도달, 두 경사 상처 뒤에있는 모든 머리의 기본을 따라 수평 절단, 시작, 두개골의 맨 위에 피부를 제거 그것은 정중선에서 수렴. </li><li> lidocaine + 에피네프린 솔루션의 한 방울이 과도한 출혈이나 통증을 피하기 위해 골막에이 시점에서 적용됩니다. 메스로 두개골의 가장자리에 골막을 철회. 또한, 가볍게 목 뒤쪽의 근육을 철회. </li><li> 부드럽게 마른 표면을 만들기 위해 메스로 두개골의 전체 노출 영역을 다쳤어요. 나중에 적용할 때 접착제가 잘 준수 수 있듯이 매우 중요합니다. </li><li> 이미징 사이트가 선택되면, 하나는 두개골 창을 만들 준비가되어 있습니다. 첫째, 부드럽게 공압 치과 드릴 직경 약 4 mm의 원형 &quot;을 그려.&quot; </li><li> 약간 드릴링 후, 두개골 표면에 다시 lidocaine + 에피네프린 솔루션을 적용할 수 있습니다. 뼈의 매우 얇은 층이 남아있는 책임이 중지합니다. 이 방법을 제공하는 방법 느낄 수 craniotomy의 중앙에 부드럽게 밀어 하나는 일반적으로이 단계에 도달 알고 있습니다. </li><li> 뼈 해면 구조 - - 뼈 trabeculae의 생리와 복용의 이점을 한 방울에 따라 매우 얇은 팁 포셉와 두개골에서 craniotomy 멀리 리프트. 그것은 두개골을 들어올려하고 두라의 출혈을 방지하므로 생리가 중요합니다. </li><li> 이전에 두개골이 제거되었을 때 가끔 발생하는 작은 출혈을 멈추게하는 두라 메이터에 호수에 배어있다 Gelfoam을 적용합니다. </li><li> 두라 메이터 표면을 건조되며 출혈이 없다는 것을 확인한 후, 부드럽게 두라 메이터 위에 멸균 5mm 유리 커버 슬립을 믿는다. (참고 : 다른 그룹도 두라 이상 낮은 용융 점 아가로 오스 (1.2 %)의 드롭을 배치하고 한천 위에 coverslip을 넣어.) </li><li> 두개골에 반대 반구에 cyanocrylate 기반 접착제 한 방울을 적용합니다. 조심하는 것이 유리 밑에 넣고되지 동안 바늘의 도움으로, 부드럽게 모든 창 주변의 접착제를 적용합니다. 접착제 이제 두개골의 전체 표면 위에 얇은 레이어에 적용할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 접착제가 건조되면, 그것을 보장하기 위해서, 또한 커버 슬립의 작은 림을 포함, 두개골 표면에 걸쳐 치과 아크릴을 혼합하고 그것을 적용해야합니다. </li><li> 커버 슬립을 확보 후, 치과 아크릴과 창문 주위에 작은 우물을합니다. 또한, 치과 아크릴에 티타늄 막대를 삽입할 수 있습니다. 이 막대는 나중에 영상을위한 현미경의 무대에 안전하게 마우스를 첨부하는 데 사용됩니다. 그것은 두개골 창은 병렬가되도록, 바가 수준 있는지 확인하는 것이 중요합니다. 막대 아래에 종이를 게재하면 아크릴은 견고하면서 막대가 수준 유지하도록 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 치과 아크릴은 10 분 (강화) 치료 허용, 어떤 시점에 티타늄 막대 제자리에 고정합니다. 그것이 복구까지 따뜻한 새장에 동물을 배치합니다. </li><li> 마취에서 회복 후, 동물은 당일 몇 군데하실 수 있습니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Svoboda, K., Denk, W., Kleinfeld, D., Tank, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=+In+vivo+dendritic+calcium+dynamics+in+neocortical+pyramidal+neurons."> In vivo dendritic calcium dynamics in neocortical pyramidal neurons.</a> Nature. 85, 161-165 (1997).</li><li>Lendvai, B., Stern, E. A., Chen, B., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience-dependent+plasticity+of+dendritic+spines+in+the+developing+rat+barrel+cortex+in+vivo.">Experience-dependent plasticity of dendritic spines in the developing rat barrel cortex in vivo.</a> Nature. 404, 876-881 (2000).</li><li>Trachtenberg, J. T., Chen, B., Knott, G. W., Feng, G., Sanes, J. R., Welker, E., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+in+vivo+imaging+of+experience-dependent+synaptic+plasticity+in+adult+cortex.">Long-term in vivo imaging of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in adult cortex.</a> Nature. 420, 788-794 (2002).</li><li>Portera-Cailliau, C., Weimer, R. M., DePaola, V., Caroni, P., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+modes+of+axon+elaboration+in+the+developing+neocortex.">Diverse modes of axon elaboration in the developing neocortex.</a> PLoS Biol. 3, (2005).</li><li>Holtmaat, A., Wilbrecht, L., Knott, G. W., Welker, E., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience-dependent+and+cell-type-specific+spine+growth+in+the+neocortex.">Experience-dependent and cell-type-specific spine growth in the neocortex.</a> Nature. 441, 979-983 (2006).</li></ol>

