Мы ценим Sarissa Biomedical для их работы в разработке датчиков, используемых в настоящем рукописи. Это исследование было поддержано Национальным сердца, легких и крови институт предоставляет HL108880 (А. Staruschenko), HL 116264 (А. Коули) и HL 122662 (А. А. Staruschenko и Коули), проект финансируется в Медицинском колледже Комитет ГУ МВД Висконсин # 9306830 (О. Palygin) и Продвижение программу исследований и образования здоровой Висконсин # 9520217, и молодых исследователей Грант Национального фонда почек (О. Palygin).

<ol>
	<li>Palygin, O., Staruschenko, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+endogenous+substances+with+enzymatic+microelectrode+biosensors+in+the+kidney.">Detection of endogenous substances with enzymatic microelectrode biosensors in the kidney.</a> Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 305, 89-91 (2013).</li><li>Clark, L. C., Lyons, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrode+systems+for+continuous+monitoring+in+cardiovascular+surgery.">Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 102, 29-45 (1962).</li><li>Haruyama, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro-+and+nanobiotechnology+for+biosensing+cellular+responses.">Micro- and nanobiotechnology for biosensing cellular responses.</a> Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 55, 393-401 (2003).</li><li>Huckstepp, R. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Connexin+hemichannel-mediated+CO2-dependent+release+of+ATP+in+the+medulla+oblongata+contributes+to+central+respiratory+chemosensitivity.">Connexin hemichannel-mediated CO2-dependent release of ATP in the medulla oblongata contributes to central respiratory chemosensitivity.</a> J Physiol. 588, 3901-3920 (2010).</li><li>Lopatar, J., Dale, N., Frenguelli, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minor+contribution+of+ATP+P2+receptors+to+electrically-evoked+electrographic+seizure+activity+in+hippocampal+slices:+Evidence+from+purine+biosensors+and+P2+receptor+agonists+and+antagonists.">Minor contribution of ATP P2 receptors to electrically-evoked electrographic seizure activity in hippocampal slices: Evidence from purine biosensors and P2 receptor agonists and antagonists.</a> Neuropharmacology. 61, 25-34 (2011).</li><li>Avshalumov, M. V., Chen, B. T., Marshall, S. P., Pena, D. M., Rice, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutamate-dependent+inhibition+of+dopamine+release+in+striatum+is+mediated+by+a+new+diffusible+messenger,+H2O2.">Glutamate-dependent inhibition of dopamine release in striatum is mediated by a new diffusible messenger, H2O2.</a> J Neurosci. 23, 2744-2750 (2003).</li><li>Frenguelli, B. G., Wigmore, G., Llaudet, E., Dale, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+and+mechanistic+dissociation+of+ATP+and+adenosine+release+during+ischaemia+in+the+mammalian+hippocampus.">Temporal and mechanistic dissociation of ATP and adenosine release during ischaemia in the mammalian hippocampus.</a> J. Neurochem. 101, 1400-1413 (2007).</li><li>Lalo, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exocytosis+of+ATP+from+astrocytes+modulates+phasic+and+tonic+inhibition+in+the+neocortex.">Exocytosis of ATP from astrocytes modulates phasic and tonic inhibition in the neocortex.</a> PLoS Biol. 12, e1001747 (2014).</li><li>Heinrich, A., Ando, R. D., Turi, G., Rozsa, B., Sperlagh, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=K++depolarization+evokes+ATP,+adenosine+and+glutamate+release+from+glia+in+rat+hippocampus:+a+microelectrode+biosensor+study.">K+ depolarization evokes ATP, adenosine and glutamate release from glia in rat hippocampus: a microelectrode biosensor study.</a> Br.J Pharmacol. 167, 1003-1020 (2012).</li><li>Dale, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purinergic+signaling+in+hypothalamic+tanycytes:+potential+roles+in+chemosensing.">Purinergic signaling in hypothalamic tanycytes: potential roles in chemosensing.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 22, 237-244 (2011).</li><li>Gourine, A. V., Llaudet, E., Dale, N., Spyer, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Release+of+ATP+in+the+ventral+medulla+during+hypoxia+in+rats:+role+in+hypoxic+ventilatory+response.">Release of ATP in the ventral medulla during hypoxia in rats: role in hypoxic ventilatory response.</a> J Neurosci. 25, 1211-1218 (2005).</li><li>Palygin, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+electrochemical+detection+of+ATP+and+H2O2+release+in+freshly+isolated+kidneys.">Real-time electrochemical detection of ATP and H2O2 release in freshly isolated kidneys.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. , (2013).</li><li>Thome-Duret, V., Gangnerau, M. N., Zhang, Y., Wilson, G. S., Reach, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modification+of+the+sensitivity+of+glucose+sensor+implanted+into+subcutaneous+tissue.">Modification of the sensitivity of glucose sensor implanted into subcutaneous tissue.