Global Level Quantification of Histone Post-Translational Modifications in a 3D Cell Culture Model of Hepatic Tissue

Summary

This protocol outlines how a three-dimensional cell culture system can be used to model, treat, and analyze chromatin modifications in a near-physiological state.

Abstract

Flat cultures of mammalian cells are a widely used in vitro approach for understanding cell physiology, but this system is limited in modeling solid tissues due to unnaturally rapid cell replication. This is particularly challenging when modeling mature chromatin, as fast replicating cells are frequently involved in DNA replication and have a heterogeneous polyploid population. Presented below is a workflow for modeling, treating, and analyzing quiescent chromatin modifications using a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system. Using this protocol, hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines are grown as reproducible 3D spheroids in an incubator providing active nutrient diffusion and low shearing forces. Treatment with sodium butyrate and sodium succinate induced an increase in histone acetylation and succinylation, respectively. Increases in levels of histone acetylation and succinylation are associated with a more open chromatin state. Spheroids are then collected for isolation of cell nuclei, from which histone proteins are extracted for the analysis of their post-translational modifications. Histone analysis is performed via liquid chromatography coupled online with tandem mass spectrometry, followed by an in-house computational pipeline. Finally, examples of data representation to investigate the frequency and occurrence of combinatorial histone marks are shown.

Introduction

Since the late 19^th century, cell culture systems have been used as a model to study the growth and development of cells outside of the human body^1,2. Their use has also been extended to study how tissues and organs function in both healthy and diseased contexts^1,3. Suspension cells (e.g., blood cells) grow in Petri dishes or flasks seamlessly and interchangeably as they do not assemble in three-dimensional (3D) structures in vivo. Cells derived from solid organs can grow in either two-dimensional (2D) or 3D culture systems. In 2D c....

Protocol

1. Preparation of buffers and reagents

1. Cell growth media (for HepG2/C3A cells): Add fetal bovine serum (FBS) (10% v/v), non-essential amino acids (1% v/v), L-glutamine supplement (1% v/v) and penicillin/streptomycin (0.5% v/v) to Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM, containing 4.5 g/L glucose). Growth media is stored at 4 °C for a maximum of 2 weeks.
2. 200 mM sodium butyrate (NaBut) solution: To prepare 10 mL, resuspend 220.18 mg of NaBut in 10 mL of ddH₂O.......

Discussion

The analysis of histone PTMs is fundamentally different from the typical proteomics analysis pipeline. Most histone PTMs still have enigmatic biological functions; as a result, annotations such as Gene Ontology or pathway databases are not available. Several resources exist that associate histone modifications with the enzyme responsible for their catalysis or proteins containing domains that bind these PTMs (e.g., HISTome³⁶). As well, it is possible to speculate on the overall state of the chroma.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.05% trypsin-EDTA solution	Gibco	25300054
0.5-20 µL pipet tips	BRAND	13-889-172 (Fisher Scientific)
1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes	Bio-Rad	2239480
10 µL multi-channel pipette	BRAND	BR7059000 (Millipore Sigma)
10 mL syringe	Henke Sass Wolf	14-817-31 (Fisher Scientific)	Luer lock tip, graduated to 12 mL
10, 20, 200, and 1000 µL single-channel pipettes	Eppendorf	14-285-904 (Fisher Scientific)
1000 µL pipet tips	Rainin	30389164
18 G syringe needle	Air-Tite	14-817-100 (Fisher Scientific)	3" length, 0.05" diameter
200 µL multi-channel pipette	Corning	4082
2-200 µL pipet tips	BRAND	Z740118 (Millipore Sigma)
24-well ultra-low attachment microplate	Corning	07-200-602
75 cm2  U-shaped cell culture flask	Corning	461464U	Untreated, with vent cap
96-well skirted plate	Axygen	PCR-96-FS-C (Corning)
Acetone	Fisher Scientific	A949-1	Acetone should be used cold
Ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3)	Sigma-Aldrich	A6141-25G
Ammonium hydroxide solution	Fisher Scientific	AC423300250
Cell culture grade water	Corning	25-055-CV
ClinoReactor	CelVivo	10004-12	Bioreactor for 3D cell culture
ClinoStar	CelVivo	N/A	Clinostat CO2 incubator for 3D cell culture
Control unit	CelVivo	N/A	Tablet for ClinoStar settings
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM)	Corning	17-205-CV	1X solution with 4.5 g/L glucose and sodium pyruvate, without L-glutamine and phenol red
Fetal bovine serum (FBS)	Corning	35-010-CV
Formic acid	Thermo Scientific	28905
Fume hood	Mott	N/A	Model 7121000
Glass Pasteur pipette	Fisher Scientific	13-678-8B	9", cotton-plugged, borosilicate glass, non-sterile
Glutagro supplement	Corning	25-015-CI	200 mM L-ananyl-L-glutamine
Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS)	Corning	21-022-CV	1X solution without calcium, magnesium, and phenol red
HPLC grade acetonitrile	Fisher Scientific	A955-4
HPLC grade water	Fisher Scientific	W6-1
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)	Fisher Scientific	A481-212
Ice	N/A	N/A
MEM non-essential amino acids	Corning	25-025-CI	100X solution
Oasis HLB resin	Waters	186007549	Hydrophilic-Lipophilic-Balanced (HLB) Resin with 30µm particle size
Orbitrap Fusion Lumos Tribrid mass spectrometer	Thermo Fisher Scientific	IQLAAEGAAPFADBMBHQ	High resolution mass spectrometer
Oro-Flex I polypropylene filter plate	Orochem	OF1100	96-well polypropylene filter plate w/ 10 µM PE frit
Penicillin-Streptomycin	Corning	30-002-CI	100X solution
pH paper	Hydrion	Z111848 (Sigma-Aldrich)	0-13 pH test paper
Pipette gun	Eppendorf	Z666467 (Millipore Sigma)
Polymicro capillary	Molex	50-110-7740 (Fisher Scientific)	Flexible fused silica capillary tubing with polymide coating, 75 µM ID x 363 µM OD
Polystyrene 10 mL serological pipets, sterile	Fisher Scientific	1367549
Propionic anhydride	Sigma-Aldrich	240311-50G
Refrigerated centrifuge	Thermo Scientific	75-217-420
Reprosil-Pur resin	MSWIL	R13.AQ.0003	120 Å pore size, C18-AQ phase, 3 µM bead size
Rotator	Clay Adams	25477 (American Laboratory Trading)	Nutator Mixer 1105
Sequencing grade modified trypsin	Promega	V5111
Sodium butyrate	Thermo Scientific	A11079
Sodium succinate dibasic	Sigma-Aldrich	14160-100G
SpeedVac vacuum concentrator (1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes)	Savant	20249 (American Laboratory Trading)
SpeedVac vacuum concentrator (96-well)	Thermo Scientific	15308325	Savant SPD1010
Sterile hood	Thermo Scientific	1375	Class II, Type A2
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)	Fisher Scientific	02-004-375	Baker Analyzed ACS reagent
Tissue-culture treated 100 mm x 20 mm dish	Fisher Scientific	08-772-23
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA)	Thermo Scientific	AC421451000	Resuspend 100% w/v in HPLC grade water
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)	Fisher Scientific	PI28904	Sequencing grade
Vacuum manifold 96-well	Millipore	MAVM0960R
Vortex	Sigma-Aldrich	Z258415
Water bath	Fisher Scientific	FSGPD10
Wide bore pipet tips 1000 µL	Axygen	14-222-703 (Fisher Scientific)
Wide bore pipet tips 200 µL	Axygen	14-222-730 (Fisher Scientific)