우리가 비디오에서 두 광자 현미경의 사용과 결합하여 보조 수치, 두개골 윈도우 준비에 나타난 것처럼, 생체내 네크로 텍스의 구조와 기능에서 공부하는 매우 강력한 도구입니다. 기술 관련 해부학 및 미세 수술 절차 및이 준비가 필요 기술에 익숙해지로 엄격한 훈련이 필요합니다. 단지 깨끗한 수술은 만성 이미징 사용할 수 있습니다. 두라이 과도하거나 구멍을 조작하면, 준비는 이미지에 사용해서는 안됩니?...

티타늄 막대 사용자 정의 - 만든

a craniotomy surgery procedure for chronic brain imaging

이미징 기술이 연구의 뇌 기능에 점차 중요 해지고 있습니다. 그것이 사는 그대로 두뇌의 연구를 수 있기 때문에 그 중에서도 두 광자 레이저 스캐닝 현미경은 매우 유용한 방법으로 떠오르고있다. 적절한 준비와 함께,이 기술은 몇 분 거리 개월, 만성 같은 피질 영역의 관찰하실 수 있습니다. 이 비디오에서는, 우리는 두 광자 현미경을 사용하여 두뇌의 생체내 이미징에서 만성위한 준비를 보여줍니다. 이 기술은 처음에는 지금 Janelia 팜에서 하워드 휴즈 의학 연구소의 탐정이다 박사 카렐 스보로 개척되었다. 여기에 표시된 것과 같은 준비가 이미지 대뇌 피질의 혈류 역학에, 칼슘에 민감한 염료를 사용하여, 또는 내장 광학 이미징 연구의 연결 활동을 기록하는 neocortical 구조 (예, 돌기 및 axonal 역학)의 영상에 사용될 수 있습니다. 네크로 텍스의 깊은 영상은 최적의 두개골 창 수술 가능합니다. 수술하는 동안 두라 메이터을 손상하지에 극단주의를 사용하여 함께, 감염을 피하기 위해 가능한 한 가장 멸균 조건 하에서 운영, 성공적이고 지속적인 유리 덮인 두개골 Windows에서 발생합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Craniotomy Surgery Procedure for Chronic Brain Imaging at JoVE.com

A Craniotomy Surgery Procedure for Chronic Brain Imaging

이 비디오 및 프로토콜은 설치류에 유리 커버 두개골 창을 이식하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 이러한 준비는 생체내 개월 시간 단위 동안 네크로 텍스의 2 광자 이미징에서 만성 사용할 수 있습니다. 그것은 광학 내장 신호 이미징을 포함한 이미징의 다른 유형에도 사용할 수 있습니다.