</a> Diabetes Metab. 22, 174-178 (1996).</li><li>Wilson, G. S., Gifford, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biosensors+for+real-time+in+vivo+measurements.">Biosensors for real-time in vivo measurements.</a> Biosens. Bioelectron. 20, 2388-2403 (2005).</li><li>Ilatovskaya, D., Staruschenko, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-Channel+Analysis+of+TRPC+Channels+in+the+Podocytes+of+Freshly+Isolated+Glomeruli.">Single-Channel Analysis of TRPC Channels in the Podocytes of Freshly Isolated Glomeruli.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 998, 355-369 (2013).</li><li>Stockand, J. D., Vallon, V., Ortiz, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+and+ex+vivo+analysis+of+tubule+function.">In vivo and ex vivo analysis of tubule function.</a> Compr Physiol. 2, 2495-2525 (2012).</li><li>Turner, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biosensors:+Fundamentals+and+applications+-+Historic+book+now+open+access.">Biosensors: Fundamentals and applications - Historic book now open access.</a> Biosens. Bioelectron. 65C, A1 (2014).</li><li>Kauffmann, J. M., Guilbault, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzyme+electrode+biosensors:+theory+and+applications.">Enzyme electrode biosensors: theory and applications.</a> Methods Biochem Anal. 36, 63-113 (1992).</li><li>Barlett, P. N., Cooper, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+the+immobilization+of+enzymes+in+electropolymerized+films.">A review of the immobilization of enzymes in electropolymerized films.</a> J Electroanal Chem. 362, 1-12 (1993).</li><li>Kano, K., Morikage, K., Uno, B., Esaka, Y., Goto, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzyme+microelectrodes+for+choline+and+acetylcholine+and+their+applications.">Enzyme microelectrodes for choline and acetylcholine and their applications.</a> Anal Chim Acta. 299, 69-74 (1994).</li><li>Llaudet, E., Hatz, S., Droniou, M., Dale, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microelectrode+biosensor+for+real-time+measurement+of+ATP+in+biological+tissue.">Microelectrode biosensor for real-time measurement of ATP in biological tissue.</a> Anal Chem. 77, 3267-3273 (2005).</li><li>Llaudet, E., Botting, N. P., Crayston, J. A., Dale, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+three-enzyme+microelectrode+sensor+for+detecting+purine+release+from+central+nervous+system.">A three-enzyme microelectrode sensor for detecting purine release from central nervous system.</a> Biosens Bioelectron. 18, 43-52 (2003).</li><li>Cosnier, S., Lepellec, A., Guidetti, B., Isabelle, R. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancement+of+biosensor+sensitivity+in+aqueous+and+organic+solvents+using+a+combination+of+poly(pyrrole-ammonium)+and+poly(pyrrole-lactobionamide)+films+as+host+matrices.">Enhancement of biosensor sensitivity in aqueous and organic solvents using a combination of poly(pyrrole-ammonium) and poly(pyrrole-lactobionamide) films as host matrices.</a> J Electroanal Chem. 449, 165-171 (1998).</li><li>Gourine, A. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Astrocytes+control+breathing+through+pH-dependent+release+of+ATP.">Astrocytes control breathing through pH-dependent release of ATP.</a> Science. 329, 571-575 (2010).</li><li>Kluess, H. A., Stone, A. J., Evanson, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATP+overflow+in+skeletal+muscle+1A+arterioles.">ATP overflow in skeletal muscle 1A arterioles.</a> J. Physiol. 588, 3089-3100 (2010).</li><li>Nishiyama, A., Jackson, K. E., Majid, D. S., Rahman, M., Navar, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Renal+interstitial+fluid+ATP+responses+to+arterial+pressure+and+tubuloglomerular+feedback+activation+during+calcium+channel+blockade.">Renal interstitial fluid ATP responses to arterial pressure and tubuloglomerular feedback activation during calcium channel blockade.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 290, H772-H777 (2006).</li><li>Jin, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+renal+perfusion+pressure+on+renal+medullary+hydrogen+peroxide+and+nitric+oxide+production.">Effects of renal perfusion pressure on renal medullary hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide production.</a> Hypertension. 53, 1048-1053 (2009).</li><li>Khan, A. S., Michael, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasive+consequences+of+using+micro-electrodes+and+microdialysis+probes+in+the+brain.">Invasive consequences of using micro-electrodes and microdialysis probes in the brain.</a> Trends Anal. Chem. 22, 503-508 (2003).</li></ol>

Датчики для записи видео этой рукописи были предоставлены Sarissa биомедицинской Limited (Ковентри, Великобритания).

