Estimation of Plant Biomass Lignin Content using Thioglycolic Acid (TGA)

Summary

Here, we present a modified TGA method for estimation of lignin content in herbaceous plant biomass. This method estimates the lignin content by forming specific thioether bonds with lignin and presents an advantage over the Klason method, as it requires a relatively small sample for lignin content estimation.

Abstract

Lignin is a natural polymer that is the second most abundant polymer on Earth after cellulose. Lignin is mainly deposited in plant secondary cell walls and is an aromatic heteropolymer primarily composed of three monolignols with significant industrial importance. Lignin plays an important role in plant growth and development, protects from biotic and abiotic stresses, and in the quality of animal fodder, the wood, and industrial lignin products. Accurate estimation of lignin content is essential for both fundamental understanding of the lignin biosynthesis and industrial applications of biomass. The thioglycolic acid (TGA) method is a highly reliable method of estimating the total lignin content in the plant biomass. This method estimates the lignin content by forming thioethers with the benzyl alcohol groups of lignin, which are soluble in alkaline conditions and insoluble in acidic conditions. The total lignin content is estimated using a standard curve generated from commercial bamboo lignin.

Introduction

Lignin is one of the vital load-bearing components of plant cell walls and the second most abundant polymer on Earth¹. Chemically, lignin is a crosslinked heteropolymer made up of high molecular weight complex phenolic compounds that form a natural renewable source of aromatic polymers and synthesis of biomaterials^2,3. This natural polymer plays significant roles in plant growth, development, survival, mechanical support, cell wall rigidity, water transport, mineral transport, lodging resistance, tissue and organ development, deposition of energy, and protection from biotic and abiotic ....

Protocol

1. Preparation of plant samples

1. Collect two-month-old cotton plants from the greenhouse (Figure 1A).
2. Flip plant pots gently to separate soil and roots with intact lateral roots by loosening the soil around the plant (Figure 1B).
3. Wash the collected plants thoroughly in trays filled with water to remove all the dirt (for root samples) (Figure 1C).
4. Use paper towels to dry separated root, stem, and leaf tissues, and label them (Figure 1D). Air dry for 2 days at room temperature to prevent any fungal contamination....

Results

Two different cotton experimental lines were compared for differences in their lignin contents in different tissues. The extracted lignin content of each sample was measured at 280 nm and recorded its respective absorbance values. The average absorbance values of each biological replicate were compared against the regression line of the lignin standard curve (Table 2, Figure 3C). The regression line, y = mx + c, is used to calculate the unknown lignin content of the extracte.......

Discussion

Lignin plays a significant role in plant growth and development and recently has been extensively studied for biofuel, bioenergy and bioproduct applications. Lignin is rich in aromatic compounds that are stored in all vascular plant secondary cell walls. It has several industrial applications such as wood panel products, bio dispersants, flocculants, polyurethane foams and in resins of circuit boards^29,30,31. Most of the lignin .......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
BioSpectrophotometer kinetic	Eppendorf kinetic	6136000010	For measuring absorbance at 280 nm
Centrifuge	Eppendorf	5424	For centrifuging  samples
Commercial bamboo lignin	Aldrich	1002171289	Used in the preparation of the standard curve
Distilled water	Fischer Scientific	16690382	Used in the protocol
Falcon tubes	VWR	734-0448	Containers for solutions
Freezer mill	Spex Sample Prep	68-701-15	For fine grinding of plant tissue samples
Heat block/ Thermal mixer	Eppendorf	13527550	For temperature controlled steps during lignin extraction
Hotplate stirrer	Walter	WP1007-HS	Used for preparation of solutions
Hydrochloric acid (HCL)	Sigma	221677	Used in the protocol
Incubator	Fisherbrand	150152633	For thorough drying of plant tissue samples
Measuring scale	Mettler toledo	30243386	For measuring plant tissue weight, standards and microfuge tubes
Methanol (100 %)	Fischer Scientific	67-56-1	Used in the protocol
Microfuge tubes (2 mL)	Microcentrifuge	Z628034-500EA	Containers for extraction of lignin
Plant biomass gerinder	Hanchen	Amazon	Used for crushing dried samples
pH meter	Fisher Scientific	AE150	Measuring pH for solutions prepared for lignin extraction
Temperature controlled incubator/oven	Fisher Scientific	15-015-2633	Used in the protocol
Thioglycolic acid (TGA)	Sigma Aldrich	68-11-1	Used in the protocol
Vacuum dryer	Eppendorf	22820001	Used for drying samples
Vortex mixer	Eppendorf	3340001	For proper mixing of samples