Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy as a Unique Probe for Lipid Membrane Dynamics and Membrane-Protein Interactions

Summary

This paper describes the protocols for sample preparation, data reduction, and data analysis in neutron spin echo (NSE) studies of lipid membranes. Judicious deuterium labeling of lipids enables access to different membrane dynamics on mesoscopic length and time scales, over which vital biological processes occur.

Abstract

Lipid bilayers form the main matrix of cell membranes and are the primary platform for nutrient exchange, protein-membrane interactions, and viral budding, among other vital cellular processes. For efficient biological activity, cell membranes should be rigid enough to maintain the integrity of the cell and its compartments yet fluid enough to allow membrane components, such as proteins and functional domains, to diffuse and interact. This delicate balance of elastic and fluid membrane properties, and their impact on biological function, necessitate a better understanding of collective membrane dynamics over mesoscopic length and time scales of key biological processes, e.g., membrane deformations and protein binding events. Among the techniques that can effectively probe this dynamic range is neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy. Combined with deuterium labeling, NSE can be used to directly access bending and thickness fluctuations as well as mesoscopic dynamics of select membrane features. This paper provides a brief description of the NSE technique and outlines the procedures for performing NSE experiments on liposomal membranes, including details of sample preparation and deuteration schemes, along with instructions for data collection and reduction. The paper also introduces data analysis methods used to extract key membrane parameters, such as the bending rigidity modulus, area compressibility modulus, and in-plane viscosity. To illustrate the biological importance of NSE studies, select examples of membrane phenomena probed by NSE are discussed, namely, the effect of additives on membrane bending rigidity, the impact of domain formation on membrane fluctuations, and the dynamic signature of membrane-protein interactions.

Introduction

The understanding of cell membranes and their function has remarkably evolved over the last few decades. The former view of cell membranes as passive lipid bilayers that define cell boundaries and house membrane proteins¹ has gradually transformed into a dynamic model in which lipid bilayers play an important role in regulating vital biological processes, including cellular signaling, molecular exchange, and protein function — to name a few^2,3,4,5,6. This realizat....

Protocol

1. Deuteration scheme required for the experiment

1. For bending fluctuation measurements, make fully protiated liposomes in D₂O (D 99.9%) or D₂O-buffer (e.g., phosphate buffer prepared with D₂O instead of H₂O). Use fully protiated DMPC (C₃₆H₇₂NO₈P) and DSPC (C₄₄H₈₈NO₈P) with 133.4 mg, where X_DMPC and X

Discussion

NSE is a powerful and unique technique in measuring mesoscopic dynamics of lipid membranes under various conditions. The effective utilization of NSE depends on sample quality, neutron contrast, and the range of accessible dynamics that can be probed for a given sample. Thus, several critical steps are required for performing successful NSE experiments and collecting high-quality data. A key step in ensuring the effective use of neutron beam time during an NSE experiment is to characterize the liposomal suspensions with .......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Chloroform (biotech grade)	Sigma Aldrich	496189	Biotech. grade, ≥99.8%, contains 0.5-1.0% ethanol as stabilizer
Circulating water bath	Julabo	SE-12	Heating Circulator with smart pump, programmable temperature settings, and external sensor connection for measurement and control
Deuterium Oxide	Cambridge Isotopes Laboratories	DLM-4	Deuterated water; Heavy water (D2O) (D, 99.9%)
Digital Semi-Microbalance	Mettler Toledo	MS105	Semi-micro balance with 120 g capacity, 0.01 mg readability, high resolution weighing cell, ergonomic doors, and pipette-check application
Ethanol (molecular biology grade)	Sigma Aldrich	E7023	200 proof ethanol for molecular biology applications
Glass Pipets	VWR	36360-536	Disposable Soda Lime glass Pasteur pipets
Glass Vials	Thermo Scientific	B7990-1	Borosilicate glass vials with PTFE/Silione septum caps
Lab grade freezer	Fisher Scientific	IU2886D	Ultra-low temprature freezer (-86 to -50 C) for long-term storage of lipids and proteins
Lipids (protaited or perdeuterated)	Avanti Polar Lipids	varies by lipid	Lipids can be purchased from Avanti in powder form or in a chloroform solution with the required amounts and deuteration schemes.
Millipore water purifier	Millipore Sigma	ZRQSVP3US	Direct-Q® 3 UV Water Purification System which deliver both pure and ultrapure water with a built-in UV lamp to reduce the levels of organics for biological  applications
Mini Extruder Set	Avanti Polar Lipids	610020	Mini-extruder set includes mini-extruder, heating block, 2 GasTight Syringes, and 2 O-rings, Polycarbonate Membranes, and Filter Supports
Quick Connect Fittings	Grainger	2YDA1 and 2YDA7	Push-button tube fittings for QuickConnect water circulation applications, e.g. high temperature vesicle extrusion
Syringe Pump	SyringePump.com	New Era-1000	Fully programmable syringe pump for infusion and withdrawal; programs up to 41 pumping phases with adjustable pumping rates, dispensed volumes, and extrusion cycles
Ultrasonic bath	Fisher Scientific	CPX2800	Temperature controlled ultra sonic bath with programmable functionality for degassing and ultrasonic applications
Vacuum Oven	Thermo Scientific	3608	0.7 cu ft vaccum oven with built-in-high-limit thermostat guards against overheating
Vortex Mixer	Fisher Scientific	02-215-414	Variable speed, analog control that allows low rpm start-up for gentle shaking or high-speed mixing for vigorous vortexing of samples