Настоящие протоколы были разработаны для обеспечения повышенной временное и пространственное разрешение АТФ и Н 2 О 2 сигнализации для экс естественных изолированных, перфузии и в естественных условиях кровь перфузии почек. Различия между протоколами и датчиков,...

Ферментативный микроэлектродные биосенсоры (также ссылается в качестве датчиков в настоящем рукописи) были ценным инструментом для изучения динамических процессов сигнализации в живых клеток и тканей. Датчики обеспечивают повышенную временную и пространственную разрешающую способность сигнальных молекул клеточных биологически значимых концентрациях. Вместо отбора проб и анализа внеклеточной жидкости, принимаемые с интервалами в течение длительных периодов времени, эти датчики реагируют так быстро, как их ферменты реагируют с анализируемым, тем самым производя измерения в реальном времени 1,2. Быстрое обнаружение интерстициальных концентраций аутокринных и паракринных факторов, как пуринов или перекиси водорода, и динамика их выпуска могут быть использованы для создания профиля для эффектов лекарственных средств в нормальных и патологических условиях 3. В настоящее время большинство приложений, использующих датчики были в мозговых срезах тканей и клеточных культур 4-10. Протоколы, описанные в этой рукописи цельюсоздавать средства для точного измерения в реальном времени концентрации анализируемых веществ в целых почек. Следующие протоколы были разработаны для изучения интерстициальный АТФ и Н 2 О 2 сигнализации в почках. В родной среде почки, внеклеточный АТФ быстро катаболизируется эндогенными ectonucleotidases в его производных (АДФ, АМФ и аденозина). Датчики, используемые здесь, обладают высокой селективностью к АТФ по сравнению с другими пуринов или АТФ продуктов разложения 11. Это дает большое преимущество, так как позволяет точный мониторинг постоянных и динамических концентраций выпуска АТФ и ее функции сигнализации. Интерстициальный АТФ концентрация измеряется с использованием сочетания двух микроэлектродов, датчик АТФ и Null датчик. Нулевой датчик в сочетании с приложениями каталазы в состоянии обнаружить интерстициальный H 2 O 2 концентрации 12. Следующие протоколы используют два различных конструкций SensoRS, которые имеют характеристики оптимальных для экс либо естественных или в естественных условиях применения. Обе конструкции на основе последовательного каталитической реакции глицерина киназы и глицерол-3-фосфат-оксидазы, содержащейся в датчик ферментативного слоя и приводится в присутствии АТФ. В наборе датчиков, используемых в Экс Vivo исследований, H 2 O 2, окончательный ферментативного продукта реакции, обнаружено окислением на платиновом / иридий (Ir Pt-) провода электрода. Датчики для исследований в естественных условиях, а не на основе являются на H 2 O 2 на снижение посредника покрытием золотого электрода, предназначенного для крови-перфузии тканей. Показанный на рисунке 1 представлена ​​схема обоих протоколов, описанных в этой рукописи. Нулевой датчик идентичен соответствующей датчика АТФ за исключением того, не хватает связанные ферменты. Таким образом, в дополнение к обнаружению H 2 O 2 с ферментом каталаза, Нулевой MEA датчикаSures неспецифические помехи. Концентрации АТФ рассчитывается путем вычитания Нулевой обнаружены неспецифические помехи и фоновый H 2 O 2 по сигналу датчика АТФ. Несколько датчиков также коммерчески доступны для обнаружения других аналитов в том числе аденозина, ionosine, гипоксантин, ацетилхолина, холин, глутамат, глюкозы, лактата, D-серин для бывших естественных условиях применения или аденозина, ionosine и гипоксантин для в естественных условиях, когда в паре с соответствующим Null Датчик. Способность датчика для точного обнаружения аналитов зависит от правильного до и после калибровки 13. Это гарантирует, что анализ учитывает дрейфа чувствительности датчика, которое происходит во время использования в биологических тканях. Датчик имеет депо глицерина, который используется в качестве реагента в датчике ферментативных реакций. Если датчик не используется в ванной растворов, содержащих глицерин, он смоет течением времени. Короче гecording пояс, то необходимо минимизировать дрейф датчика. Кроме того датчик загрязнения эндогенными протеазами и белковых фрагментов может значительно уменьшить чувствительность датчиков 14. Настоящее рукопись устанавливает использование ферментных биосенсоров для микроэлектродов экс естественных условиях и в естественных условиях подготовки в почках. В режиме реального времени анализируемого количественного обеспечивает беспрецедентную деталь клеточной сигнализации, которые могут выявить новые для понимания механизмов заболеваний почек и фармакологических агентов.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sensor Kit</td>
			<td>Sarissa Biomedical</td>
			<td>SBK-ATP-05-125</td>
			<td>The kit includes storage bottle, rehydration chamber, electrode leads, and reference electrodes.&#160; Also included with the kit is the user&#39;s choice of sensors.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sarissaprobe ATP Biosensor 125 &#956;m</td>
			<td>Sarissa Biomedical</td>
			<td>SBS-ATP-05-125</td>
			<td>store at 2-8 C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sarissagold ATP Biosensor 50 &#956;m</td>
			<td>Sarissa Biomedical</td>
			<td>SGS-ATP-10-50</td>
			<td>store at 2-8 C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sarissaprobe null sensor 125&#956;m</td>
			<td>Sarissa Biomedical</td>
			<td>SBS-NUL-20-125</td>
			<td>store at 2-8 C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sarissagold null sensor 50 &#956;m</td>
			<td>Sarissa Biomedical</td>
			<td>SGS-NUL-10-50</td>
			<td>store at 2-8 C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sarissaprobe ATP Manual</td>
			<td>Sarissa Biomedical</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sarissa-biomedical.com/media/31563/instructions-atp.pdf">http://www.sarissa-biomedical.com/media/31563/instructions-atp.pdf</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Faraday cage&#160;</td>
			<td>TMC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual channel potentiostat</td>
			<td>Digi-Ivy</td>
			<td>DY2021</td>
			<td>Type II Faraday cage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data acquisition program</td>
			<td>Digi-Ivy</td>
			<td>DY2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perfusion pump</td>
			<td>Razel Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td>Model R99E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber optic illuminator</td>
			<td>Schott</td>
			<td>ACE 1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>MM-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micromanipulator magnetic stand</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>GJ-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>air table</td>
			<td>TMC</td>
			<td>63-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isoflurane ventilator</td>
			<td>LEI Medical</td>
			<td>M2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 ml petri dish</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S3358OA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>needle</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>26-30 gauge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pins</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Standard dissection pins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>catheter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Polyethylene tubing (PE50)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>catheter tissue glue</td>
			<td>Vetbond</td>
			<td>1469SB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>suture</td>
			<td>Look</td>
			<td>SP117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rubber bands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>any 2-4 mm wide rubber bands</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>silicone</td>
			<td>Momentive</td>
			<td>RTV-615 Clear 1#</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>clamp</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>18052-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>standard dissection kit</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kit should include scalpel and dissection sissors&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kidney Cup</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Of own design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>standard chemicals</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A6559-25UMO</td>
			<td>100 mM ATP solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>216763</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G9012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apyrase</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7646</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Catalase</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isoflurane</td>
			<td>Clipper</td>
			<td>10250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inactin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ketamine</td>
			<td>Clipper</td>
			<td>2010012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hanks Balanced Salt Solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14025092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of enzymatic biosensors to quantify endogenous atp or h2o2 in the kidney

