Zebrafish Corneal Wound Healing: From Abrasion to Wound Closure Imaging Analysis

Summary

This protocol focuses on damaging the ocular surface of zebrafish through abrasion to assess the subsequent wound closure at the cellular level. This approach exploits an ocular burr to partly remove the corneal epithelium and uses scanning electron microscopy to track changes in cell morphology during wound closure.

Abstract

As the transparent surface of the eye, the cornea is instrumental for clear sight. Due to its location, this tissue is prone to environmental insults. Indeed, the eye injuries most frequently encountered clinically are those to the cornea. While corneal wound healing has been extensively studied in small mammals (i.e., mice, rats, and rabbits), corneal physiology studies have neglected other species, including zebrafish, despite zebrafish being a classic research model.

This report describes a method of performing a corneal abrasion on zebrafish. The wound is performed in vivo on anesthetized fish using an ocular burr. This method allows for a reproducible epithelial wound, leaving the rest of the eye intact. After abrasion, wound closure is monitored over the course of 3 h, after which the wound is reepithelialized. By using scanning electron microscopy, followed by image processing, the epithelial cell shape, and apical protrusions can be investigated to study the various steps during corneal epithelial wound closure.

The characteristics of the zebrafish model permit study of the epithelial tissue physiology and the collective behavior of the epithelial cells when the tissue is challenged. Furthermore, the use of a model deprived of the influence of the tear film can produce new answers regarding corneal response to stress. Finally, this model also allows the delineation of the cellular and molecular events involved in any epithelial tissue subjected to a physical wound. This method can be applied to the evaluation of drug effectiveness in preclinical testing.

Introduction

As most of the epithelia are in contact with the external environment, they are prone to physical injury, making them well suited for the study of wound healing processes. Among the well-studied tissues, the cornea is an extremely useful model in the investigation of the cellular and molecular aspects of wound healing. As a transparent external surface, it provides physical protection to the eye and is the first element to focus the light onto the retina. While the structure and cell composition of the retina differ between species¹, these elements of the cornea are generally similar in all camera-type eyes, regardless of species.

Protocol

All experiments were approved by the national animal experiment board.

1. Preparations

1. Prepare the tricaine stock solution used for anesthesia²⁶ in advance (0.4% stock solution used in this protocol). Use gloves and keep the materials in a fume hood whenever possible.
   1. For 50 mL of a 0.4% solution, weigh 200 mg of tricaine powder into a 50 mL tube. Dissolve the powder in approximately 45 mL of double-distilled water.
   2. Adjust the pH of the tricaine stock solution to 7 with 1 M Tris (pH 8.8, ~1.25 mL). Add the Tris solution to the tricaine stock in aliquots, mix the sto....

Results

This study describes a method using an ophthalmic burr in zebrafish corneal wound healing experiments. The method is modified from previous studies on mice, where the burr was shown to remove the epithelial cell layers efficiently¹³. The challenges in zebrafish corneal wounding include the relatively small size of the eye, and in the case of time-consuming experiments, the need to maintain a constant water flow through the gills (as described by Xu and colleagues²⁸). The ma.......

Discussion

Corneal physical injuries are the most common cause of ophthalmology patient visits to the hospital. Therefore, it is important to establish relevant models for the study of different aspects of corneal pathophysiology. So far, the mouse is the most commonly used model for the study of corneal wound healing. However, adding eyedrops on murine wounded eyes to validate the impact of specific drugs on corneal wound healing can be difficult. In this respect, the zebrafish model is particularly useful for the pharmacological .......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.1M Na-PO4 (sodium phosphate buffer), pH 7.4	in-house		Solution is prepared from 1M sodium phosphate buffer (1M Na2HPO4 adjusted to pH 7.4 with 1M NaH2PO4).
0.2M Na-PO4 (sodium phosphate buffer), pH 7.4	in-house		Solution is prepared from 1M sodium phosphate buffer (1M Na2HPO4 adjusted to pH 7.4 with 1M NaH2PO4).
0.5mm burr tips	Alger Equipment Company	BU-5S
1M Tris, pH 8.8	in-house
adhesive tabs	Agar Scientific	G3347N
Algerbrush burr, Complete instrument	Alger Equipment Company	BR2-5
Cotton swaps	Heinz Herenz Hamburg	1030128
Dissecting plate	in-house
Dissecting tools	Fine Science Tools
double-distilled water	in-house
Eppedorf tubes, 2ml	any provider
Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt	Sigma	A5040	Caution: causes irritation.
Glutaraldehyde, 50% aqueous solution, grade I	Sigma	G7651	Caution: toxic.
Lidocaine hydrochloride	Sigma	L5647	Caution: toxic.
mounts	Agar Scientific	G301P
Petri dish	Thermo Scientific	101VR20
pH indicator strips	Macherey-Nagel	92110
Plastic spoons	any provider
Plastic tubes, 15 ml	Greiner Bio-One	188271
Plastic tubes, 50 ml	Greiner Bio-One	227261
Scanning electron microscope	FEI	Quanta 250 FEG
Soft sponge	any provider
Sputter coater	Quorum Technologies	GQ150TS
Stereomicroscope	Leica