만성 뇌 영상에 대한 Craniotomy 외과 절차

Imaging techniques are becoming increasingly important in the study brain function. Among them, two-photon laser scanning microscopy has emerged as an ...

a-craniotomy-surgery-procedure-for-chronic-brain-imaging

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

63.7K 조회수.  University of California, Los Angeles. 이 비디오 및 프로토콜은 설치류에 유리 커버 두개골 창을 이식하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 이러한 준비는 생체내 개월 시간 단위 동안 네크로 텍스의 2 광자 이미징에서 만성 사용할 수 있습니다. 그것은 광학 내장 신호 이미징을 포함한 이미징의 다른 유형에도 사용할 수 있습니다.

비디오: A Craniotomy Surgery Procedure for Chronic Brain Imaging

Application of Light-cured Dental Adhesive Resin for Mounting Electrodes or Microdialysis Probes in Chronic Experiments

In chronic recording experiments, self-curing dental acrylic resins have been used as a mounting base of electrodes or microdialysis-probes. Since these acrylics do not bond to the bone, screws have been used as anchors. However, in small experimental animals like finches or mouse, their craniums are very fragile and can not successfully hold the anchors. In this report, we propose a new application of light-curing dental resins for mounting base of electrodes or microdialysis probes in chronic experiments. This material allows direct bonding to the cranium. Therefore, anchor screws are not required and surgical field can be reduced considerably. Past experiences show that the bonding effect maintains more than 2 months. Conventional resin's window of time when the materials are pliable and workable is a few minutes. However, the window of working time for these dental adhesives is significantly wider and adjustable.

In this report, we propose a new application of light-curing dental resins for mounting base of electrodes or microdialysis probes in chronic experiments. This material allows direct bonding to the cranium.

만성 실험에 장착 전극 또는 Microdialysis 프로브를위한 라이트 - 치료 치과 접착제 수지의 응용

In chronic recording experiments, self-curing dental acrylic resins have been used as a mounting base of electrodes or microdialysis-probes. Since these ...

연구

생물학

Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Drive Fabrication

Chronic recording of large populations of neurons is a valuable technique for studying the function of neuronal circuits in awake behaving rats. Lightweight recording devices carrying a high density array of tetrodes allow for the simultaneous monitoring of the activity of tens to hundreds of individual neurons. Here we describe a protocol for the fabrication of a micro-drive array with twenty one independently movable micro-drives. This device has been used successfully to record from hippocampal and cortical neurons in our lab. We show how to prepare a custom designed, 3-D printed plastic base that will hold the micro-drives. We demonstrate how to construct the individual micro-drives and how to assemble the complete micro-drive array. Further preparation of the drive array for surgical implantation, such as the fabrication of tetrodes, loading of tetrodes into the drive array and gold-plating, is covered in a subsequent video article.

Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Drive Fabrication

In this protocol we demonstrate how to fabricate a micro-drive array for chronic electrophysiological recordings in rats.

만성에 대한 마이크로 드라이브 배열 생체내에 녹화 : 드라이브 제작

Chronic recording of large populations of neurons is a valuable technique for studying the function of neuronal circuits in awake behaving rats. ...

Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Tetrode Assembly

The tetrode, a bundle of four electrodes, has proven to be a valuable tool for the simultaneous recording of multiple neurons in-vivo.  The differential amplitude of action potential signatures over the channels of a tetrode allows for the isolation of single-unit activity from multi-unit signals.  The ability to precisely control the stereotaxic location and depth of the tetrode is critical for studying coordinated neural activity across brain regions.  In combination with a micro-drive array, it is possible to achieve precise placement and stable control of many tetrodes over the course of days to weeks.  In this protocol, we demonstrate how to fabricate and condition tetrodes using basic tools and materials, install the tetrodes into a multi-drive tetrode array for chronic in-vivo recording in the rat, make ground wire connections to the micro-drive array, and attach a protective cone onto the micro-drive array in order to protect the tetrodes from physical contact with the environment.



Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Tetrode Assembly

In this protocol we demonstrate how to fabricate and condition tetrodes for use with a micro-drive array, which was designed for chronic electrophysiological recordings in rats. In addition, we illustrate the final stages of micro-drive array construction, which includes installing ground wires and a protective cone.

만성에 대한 마이크로 드라이브 배열 생체내에 녹화 : Tetrode 조립

The tetrode, a bundle of four electrodes, has proven to be a valuable tool for the simultaneous recording of multiple neurons in-vivo.  The differential ...

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell et al over 30 years ago (1) and refined by Zhang et al years later (2), few people in the world have mastered this procedure. In our laboratory we have successfully performed 1200 orthotopic kidney transplantations with &gt; 90% survival rate. The key points for success include stringent control of reperfusion injury, bleeding and thrombosis, both during the procedure and post-transplantation, and use of 10-0 instead of 11-0 suture for anastomoses.
Post-operative care and treatment of the recipient is extremely important to transplant success and evaluation. All renal graft recipients receive antibiotics in the form of an injection of penicillin immediately post-transplant and sulfatrim in the drinking water continually. Overall animal health is evaluated daily and whole blood creatinine analyses are performed routinely with a portable I-STAT machine to assess graft function.

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

Murine 신장 이식 절차

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

Live Imaging of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain by Confocal Microscopy

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the developing zebrafish brain (Gutzman et al, 2008). Such analysis affords a new understanding of the underlying cell biology required for development of the 3D structure of the vertebrate brain, and significantly increases our ability to study neural tube morphogenesis. The embryonic zebrafish brain is shaped beginning at 18 hours post fertilization (hpf) as the ventricles within the neuroepithelium inflate. By 24 hpf, the initial steps of neural tube morphogenesis are complete. Using the method described here, embryos at the one cell stage are injected with mRNA encoding membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein (memGFP). After injection and incubation, the embryo, now between 18 and 24 hpf, is mounted, inverted, in agarose and imaged by confocal microscopy. Notably, the zebrafish embryo is transparent making it an ideal system for fluorescent imaging. While our analyses have focused on the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and the hindbrain, this method could be extended for analysis of any region in the zebrafish to a depth of 
80-100 &mu;m.

In this video, we demonstrate a method by which to analyze the developing vertebrate brain in live zebrafish embryos at single cell resolution by confocal microscopy. This includes the method by which we inject the single-cell zebrafish embryo and subsequently mount and image the developing brain.

공촛점 현미경으로 Zebrafish 배아 뇌 영상 라이브

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the ...

Making MR Imaging Child's Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure

Within the last decade there has been an increase in the use of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural basis of human perception, cognition and behavior 1, 2. Moreover, this non-invasive imaging method has grown into a tool for clinicians and researchers to explore typical and atypical brain development. Although advances in neuroimaging tools and techniques are apparent, (f)MRI in young pediatric populations remains relatively infrequent 2. Practical as well as technical challenges when imaging children present clinicians and research teams with a unique set of problems 3, 2. To name just a few, the child participants are challenged by a need for motivation, alertness and cooperation. Anxiety may be an additional factor to be addressed. Researchers or clinicians need to consider time constraints, movement restriction, scanner background noise and unfamiliarity with the MR scanner environment2,4-10. A progressive use of functional and structural neuroimaging in younger age groups, however, could further add to our understanding of brain development. As an example, several research groups are currently working towards early detection of developmental disorders, potentially even before children present associated behavioral characteristics e.g.11. Various strategies and techniques have been reported as a means to ensure comfort and cooperation of young children during neuroimaging sessions. Play therapy 12, behavioral approaches 13, 14,15, 16-18 and simulation 19, the use of mock scanner areas 20,21, basic relaxation 22 and a combination of these techniques 23 have all been shown to improve the participant's compliance and thus MRI data quality. Even more importantly, these strategies have proven to increase the comfort of families and children involved 12. One of the main advances of such techniques for the clinical practice is the possibility of avoiding sedation or general anesthesia (GA) as a way to manage children's compliance during MR imaging sessions 19,20. In the current video report, we present a pediatric neuroimaging protocol with guidelines and procedures that have proven to be successful to date in young children.