Ферментные биосенсоры микроэлектродные широко используются для измерения внеклеточных сигнальных в режиме реального времени. Большинство их использование было ограничено срезах мозга и культурах клеток нейронов. В последнее время эта технология была применена в целых органов. Достижения в конструкции датчика сделали возможным измерение клеточной сигнализации в крови-перфузии в естественных почек. Список Настоящие протоколы шаги, необходимые для измерения АТФ и H 2 O 2 сигнализации в интерстиции почек крыс. Два отдельных конструкций датчиков используются для экс виво и ин виво протоколов. Оба типа датчика покрыта тонким ферментативной бислоя на вершине селективной проницаемости слоя, чтобы дать малым временем отклика, чувствительный и селективные биосенсоры. Селективна проницаемость слой защищает сигнал от мешающих в биологической ткани, а также ферментативное слой использует последовательный каталитическую реакцию глицерина киназы и глицерол-3-фосФейт оксидазы в присутствии АТФ, чтобы произвести H 2 O 2. Набор датчиков, используемых для экс естественных условиях исследования дальше обнаружено анализируемого окислением H 2 O 2 на платиновом / иридий (Ir Pt-) провода электрода. Датчики для исследований в естественных условиях, а не на основе являются по сокращению H 2 O 2 на посредника покрытием золотого электрода, предназначенного для крови-перфузии тканей. Окончательные изменения концентрации обнаруживаются в реальном времени амперометрии последующим калибровки от известных концентраций анализируемого вещества. Кроме того, специфичность амперометрического сигнала может быть подтверждена путем добавления ферментов, таких как каталаза и апиразы которые расщепляют Н 2 О 2 и АТФ, соответственно. Эти датчики также в значительной степени полагаться на точных калибровок до и после каждого эксперимента. Следующие два протокола установления изучение режиме реального времени обнаружения АТФ и H 2О 2 в тканях почек, и может быть дополнительно модифицированы, чтобы расширить описанного способа для использования в других биологических препаратов или целых органов.

