Opioid receptors respond to endogenous or synthetic opioids. They are distributed across peripheral and central nervous systems and nonneuronal cells like ...

Pain, a complex neurochemical response to harmful stimuli, is central to numerous clinical pathologies and can present in acute or chronic forms. ...

Opioids are a diverse group of pain-relieving drugs categorized as natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic compounds. Natural opioids, known as opiates, are ...

Semisynthetic opioids, derived from morphine, are utilized for pain management. Their modified structures enhance their efficacy and alter the ...

Anesthesia induces temporary loss of sensation and awareness through various agents. There are different types of anesthesia, including general, local, ...

Patients benefit from carefully managed sedation levels —characterized by distinct physiological changes— during medical procedures. General ...

Parenteral anesthetics rapidly induce general anesthesia when infused intravenously. Most agents target GABAA receptors for sedation and hypnotic effects. ...

Inhalation anesthetics induce general anesthesia through inhaled gases and volatile liquids that diffuse rapidly across the pulmonary alveoli and ...