Making MR Imaging Child&#039;s Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure

Despite an increase in the use of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans, the study of young pediatric populations remains a challenge. We present a hands-on, step-by-step video protocol including guidelines for clinicians and researchers intending to perform (f)MRI in young children.

소아 Neuroimaging 프로토콜, 지침 및 절차 - MR 이미징 아동의 놀이 만들기

Within the last decade there has been an increase in the use of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural ...

Bioluminescence Imaging of Heme Oxygenase-1 Upregulation in the Gua Sha Procedure

Gua Sha is a traditional Chinese folk therapy that employs skin scraping to cause subcutaneous microvascular blood extravasation and bruises. The protocol for bioluminescent optical imaging of HO-1-luciferase transgenic mice reported in this manuscript provides a rapid in vivo assay of the upregulation of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression in response to the Gua Sha procedure. HO-1 has long been known to provide cytoprotection against oxidative stress. The upregulation of HO-1, assessed by the bioluminescence output, is thought to represent an antioxidative response to circulating hemoglobin products released by Gua Sha. Gua Sha was administered by repeated strokes of a smooth spoon edge over lubricated skin on the back or other targeted body part of the transgenic mouse until petechiae (splinter hemorrhages) or ecchymosis (bruises) indicative of extravasation of blood from subcutaneous capillaries was observed. After Gua Sha, bioluminescence imaging sessions were carried out daily for several days to follow the dynamics of HO-1 expression in multiple internal organs.

Gua Sha, traditional Chinese therapeutic skin scraping, causes subcutaneous microvascular blood extravasation. We report a protocol of bioluminescence imaging of HO-1-luciferase transgenic mice to demonstrate that Gua Sha upregulates heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in multiple organs.

규아 샤 프로 시저에 헴 Oxygenase - 1 Upregulation의 Bioluminescence 이미징

Gua Sha is a traditional Chinese folk therapy that employs skin scraping to cause subcutaneous microvascular blood extravasation and bruises. The protocol ...

Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent progress, the functional properties and lateralization of the human auditory cortex are far from being fully understood. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses, and represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and connectivity. It has only recently begun to be applied to understand auditory cortical function 2. 
An important issue in using TMS is that the physiological consequences of the stimulation are difficult to establish. Although many TMS studies make the implicit assumption that the area targeted by the coil is the area affected, this need not be the case, particularly for complex cognitive functions which depend on interactions across many brain regions 3. One solution to this problem is to combine TMS with functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The idea here is that fMRI will provide an index of changes in brain activity associated with TMS. Thus, fMRI would give an independent means of assessing which areas are affected by TMS and how they are modulated 4. In addition, fMRI allows the assessment of functional connectivity, which represents a measure of the temporal coupling between distant regions. It can thus be useful not only to measure the net activity modulation induced by TMS in given locations, but also the degree to which the network properties are affected by TMS, via any observed changes in functional connectivity.
Different approaches exist to combine TMS and functional imaging according to the temporal order of the methods. Functional MRI can be applied before, during, after, or both before and after TMS. Recently, some studies interleaved TMS and fMRI in order to provide online mapping of the functional changes induced by TMS 5-7. However, this online combination has many technical problems, including the static artifacts resulting from the presence of the TMS coil in the scanner room, or the effects of TMS pulses on the process of MR image formation. But more importantly, the loud acoustic noise induced by TMS (increased compared with standard use because of the resonance of the scanner bore) and the increased TMS coil vibrations (caused by the strong mechanical forces due to the static magnetic field of the MR scanner) constitute a crucial problem when studying auditory processing. 
This is one reason why fMRI was carried out before and after TMS in the present study. Similar approaches have been used to target the motor cortex 8,9, premotor cortex 10, primary somatosensory cortex 11,12 and language-related areas 13, but so far no combined TMS-fMRI study has investigated the auditory cortex. The purpose of this article is to provide details concerning the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools to investigate auditory processing. 
Previously we showed that repetitive TMS (rTMS) at high and low frequencies (resp. 10 Hz and 1 Hz) applied over the auditory cortex modulated response time (RT) in a melody discrimination task 2. We also showed that RT modulation was correlated with functional connectivity in the auditory network assessed using fMRI: the higher the functional connectivity between left and right auditory cortices during task performance, the higher the facilitatory effect (i.e. decreased RT) observed with rTMS. However those findings were mainly correlational, as fMRI was performed before rTMS. Here, fMRI was carried out before and immediately after TMS to provide direct measures of the functional organization of the auditory cortex, and more specifically of the plastic reorganization of the auditory neural network occurring after the neural intervention provided by TMS. 
Combined fMRI and TMS applied over the auditory cortex should enable a better understanding of brain mechanisms of auditory processing, providing physiological information about functional effects of TMS. This knowledge could be useful for many cognitive neuroscience applications, as well as for optimizing therapeutic applications of TMS, particularly in auditory-related disorders.