Дизайн ферментативной микроэлектродов биосенсора позволяет обнаруживать в реальном времени анализируемых веществ в целых почек. Общий дизайн эксперимент либо экс естественных условиях или в естественных условиях исследования показано на рис 1 .the датчиков, ис...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Enzymatic Biosensors to Quantify Endogenous ATP or H2O2 in the Kidney at JoVE.com

Use of Enzymatic Biosensors to Quantify Endogenous ATP or H2O2 in the Kidney

Enzymatic microelectrode biosensors enable real-time measurements of extracellular cell signaling in biologically-relevant concentrations. The following protocols extend the applications of biosensors to the ex vivo and in vivo detection of ATP and H2O2 in the kidney.

Использование ферментативного биосенсоров для Количественно эндогенного АТФ или H<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; О<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; В почках

Enzymatic microelectrode biosensors have been widely used to measure extracellular signaling in real-time. Most of their use has been limited to brain ...

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Biology

Use of Enzymatic Biosensors to Quantify Endogenous ATP or H2O2 in the Kidney

11.8K Views.  Medical College of Wisconsin. Enzymatic microelectrode biosensors enable real-time measurements of extracellular cell signaling in biologically-relevant concentrations. The following protocols extend the applications of biosensors to the ex vivo and in vivo detection of ATP and H2O2 in the kidney. 

Video: Use of Enzymatic Biosensors to Quantify Endogenous ATP or H2O2 in the Kidney

The use of SC1 (Pluripotin) to Support mESC Self-renewal in the Absence of LIF

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are conventionally cultured with Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) to maintain self-renewal.1 However, LIF is expensive and activation of the LIF/JAK/STAT3 pathway is not absolutely required to maintain the self-renewal state.2 The SC1 small molecule may be an economical alternative to LIF. SC1 functions through dual inhibition of Ras-GAP and ERK1.3 Illustration of its mechanism of action makes it a useful tool to study the fundamental molecular mechanism of self-renewal. Here we demonstrate the procedure for culturing mouse ES cells in the presence of SC1 and show that they are able to maintain self-renewal in the absence of LIF. Cells cultured with SC1 showed similar morphology compared to cells maintained with LIF. Both exhibited typical mouse ES morphology after five passages. Expression of typical pluripotency markers (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and SSEA1) was observed after five passages in the presence of SC1. Furthermore, SC1 caused no overt toxicity on mouse ES cells.

The use of SC1 Pluripotin to Support mESC Self-renewal in the Absence of LIF

SC1 functions through dual inhibition of Ras- GAP and ERK1. We tested the function of SC1 in supporting mouse ES cell self-renewal in the absence of LIF and showed that SC1 is able to maintain self-renewal of mouse ES cell cultures.

Использование SC1 (Pluripotin) для поддержки мЭСК Самообновление в отсутствие LIF

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are conventionally cultured with Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) to maintain self-renewal.1 However, LIF is expensive and ...

