Segmenting Growth of Endothelial Cells in 6-Well Plates on an Orbital Shaker for Mechanobiological Studies

Summary

This protocol describes a coating method to restrict endothelial cell growth to a specific region of a 6-well plate for shear stress application using the orbital shaker model.

Abstract

Shear stress imposed on the arterial wall by the flow of blood affects endothelial cell morphology and function. Low magnitude, oscillatory and multidirectional shear stresses have all been postulated to stimulate a pro-atherosclerotic phenotype in endothelial cells, whereas high magnitude and unidirectional or uniaxial shear are thought to promote endothelial homeostasis. These hypotheses require further investigation, but traditional in vitro techniques have limitations, and are particularly poor at imposing multidirectional shear stresses on cells.

One method that is gaining increasing use is to culture endothelial cells in standard multi-well plates on the platform of an orbital shaker; in this simple, low-cost, high-throughput and chronic method, the swirling medium produces different patterns and magnitudes of shear, including multidirectional shear, in different parts of the well. However, it has a significant limitation: cells in one region, exposed to one type of flow, may release mediators into the medium that affect cells in other parts of the well, exposed to different flows, hence distorting the apparent relation between flow and phenotype.

Here we present an easy and affordable modification of the method that allows cells to be exposed only to specific shear stress characteristics. Cell seeding is restricted to a defined region of the well by coating the region of interest with fibronectin, followed by passivation using passivating solution. Subsequently, the plates can be swirled on the shaker, resulting in exposure of cells to well-defined shear profiles such as low magnitude multidirectional shear or high magnitude uniaxial shear, depending on their location. As before, the use of standard cell-culture plasticware allows straightforward further analysis of the cells. The modification has already allowed the demonstration of soluble mediators, released from endothelium under defined shear stress characteristics, that affect cells located elsewhere in the well.

Introduction

Responses of vascular cells to their mechanical environment are important in the normal function of blood vessels and in the development of disease¹. The mechanobiology of the endothelial cells (ECs) that line the interior surface of all blood vessels has been a particular focus of mechanobiological research because ECs directly experience the shear stress generated by blood flow over them. Various phenotypic changes such as inflammatory responses, altered stiffness and morphology, the release of vasoactive substances, and the localization and expression of junctional proteins depend on EC exposure to shear stress^2,....

Protocol

1. Fabrication of devices and preparation of reagents

1. Fabrication of stainless-steel module
   1. Fabricate the stainless-steel module from a grade 316 stainless-steel using a CNC milling machine according to the engineering drawing provided (Figure 1).
2. 3D printing of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold
   1. Prepare a 3D computer aided design (CAD) model of the PDMS mold using SolidWorks according to the engineering drawing provided (

Discussion

The swirling-well method is capable of generating complex flow profiles in a single well - Low Magnitude Multidirectional Flow (LMMF) in the center and High Magnitude Uniaxial Flow (HMUF) at the edge of the well. However, shear stress-mediated secretions of soluble mediator will be mixed in the swirling medium and affect cells in the whole well, potentially masking the true effect of a particular shear stress profile on the cells.

The coating method demonstrated here overcomes this issue by re.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Cell and Media
Endothelial Growth Medium (EGM-2)	Lonza	cc-3162
Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells	NA	NA	Isolated from cords obtained from donors with uncomplicated labour at the Hammersmith Hospital
Reagents and Materials
Alexa Fuor 488-labelled goat anti-rabbit IgG	Thermofisher Scientific	A11008
Bovine Serum Albumin	Sigma-Aldrich	A9418-50G
Falcon 6 Well Clear Flat Bottom Not Treated	Scientific Laboratory Supplies Ltd	351146
Fibronectin from Bovine Plasma	Sigma-Aldrich	F1141-5MG
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma-Aldrich	158127-500G
Phosphate-Buffered Saline	Sigma-Aldrich	D8537-6X500ML
Pluronic F-127	Sigma-Aldrich	P2443
Recombinant Human TNF-a	Peprotech	300-01A
RS PRO 2.85 mm Black PLA 3D Printer Filament, 1 kg	RS	832-0264
Stainless Steel 316	Metal Supermarket	NA
Sylgard184 Silicone Elastomer kit	Farnell	101697
Triton X-100	Sigma-Aldrich	X100-100ML
Trypsin-EDTA solution	Sigma-Aldrich	T4049-100ML
Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) antibody	Cell Signaling Technology	13663
DRAQ5 (5mM)	Bio Status	DR50200
Equipments
Grant Orbital Shaker PSU-10i	Scientific Laboratory Supplies Ltd	SHA7930
Leica TCS SP5 Confocal Microscope	Leica	NA
Retaining Ring Pliers	Misumi	RTWP32-58
Retaining Rings/Internal/C-Type	Misumi	RTWS35
Ultimaker 2+3-D printer	Ultimaker	NA
Softwares
Cura 2.6.2	Ultimaker	NA
MATLAB	The MathWorks	NA
Solidworks 2016	Dassault Systemes	NA