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本文内容

  • 摘要
  • 摘要
  • 引言
  • 研究方案
  • 结果
  • 讨论
  • 披露声明
  • 致谢
  • 材料
  • 参考文献
  • 转载和许可

摘要

This presentation demonstrates a method whereby electroporation of adherent, cultured cells is used for the study of intercellular, junctional communication, while the cells grow on a slide coated with conductive and transparent indium-tin oxide.

摘要

In this technique, cells are cultured on a glass slide that is partly coated with indium-tin oxide (ITO), a transparent, electrically conductive material. A variety of molecules, such as peptides or oligonucleotides can be introduced into essentially 100% of the cells in a non-traumatic manner.  Here, we describe how it can be used to study intercellular, gap junctional communication. Lucifer yellow penetrates into the cells when an electric pulse, applied to the conductive surface on which they are growing, causes pores to form through the cell membrane. This is electroporation. Cells growing on the nonconductive glass surface immediately adjacent to the electroporated region do not take up Lucifer yellow by electroporation but do acquire the fluorescent dye as it is passed to them via gap junctions that link them to the electroporated cells. The results of the transfer of dye from cell to cell can be observed microscopically under fluorescence illumination. This technique allows for precise quantitation of gap junctional communication. In addition, it can be used for the introduction of peptides or other non-permeant molecules, and the transfer of small electroporated peptides via gap junctions to inhibit the signal in the adjacent, non-electroporated cells is a powerful demonstration of signal inhibition.

引言

电电流的一个小区中的应用程序会导致孔的细胞膜上形成,由一个过程被称为电穿孔。的孔允许的各种透过膜nonpermeant分子的通道。电场可以精确地控制,从而使形成的孔是非常小的和重新闭合迅速,以最小的干扰对细胞生理学。有趣的是,贴壁细胞可生长在涂有导电性和透明的铟锡氧化物(ITO)和电穿孔的原位载玻片上,即在那里生长的表面上,而不被分离的悬浮液中进行电穿孔。细胞可以生长得非常好在该表面上,并且当它们被安装并伸展,详细显微镜观察是可能的。使用这种技术,小型nonpermeant分子可即刻导入和成基本上100%的细胞,这使得该技术特别适用于研究排版的活化通路的继受体(1审查)的配体刺激onents。

电穿孔已经大多用于引入的DNA(也称为electrotransfection)。然而,电穿孔法在原位可用于引入了大量的各种分子,如肽2-4,寡核苷酸,如反义RNA,双链DNA诱饵寡核苷酸的宝贵抑制转录因子的结合,或siRNA 3,5, 6,放射性7-10个核苷酸,蛋白质11 12或前体药物13。在电穿孔之后,将细胞可被裂解为生化分析或固定和染色的抗体。

导电性ITO涂层非常薄,800-1,000Å,使细胞的生长不是由在两个表面的高度差的干扰,如在单元两端的导电涂层的边缘生长。这提供的优点是,非electroporated细胞可以生长并排电穿孔者,作为对照。同样的方法可以用于间隙连接,细胞间通讯(GJIC)的检查,如在视频中描述。

间隙连接是连接相邻的电池14的内部通道。间隙连接,细胞间通讯在肿瘤形成和转移中起重要作用,而癌基因如Src蛋白抑制GJIC 15,16。审查GJIC荧光染料如荧光黄(LY)经常被导入培养的细胞中,通过显微注射或刮除装17和染料扩散到邻近细胞下的荧光照明显微观察。这些技术不过总是导致细胞损伤。我们现在描述那里的细胞生长在其上部分涂有ITO 18载玻片的技术。电脉冲在LY(或其它染料)的存在下施加连载ca利用其渗透到细胞上滑动的导电部分越来越大,而染料迁移到相邻的,非电穿孔的细胞通过荧光照明显微观察。为了避免干扰敏感的细胞可能离开单层分离,被设计的组件,其并不需要一个电极被放置在小区的顶部施加的电流19。这种方法提供了定量GJIC在大量细胞的能力,而没有任何可检测的干扰细胞代谢,由下列血清刺激12没有在G1期的长度的影响如所示,增加在fos基因的水平原癌基因蛋白(Raptis,未发表)或两个与细胞应激时,p38的生猪或JNK / SAPK 激酶相关激酶。这种方法成为可能的癌基因的表达,转化和GJ的水平之间的关系的检查集成电路18,以及Src和Stat3的的后GJIC在多种细胞类型中,包括细胞肺肿瘤样本20-23新鲜培养的效果。此外, 原位电穿孔与所描述的设置,其中缺乏的顶电极已被成功地使用,用于在脂肪细胞分化的间隙连接闭合的示范,虽然细胞附着到基底减小在该阶段19,24。

研究方案

1,电镀的电穿孔室中的电解槽

  1. 在层流罩,使用无菌技术如常trypsinize细胞。
    注意:通过离心来消除胰蛋白酶的所有痕迹,因为它们可能会妨碍细胞的玻璃板上散布,粘着和间隙连接从而形成是非常重要的。
  2. 吸管将1ml细胞悬液中提供的原位电穿孔仪( 图1),并将其放置在37℃, 二氧化碳培养箱无菌电室的。
    注:细胞粘附可以通过电镀于纤连蛋白,胶原蛋白,多聚赖氨酸或细胞和组织粘合剂(见材料表)而得到提高。
  3. 当细胞已经形成了融合层,他们已经准备好细胞间隙连接通讯检查。

2,电穿孔程序

电穿孔的细胞间隙连接通讯检查可以在层流罩外进行,因为只需要几分钟的时间。如果潜伏期较长时间都需要一个特定的实验,那么就可以完全在层流罩进行。在所有情况下,当细胞生长腔室必须是无菌的。