Dissection of the Adult Zebrafish Kidney

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem cells during normal homeostasis and disease states. The understanding of adult stem cells has broad reaching implications for the future of regenerative medicine1. For example, better knowledge about adult stem cell biology can facilitate the design of therapeutic strategies in which organs are triggered to heal themselves or even the creation of methods for growing organs in vitro that can be transplanted into humans1. The zebrafish has become a powerful animal model for the study of vertebrate cell biology2. There has been extensive documentation and analysis of embryonic development in the zebrafish3. Only recently have scientists sought to document adult anatomy and surgical dissection techniques4, as there has been a progressive movement within the zebrafish community to broaden the applications of this research organism to adult studies. For example, there are expanding interests in using zebrafish to investigate the biology of adult stem cell populations and make sophisticated adult models of diseases such as cancer5. Historically, isolation of the zebrafish adult kidney has been instrumental for studying hematopoiesis, as the kidney is the anatomical location of blood cell production in fish6,7. The kidney is composed of nephron functional units found in arborized arrangements, surrounded by hematopoietic tissue that is dispersed throughout the intervening spaces. The hematopoietic component consists of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progeny that inhabit the kidney until they terminally differentiate8. In addition, it is now appreciated that a group of renal stem/progenitor cells (RPCs) also inhabit the zebrafish kidney organ and enable both kidney regeneration and growth, as observed in other fish species9-11. In light of this new discovery, the zebrafish kidney is one organ that houses the location of two exciting opportunities for adult stem cell biology studies. It is clear that many outstanding questions could be well served with this experimental system. To encourage expansion of this field, it is beneficial to document detailed methods of visualizing and then isolating the adult zebrafish kidney organ. This protocol details our procedure for dissection of the adult kidney from both unfixed and fixed animals.
Dissection of the kidney organ can be used to isolate and characterize hematopoietic and renal stem cells and their offspring using established techniques such as histology, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)11,12, expression profiling13,14, and transplantation11,15. 
We hope that dissemination of this protocol will provide researchers with the knowledge to implement broader use of zebrafish studies that ultimately can be translated for human application.

The zebrafish kidney is home to both renal and hematopoietic adult stem/progenitor cells, and represents an outstanding opportunity to study these cell types and their progeny in a vertebrate model organism. Here, we demonstrate a detailed dissection procedure that enables the researcher to identify and surgically remove the adult zebrafish kidney, which can be used for applications such as cell isolation, transplantation, and expression studies of kidney and/or blood cell populations.

Препарирование взрослых почек данио рерио

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem ...

FRET Microscopy for Real-time Monitoring of Signaling Events in Live Cells Using Unimolecular Biosensors

F&ouml;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy continues to gain increasing interest as a technique for real-time monitoring of biochemical and signaling events in live cells and tissues. Compared to classical biochemical methods, this novel technology is characterized by high temporal and spatial resolution. FRET experiments use various genetically-encoded biosensors which can be expressed and imaged over time in situ or in vivo1-2. Typical biosensors can either report protein-protein interactions by measuring FRET between a fluorophore-tagged pair of proteins or conformational changes in a single protein which harbors donor and acceptor fluorophores interconnected with a binding moiety for a molecule of interest3-4. Bimolecular biosensors for protein-protein interactions include, for example, constructs designed to monitor G-protein activation in cells5, while the unimolecular sensors measuring conformational changes are widely used to image second messengers such as calcium6, cAMP7-8, inositol phosphates9 and cGMP10-11. Here we describe how to build a customized epifluorescence FRET imaging system from single commercially available components and how to control the whole setup using the Micro-Manager freeware. This simple but powerful instrument is designed for routine or more sophisticated FRET measurements in live cells. Acquired images are processed using self-written plug-ins to visualize changes in FRET ratio in real-time during any experiments before being stored in a graphics format compatible with the build-in ImageJ freeware used for subsequent data analysis. This low-cost system is characterized by high flexibility and can be successfully used to monitor various biochemical events and signaling molecules by a plethora of available FRET biosensors in live cells and tissues. As an example, we demonstrate how to use this imaging system to perform real-time monitoring of cAMP in live 293A cells upon stimulation with a &beta;-adrenergic receptor agonist and blocker.

F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy is a powerful technique for real-time monitoring of signaling events in live cells using various biosensors as reporters. Here we describe how to build a customized epifluorescence FRET imaging system from commercially available components and how to use it for FRET experiments.

FRET микроскопии для мониторинга в реальном времени сигнальных событий в живых клетках Использование Мономолекулярные Биосенсоры

F&ouml;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy  continues to gain increasing interest as a technique for real-time monitoring  of biochemical ...