Auditory processing is the basis of speech and music-related processing. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has been used successfully to study cognitive, sensory and motor systems but has rarely been applied to audition. Here we investigated TMS combined with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to understand the functional organization of auditory cortex.

쎄의 후유증을 매핑하는 기능 영상과 함께 인간 청각 컴퓨터에 접속 자극을 버스트

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent ...

Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure

The liver, an organ with an exceptional regeneration capacity, carries out a wide range of functions, such as detoxification, metabolism and homeostasis. As such, hepatocytes are an important model for a large variety of research questions. In particular, the use of human hepatocytes is especially important in the fields of pharmacokinetics, toxicology, liver regeneration and translational research. Thus, this method presents a modified version of a two-step collagenase perfusion procedure to isolate hepatocytes as described by Seglen 1.
Previously, hepatocytes have been isolated by mechanical methods. However, enzymatic methods have been shown to be superior as hepatocytes retain their structural integrity and function after isolation. This method presented here adapts the method designed previously for rat livers to human liver pieces and results in a large yield of hepatocytes with a viability of 77&plusmn;10%. The main difference in this procedure is the process of cannulization of the blood vessels. Further, the method described here can also be applied to livers from other species with comparable liver or blood vessel sizes.

A modified two-step collagenase perfusion procedure for isolation of human hepatocytes is described. This method can also be applied to other mammalian livers. The isolated hepatocytes are available in high yield and viability, making them a suitable model for scientific research in areas such as liver regeneration, pharmacokinetics and toxicology.

2 단계 콜라게나 제 관류 절차에 의한 인간의 간세포의 분리

The liver, an organ with an exceptional regeneration capacity, carries out a wide range of functions, such as detoxification, metabolism and homeostasis. ...

Sampling Blood from the Lateral Tail Vein of the Rat

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, proteins, and glucose, yet the composition of the blood is dynamically regulated and easily perturbed. One factor that can change the blood composition is the stress response triggered by the sampling procedure, which can contribute to variability in the measures of interest. Here we describe a procedure for blood sampling from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This procedure offers significant advantages over other more commonly used techniques. It permits rapid sampling with minimal pain or invasiveness, without anesthesia or analgesia. Additionally, it can be used to obtain large volume samples (upwards of 1 ml in some rats), and it may be used repeatedly across experimental days. By minimizing the stress response and pain resulting from blood sampling, measures can more accurately reflect the true basal state of the animal, with minimal influence from the sampling procedure itself.

Blood samples are useful for assessing biomarkers of physiological states or disease in vivo. Here we describe the methodology to sample blood from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This method provides rapid samples with minimal pain and invasiveness.

쥐의 측면 꼬리 정맥에서 혈액을 샘플링

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, ...