  1. 制备5毫克/毫升荧光黄液:将10毫克LY粉末(设置有电穿孔仪)在2ml无钙生长培养基中。对于实验中,需要较长的培育时间,过滤消毒溶液中,并储存在4℃。
  2. 吸出培养基,用无钙培养基洗细胞,小心不要划伤单层或干细胞。如果细胞是干他们通常有较深的细胞核,并拿起LY没有电。的效果是在它更多地暴露于空气气流( 图4F)滑动的中间更加明显。
  3. 用Eppendorf移液器,吸管的染料溶液到细胞(400μl的整个腔室),在该腔室,b的边缘eing小心不要触摸细胞层。
  4. 放置室与电穿孔仪附带的支架,并应用适当的强度(见讨论)的脉冲。
  5. 小心吸一些LY解​​决方案。它可以重复使用的第二时间不太重要的实验。
  6. 加入含10%透析血清钙的DMEM。
  7. 孵育的细胞为3-5分钟,在培养箱中,以允许通过间隙连接的染料转移。
    注:在这一点上列入透析血清帮助毛孔关闭。
  8. 与钙的DMEM活细胞观察洗未掺入的染料。备选地,细胞可以固定在该阶段,通过加入4%甲醛的井,然后用PBS(磷酸盐缓冲盐水)。在所有情况下,清洗必须移除所有背景。
    注:在初步实验,以确定最佳的条件下,如果电压过低,则有可能让细胞恢复在incubator表示了几分钟,电穿孔的同一张幻灯片第二次来保存幻灯片的成本。

3,显微镜检查

  1. 观察细胞的荧光下照射,使用倒置显微镜配备有适当的过滤器的染料被使用。对于荧光黄,激励是423nm,发射555nm处,全身振动过滤器尼康IX70显微镜。
  2. 消除液面效应通过放置一个玻璃盖玻片上的塑料井的顶部,它填充到液体上方后,检查下相衬细胞形态。为更好的画面,以及可从滑动被分离,并在盖玻片放置在框架上。对于固定的细胞中,以及可填充有甘油的显微镜观察,而对于活细胞就必须充满生长培养基中。
    注意:洗涤和拍摄是比较容易,如果下列染料(上述步骤2.7)的转移将细胞用甲醛固定。如果细胞是无吨固定,荧光从细胞取决于LY的介绍,而在固定的细胞的荧光被保持几个小时的细胞类型,电压和量消除内约60分钟。然而,荧光消失或O 2 / N孵化后消散,即便是在固定的细胞。出于这个原因,照片必须尽快电穿孔( 图2)后采取。

4,定量间通讯

  1. 拍摄的细胞在荧光下,相位相反见图3)20倍的目标。
  2. 识别并用星标记电 ​​穿孔的细胞在边界与非电穿孔的区域( 图2中 ,箭头,电穿孔边缘)。
  3. 识别并以点标记的荧光细胞上的非电穿孔的一侧,其中所述染料已通过间隙连接的传输( 图3A3B)。
  4. 除以总数通过电穿孔的细胞沿着边缘( 图3A3B)的数量的荧光细胞上的非电穿孔区域。
    请注意:从至少200个连续的电穿孔的边缘细胞的转移计算每个实验。得到的数字是GJIC值。

结果

图2显示了大鼠肝脏上皮T51B细胞22,在荧光下(图A和B),电穿孔和LY和拍照,或相差(C)的照明,以下定影和水洗。在图A中,将电穿孔的区域的边缘被标记为红色。荧光的红色线右边的梯度表示通过间隙连接的传输。在图3A图3B中 ,间隙连接通讯的定量表示:将细胞在电穿孔的区域的边缘被确定,并用星号标记,而其中的染料转移了细胞被标记为一...

讨论

在协议中的关键步骤

电穿孔材料
该材料的纯度被电穿孔是非常重要的。如果细胞是非常平坦的,则高浓度的示踪染料必须使用(不超过20毫克/毫升为LY),并在这种情况下,纯度,甚至比在细胞有更多的球状1更为重要。除LY大量的各种其它染料或nonpermeant分子已被采用,例如为一系列的Alexa染料作为探针的通道由不同的连接蛋白25的使用。然而?...

披露声明

The corresponding author is the inventor in a patent held by Queen’s University, which has been licensed to Cell Projects Inc. The company or the University had no influence upon the contents of the paper.

致谢

We thank Lowell Cochran for expert videography assistance. The financial assistance of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation (CBCF, Ontario Chapter), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Alliance, the Ontario Centers of Excellence, the Breast Cancer Action Kingston and the Clare Nelson bequest fund through grants to LR is gratefully acknowledged. SG was the recipient of an NSERC studentship. MG was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the US Army Breast Cancer Program, the Ministry of Research and Innovation of the Province of Ontario and the Advisory Research Committee of Queen’s University.

材料

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
DMEMCellgro http://www.cellgro.com/50-013-PB
DMEM without CalciumHyclone (Thermo scientific: http://www.thermoscientific.com)SH30319-01
Donor Calf Serum PAA: http://www.paa.com/Cat.# B15-008
Fetal Bovine SerumPAA: http://www.paa.com/Cat.# A15-751
Electroporation apparatusCell Projects Ltd UK: http://www.cellprojects.com/ACE-100
ChambersCell Projects Ltd UKACE-04-CC4-wells
ChambersCell Projects Ltd UKACE-08-CC8-wells
Lucifer YellowCell Projects Ltd UKACE-25-LYHigh purity
CelTakBD Biosciences354240Cell and tissue adhesive
FibronectinSigma AldrichF1141
CollagenBD Biosciences354236
Poly-LysineSigma AldrichP8920

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