The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated including macromolecular synthesis, metabolism and ultimately, commitment to the cell division cycle. The chemostat, a method of experimentally controlling cell growth rate, provides a powerful means of systematically studying how growth rate impacts cellular processes - including gene expression and metabolism - and the regulatory networks that control the rate of cell growth. When maintained for hundreds of generations chemostats can be used to study adaptive evolution of microbes in environmental conditions that limit cell growth. We describe the principle of chemostat cultures, demonstrate their operation and provide examples of their various applications. Following a period of disuse after their introduction in the middle of the twentieth century, the convergence of genome-scale methodologies with a renewed interest in the regulation of cell growth and the molecular basis of adaptive evolution is stimulating a renaissance in the use of chemostats in biological research.

Cell growth rate is a regulated process and a primary determinant of cell physiology. Continuous culturing using chemostats enables extrinsic control of cell growth rate by nutrient limitation facilitating the study of molecular networks that control cell growth and how those networks evolve to optimize cell growth.

Использование Хемостаты в Микробная системной биологии

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

Nephrotoxin Микроинъекция в данио рерио к модели острое повреждение почек

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab

Understanding how enzymes work, and relating this to real life examples, is critical to a wide range of undergraduate degrees in the biological and biomedical sciences. This easy to follow protocol was developed for first year undergraduate pharmacy students and provides an entry-level introduction to enzyme reactions and analytical procedures for enzyme analysis. The enzyme of choice is lactase, as this represents an example of a commercially available enzyme relevant to human disease/pharmaceutical practice. Lactase is extracted from dietary supplement tablets, and assessed using a colorimetric assay based upon hydrolysis of an artificial substrate for lactase (ortho-nitrophenol-beta-D-galactopyranoside, ONPG). Release of ortho-nitrophenol following the hydrolytic cleavage of ONPG by lactase is measured by a change in absorbance at 420 nm, and the effect of the temperature on the enzymatic reaction is evaluated by carrying out the reaction on ice, at room temperature and at 37 &#176;C. More advanced analysis can be implemented using this protocol by assessing the enzyme activity under different conditions and using different reagents.

The enzymatic activity of lactase is essential for the catabolic processing of the disaccharide lactose. Here, the activity of lactase found in dietary supplements is assayed using a colorimetric assay. This provides students with an experimental platform for understanding the activity of lactase and enzyme kinetics.

Измеряя ферментативную активность лактазы в лаборатории обучения

Understanding how enzymes work, and relating this to real life examples, is critical to a wide range of undergraduate degrees in the biological and ...

The Mouse Isolated Perfused Kidney Technique

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a prerequisite for studying the physiology of the isolated organ and for many innovative applications that may be possible in the future, including perfusion decellularization for kidney bioengineering or the administration of anti-rejection or genome-editing drugs in high doses to prime the kidney for transplantation. During the time of the perfusion, the kidney can be manipulated, renal function can be assessed, and various pharmaceuticals administered. After the procedure, the kidney can be transplanted or processed for molecular biology, biochemical analysis, or microscopy.
This paper describes the perfusate and the surgical technique needed for the ex vivo perfusion of mouse kidneys. Details of the perfusion apparatus are given and data are presented showing the viability of the kidney&#39;s preparation: renal blood flow, vascular resistance, and urine data as functional, transmission electron micrographs of different nephron segments as morphological readouts, and western blots of transport proteins of different nephron segments as molecular readout.

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. The buffers and surgical technique are described in detail.

Мышь Изолированные перфузировались почки Техника

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a ...

Techniques to Induce and Quantify Cellular Senescence

In response to cellular stress or damage, proliferating cells can induce a specific program that initiates a state of long-term cell-cycle arrest, termed cellular senescence. Accumulation of senescent cells occurs with organismal aging and through continual culturing in vitro. Senescent cells influence many biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair and regeneration, tumor suppression, and aging. Hallmarks of senescent cells include, but are not limited to, increased senescence-associated &#946;-galactosidase activity (SA-&#946;-gal); p16INK4A, p53, and p21 levels; higher levels of DNA damage, including &#947;-H2AX; the formation of Senescence-associated Heterochromatin Foci (SAHF); and the acquisition of a Senescence-associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP), a phenomenon characterized by the secretion of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and signaling molecules. Here, we describe protocols for both replicative and DNA damage-induced senescence in cultured cells. In addition, we highlight techniques to monitor the senescent phenotype using several senescence-associated markers, including SA-&#946;-gal, &#947;-H2AX and SAHF staining, and to quantify protein and mRNA levels of cell cycle regulators and SASP factors. These methods can be applied to the assessment of senescence in various models and tissues.

Cellular senescence, the irreversible state of cell-cycle arrest, can be induced by various cellular stresses. Here, we describe protocols to induce cellular senescence and methods to assess markers of senescence.

