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Induction of Endothelial Differentiation in Cardiac Progenitor Cells Under Low Serum Conditions
In This Article
Summary
This protocol describes an endothelial differentiation technique for cardiac progenitor cells. It particularly focuses on how serum concentration and cell-seeding density affect the endothelial differentiation potential.
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) may have therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration after injury. In the adult mammalian heart, intrinsic CPCs are extremely scarce, but expanded CPCs could be useful for cell therapy. A prerequisite for their use is their ability to differentiate in a controlled manner into the various cardiac lineages using defined and efficient protocols. In addition, upon in vitro expansion, CPCs isolated from patients or preclinical disease models may offer fruitful research tools for the investigation of disease mechanisms.
Current studies use different markers to identify CPCs. However, not all of them are expressed in humans, which limits the translational impact of some preclinical studies. Differentiation protocols that are applicable irrespective of the isolation technique and marker expression will allow for the standardized expansion and priming of CPCs for cell therapy purpose. Here we describe that the priming of CPCs under a low fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentration and low cell density conditions facilitates the endothelial differentiation of CPCs. Using two different subpopulations of mouse and rat CPCs, we show that laminin is a more suitable substrate than fibronectin for this purpose under the following protocol: after culturing for 2 - 3 days in medium including supplements that maintain multipotency and with 3.5% FBS, CPCs are seeded on laminin at <60% confluence and cultured in supplement-free medium with low concentrations of FBS (0.1%) for 20 - 24 hours before differentiation in endothelial differentiation medium. Because CPCs are a heterogeneous population, serum concentrations and incubation times may need to be adjusted depending on the properties of the respective CPC subpopulation. Considering this, the technique can be applied to other types of CPCs as well and provides a useful method to investigate the potential and mechanisms of differentiation and how they are affected by disease when using CPCs isolated from respective disease models.
Introduction
Recent studies support the existence of resident cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in the adult mammalian heart1,2,3, and CPCs could be a useful source for cell therapy after cardiac injury4,5. In addition, expanded CPCs may provide a fruitful model for drug screening and the investigation of disease mechanisms when isolated from patients with rare cardiomyopathies, or from respective disease models6,7.
CPCs isolated from the adult he....
Protocol
The use of mice for cell isolation purpose was in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and with the Swiss Animal Protection Law and was approved by the Swiss Cantonal Authorities.
NOTE: The isolation of Sca-1+/CD31- SP-CPCs from the mouse heart was essentially done as previously described34 with some modifications. For the materials and reagents used, see Table of Materials. For all experiments, card.......
Representative Results
Mouse SP-CPC Isolation:
In this study, we used mouse CPCs isolated according to the SP phenotype, whereas results from rat CPCs are modified and added from a previous report with permission (Figure 8)33.
Cell Proliferation Under High and Low Cell Densities and with Different Serum Concentrations:
Discussion
Advantages of this Protocol:
This protocol provides an endothelial differentiation technique of CPCs. We found that a low serum concentration and low cell density could improve the efficiency of endothelial differentiation, whereby LN proved to be a more suitable substrate than FN under these conditions. We used two distinct types of CPCs: rat CPCs, which were used in a cell line-like manner, and mouse SP-CPCs, which were isolated and expanded. Notably, the protocol was applicable to both types o.......
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Vera Lorenz for her helpful support during the experiments and the staff from the Flow Cytometry Facility from the Department of Biomedicine (DBM), University and University Hospital Basel. This work was supported by the Stay-on track program from the University of Basel (to Michika Mochizuki). Gabriela M. Kuster is supported by a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant number 310030_156953).
....Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Culture medium | |||
| Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) | ThermoFisher | #12440 | |
| Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM)/Nutrient Mixture F12 Ham | Merck | #D8437 | |
| Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) | ThermoFisher | #15140122 | |
| Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) | Hyclone | #SH30071 | 3.5% (0.1% for lineage induction) |
| L-Glutamine | ThermoFisher | #25030 | Final concentration 2 mM |
| Glutathione | Merck | #G6013 | |
| Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) | Peprotech | #AF-100-15 | |
| Recombinant Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) | Peprotech | #AF-100-18B | |
| B27 Supplement | ThermoFisher | #17504044 | |
| Cardiotrophin 1Â | Peprotech | #250-25 | |
| Thrombin | Diagontech AG, Switzerland | #100-125 | |
| Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) CaCl2(-), MgCl2(-) | ThermoFisher | #14170 | |
| 0.05 % Trypsin-EDTA | ThermoFisher | #25300 | |
| T75 Flask | Sarstedt | #83.3911 | |
| Endothelial differentiation  | |||
| Endothelial Cell Growth Medium (EGM)-2 BulletKit | Lonza | #CC-3162 | |
| Ham's F-12K (Kaighn's) Medium | ThermoFisher | #21127 | |
| Laminin | Merck | #L2020 | |
| Fibronectin | Merck | #F4759 | Dilute in ddH2O |
| 6 Well Plate | Falcon | #353046 | |
| Formaldehyde Solution | Merck | #F1635 | Diluite 1:10 in PBS (3.7% final concentration) |
| Triton X-100 | Merck | #93420 | 0.1% in ddH2O |
| Normal Goat Serum (10%) | ThermoFisher | #50062Z | |
| Anti-von Willebrand Factor antibody | Abcam | #ab6994 | 1:100 in 10% goat serum |
| Goat anti-Rabbit IgG, Alexa Fluor 546 | ThermoFisher | #A11010 | 1:500 in 10% goat serum |
| 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride (DAPI) | ThermoFisher | #62247 | 1:500 in ddH2OÂ |
| SlowFade Antifade Kit | ThermoFisher | #S2828 | |
| BX63 widefield microscope | Olympus | ||
| Tube formation | |||
| 96 Well Plate | Falcon | #353072 | |
| 5 ml Round Bottom Tube with Strainer Cap | Falcon | #352235 | |
| Matrigel Growth Factor Reduced | Corning | #354230 | |
| IX50 widefield microscope | Olympus | ||
| Sca-1+/CD31- cardiac side population isolation34Â | |||
| Reagents | |||
| Pentobarbital Natrium 50 mg/ml ad usum vet. | in house hospital pharmacy | #9077862 | Working solution: 200 mg/kg |
| Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) CaCl2(-), MgCl2(-) | ThermoFisher | #20012 | |
| Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) CaCl2(-), MgCl2(-), phenol red (-) | ThermoFisher | #14175 | Prepare HBSS 500 mL + 2% FBS for quenching Collagenase B activity |
| Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) 1g/L of D-Glucose, L-Glutamine, Pyruvate | ThermoFisher | #331885 | Prepare DMEM + 10% FBSÂ + 25 mM HEPES+ P/S for Hoechst stanining |
| Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) | ThermoFisher | #15140122 | |
| HEPES 1 M | ThermoFisher | #15630080 | Final concentration 25 mM |
| Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) | Hyclone | #SH30071 | |
| RBC LysisBuffer (10X) | BioLegend | #420301/100mL | Dilute to 1X in ddH2O and filter through a 0.2 µm filter |
| Collagenase B | Merck | #11088807001 | Final concentration 1 mg/mL in HBSS, filtered through a 0.2 µm filter |
| bisBenzimide H33342 Trihydrochloride (Hoechst) | Merck | #B2261 | Prepare 1 mg/mL in ddH2O |
| Verapamil-hydrochloride | Merck | #V4629 | Final concentration 83.3 µM |
| APC Rat Anti-Mouse CD31 | BD Biosciences | #551262 | 0.25 µg/107cells |
| FITC Rat Anti-Mouse Ly-6A/E (Sca-1) | BD Biosciences | #557405 | 0.6 µg/107cells |
| 7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-ADD) | ThermoFisher | #A1310 | 0.15 µg/106cells |
| APC rat IgG2a k Isotype Control | BD Biosciences | #553932 | 0.25 µg/107cells |
| FITC Rat IgG2a k Isotype Control | BD Biosciences | #554688 | 0.6 µg/107cells |
| Material | |||
| Needles 27G | Terumo | #NN-2719R | |
| Needles 18G | Terumo | #NN-1838S | |
| Single Use Syringes 1 mL sterile | CODAN | #62.1640 | |
| Transferpipette 3.5 mL | Sarstedt | #86.1171.001 | |
| Cell Strainer 40 µm blue | BD Biosciences | #352340 | |
| Cell Strainer 100 µm yellow | BD Biosciences | #352360 | |
| Lumox Dish 50 | Sarstedt | #94.6077.305 | |
| Culture Dishes P100 | Corning | #353003 | |
| Culture Dishes P60 | Corning | #353004 | |
| Mouse | |||
| Line | Age | Breeding | |
| C57BL/6NRj / male | 12 weeks | in house | |
| Product Name | Company | Catalogue No. | |
| Reagents | |||
| Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) | ThermoFisher | #12440 | |
| Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM)/Nutrient Mixture F12 Ham | Merck | #D8437 | |
| Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) | ThermoFisher | #15140122 | |
| Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) | Hyclone | #SH30071 | |
| L-Glutamine | ThermoFisher | #25030 | |
| Glutathione | Merck | #G6013 | |
| B27 Supplement | ThermoFisher | #17504044 | |
| Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) | Peprotech | #AF-100-15 | |
| Recombinant Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) | Peprotech | #AF-100-18B | |
| Cardiotrophin 1Â | Peprotech | #250-25 | |
| Thrombin | Diagontech AG, Switzerland | #100-125 | |
| Endothelial Cell Growth Medium (EGM)-2 BulletKit | Lonza | #CC-3162 | |
| Overview of medium compositions. Some of this infomation is identical with the one provided above, but sorted according to the composition of Media 1-3. | |||
| Product Name | Medium 18 | Medium 2 | Medium 3 |
| Reagents | Culture | Lineage induction | Endothelial diff. |
| Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) | 35% | 35% | |
| Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM)/Nutrient Mixture F12 Ham | 65% | 65% | |
| Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) | 1% | 1% | |
| Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) | 3.5% | ≤0.1% | |
| L-Glutamine | 2 mM | 2 mM | |
| Glutathione | 0.2 nM | 0.2 nM | |
| B27 Supplement | 1.3% | ||
| Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) | 6.5 ng/mL | ||
| Recombinant Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) | 13 ng/mL | ||
| Cardiotrophin 1Â | 0.65 ng/mL | ||
References
- Beltrami, A. P., et al. Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration. Cell. 114 (6), 763-776 (2003).
- Hierlihy, A. M., Seale, P., Lobe, C. G., Rudnicki, M. A., Megeney, L. A. The po....
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