Методы индуцируют и Quantify Cellular Старение

In response to cellular stress or damage, proliferating cells can induce a specific program that initiates a state of long-term cell-cycle arrest, termed ...

Visualizing and Tracking Endogenous mRNAs in Live Drosophila melanogaster Egg Chambers

Fluorescence-based imaging techniques, in combination with developments in light microscopy, have revolutionized how cell biologists conduct live cell imaging studies. Methods for detecting RNAs have expanded greatly since seminal studies linked site-specific mRNA localization to gene expression regulation. Dynamic mRNA processes can now be visualized via approaches that detect mRNAs, coupled with microscopy set-ups that are fast enough to capture the dynamic range of molecular behavior. The molecular beacon technology is a hybridization-based approach capable of direct detection of endogenous transcripts in living cells. Molecular beacons are hairpin-shaped, internally quenched, single-nucleotide discriminating nucleic acid probes, which fluoresce only upon hybridization to a unique target sequence. When coupled with advanced fluorescence microscopy and high-resolution imaging, they enable one to perform spatial and temporal tracking of intracellular movement of mRNAs. Although this technology is the only method capable of detecting endogenous transcripts, cell biologists have not yet fully embraced this technology due to difficulties in designing such probes for live cell imaging. A new software application, PinMol, allows for enhanced and rapid design of probes best suited to efficiently hybridize to mRNA target regions within a living cell. In addition, high-resolution, real-time image acquisition and current, open source image analysis software allow for a refined data output, leading to a finer evaluation of the complexity underlying the dynamic processes involved in the mRNA&#39;s life cycle.
Here we present a comprehensive protocol for designing and delivering molecular beacons into Drosophila melanogaster egg chambers. Direct and highly specific detection and visualization of endogenous maternal mRNAs is performed via spinning disc confocal microscopy. Imaging data is processed and analyzed using object detection and tracking in Icy software to obtain details about the dynamic movement of mRNAs, which are transported and localized to specialized regions within the oocyte.

Visualizing and Tracking Endogenous mRNAs in Live Drosophila melanogaster Egg Chambers

Here, we present a protocol for the visualization, detection, analysis and tracking of endogenous mRNA trafficking in live Drosophila melanogaster egg chamber using molecular beacons, spinning disc confocal microscopy, and open-source analysis software.

Визуализация и отслеживание эндогенных мРНК в Live Drosophila меланогастер яйцо палаты

Fluorescence-based imaging techniques, in combination with developments in light microscopy, have revolutionized how cell biologists conduct live cell ...

Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ

Ca2+ imaging of isolated cells or specific types of cells within intact tissues often reveals complex patterns of Ca2+ signaling. This activity requires careful and in-depth analyses and quantification to capture as much information about the underlying events as possible. Spatial, temporal and intensity parameters intrinsic to Ca2+ signals such as frequency, duration, propagation, velocity and amplitude may provide some biological information required for intracellular signalling. High-resolution Ca2+ imaging typically results in the acquisition of large data files that are time consuming to process in terms of translating the imaging information into quantifiable data, and this process can be susceptible to human error and bias. Analysis of Ca2+ signals from cells in situ typically relies on simple intensity measurements from arbitrarily selected regions of interest (ROI) within a field of view (FOV). This approach ignores much of the important signaling information contained in the FOV. Thus, in order to maximize recovery of information from such high-resolution recordings obtained with Ca2+dyes or optogenetic Ca2+ imaging, appropriate spatial and temporal analysis of the Ca2+ signals is required. The protocols outlined in this paper will describe how a high volume of data can be obtained from Ca2+ imaging recordings to facilitate more complete analysis and quantification of Ca2+ signals recorded from cells using a combination of spatiotemporal map (STM)-based analysis and particle-based analysis. The protocols also describe how different patterns of Ca2+ signaling observed in different cell populations in situ can be analyzed appropriately. For illustration, the method will examine Ca2+ signaling in a specialized population of cells in the small intestine, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), using GECIs.

Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ

Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs) have radically changed how in situ Ca2+ imaging is performed. To maximize data recovery from such recordings, appropriate analysis of Ca2+ signals is required. The protocols in this paper facilitate the quantification of Ca2+ signals recorded in situ using spatiotemporal mapping and particle-based analysis.

Приложения пространственно временных карт и методы анализа частиц для количественного определения внутриклеточных Ca2 + сигнализации в Situ

Ca2+ imaging of isolated cells or specific types of cells within intact tissues often reveals complex patterns of Ca2+ signaling. This activity requires ...