Intravital Widefield Fluorescence Microscopy of Pulmonary Microcirculation in Experimental Acute Lung Injury Using a Vacuum-Stabilized Imaging System

Summary

Intravital fluorescence microscopy can be utilized to study leukocyte-endothelial interactions and capillary perfusion in real-time. This protocol describes methods to image and quantify these parameters in the pulmonary microcirculation using a vacuum-stabilized lung imaging system.

Abstract

Intravital imaging of leukocyte-endothelial interactions offers valuable insights into immune-mediated disease in live animals. The study of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other respiratory pathologies in vivo is difficult due to the limited accessibility and inherent motion artifacts of the lungs. Nonetheless, various approaches have been developed to overcome these challenges. This protocol describes a method for intravital fluorescence microscopy to study real-time leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the pulmonary microcirculation in an experimental model of ALI. An in vivo lung imaging system and 3-D printed intravital microscopy platform are used to secure the anesthetized mouse and stabilize the lung while minimizing confounding lung injury. Following preparation, widefield fluorescence microscopy is used to study leukocyte adhesion, leukocyte rolling, and capillary function. While the protocol presented here focuses on imaging in an acute model of inflammatory lung disease, it may also be adapted to study other pathological and physiological processes in the lung.

Introduction

Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a useful imaging tool for visualizing and studying various biophysical processes in vivo. The lung is highly challenging to image in vivo due to its enclosed location, the fragile nature of its tissue, and motion artifacts induced by respiration and heartbeat^1,2. Various intravital microscopy (IVM) setups have been developed for real-time imaging of leukocyte-endothelial interactions in pulmonary microcirculation to overcome these challenges. Such approaches are based on surgically exposing and stabilizing the lung for imaging.

Animal....

Protocol

All the procedures described here were performed with prior approval by the Dalhousie University Committee on Laboratory Animals (UCLA).

1. Preparation

1. Lung imaging system: To prepare the window, administer a thin layer of vacuum grease to the top of the outer ring while avoiding contamination of the vacuum channel. Place a clean 8 mm glass coverslip on the window and gently press down to create a seal.
2. Widefield Fluorescence Microscope: Perform imaging w.......

Discussion

The protocol presented here requires practice and attention to a few critical steps. First, it is important to prepare the imaging window prior to initiating intubation and surgery. Use a minimal amount of vacuum grease to coat the outer ring of the imaging window, apply the cover glass, and test suction with a drop of distilled water. Preparing this in advance will prevent the exposed lung from drying out during the setup otherwise. While it is possible to flush with warm saline, doing so may risk damaging the fragile p.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1 mL BD Luer Slip Tip Syringe sterile, single use	Becton, Dickinson and Company	309659	1 mL syringe
ADSON Dressing Forceps, Tip width 0.6 mm, teeth length 11.5 mm, 12 cm	RWD Life Science Co.	F12002-12	Blunt forceps
Albumin-Fluorescein Isothiocyanate	Sigma-Aldrich	A9771-1G	FITC-albumin
Alcohol Swab Isopropyl Alcohol 70% v/v	Canadian Custom Packaging Company	80002455	Alcohol wipe
AVDC110 Advanced Digital Video Converter	Canopus	00631069602029	Digital video converter
B/W - CCD - Camera	Horn Imaging	BC-71	Camera
Bovie Deluxe High Temperature Cautery Kit	Fine Science Tools	18010-00	Cauterizer
C57BL/6 Mice	Charles River Laboratories International	C57BL/6NCrl	C57BL/6 Mice
Cotton Tipped Applicators	Puritan	806-WC	Cotton applicator
CS-8R 8mm Round Glass Coverslip	Warner Instruments	64-0701	Glass coverslip
Digital Pressure Gauge	ITM Instruments Inc.	DG2551L0NAM02L0IM&V	Digital Pressure Gauge
Dr Mom Slimline Stainless LED Otoscope	Dr. Mom Otoscopes	1001	Otoscope
Ethyl Alchohol 95% Vol	Commercial Alcohols	P016EA95	95% ethanol
Fine Scissors - Martensitic Stainless Steel	Fine Science Tools	14094-11	Scissors
Fisherbrand Colored Labeling Tape	Fisher Scientific	1590110	Labeling tape
Gast DOA-P704-AA High-Capacity Vacuum Pump	Cole-Parmer Canada Company	ZA-07061-40	Vacuum pump
Hartman Hemostats	Fine Science Tools	13003-10	Hemostatic forceps
High Vacuum Grease	Dow Corning	DC976VF	Vacuum grease
Isoflurane USP	Fresenius Kabi	CP0406V2	Isoflurane
LIDOcaine HCl Injection 1% 50 mg/5 mL	Teligent Canada	0121AD01	Lidocaine HCl 1%
Lung SurgiBoard	Luxidea, Inc.	IMCH-0001	Designed for intravital microscopy of the lung
Mineral Oil	Teva Canada	00485802	Mineral oil
Mouse Endotracheal Intubation Kit	Kent Scientific Corporation	ETI-MSE	Intubation stand, anesthesia mask, 20 G endotracheal cannula, fibre optic cable
MST49 Fluorescence Microscope	Leica Microsystems	10 450 022	Fluorescence Microscope
N Plan L 20x/0.40 Long Working Distance Microscope Objective	Leica Microsystems	566035	20x objective
Non-Woven Sponges 2" x 2"	AMD-Ritmed	A2101-CH	Gauze
Optixcare Eye Lube Plus	Aventix	5914322	Tear gel
Original Prusa i3 MK3S+ 3D Printer	Prusa Research	PRI-MK3S-KIT-ORG-PEI	3D printer
Oxygen, Compressed	Linde Canada Inc.		Oxygen
PrecisionGlide Needle 30 G x 1/2 (0.3 mm x 13 mm)	Becton, Dickinson and Company	305106	30 G needle
Pyrex 5340-2L 5340 Filtering Flasks, 2000 mL	Cole-Parmer Canada Company	5340-2L	Vacuum flask
Rhodamine 6 G	Sigma-Aldrich	252433	Rhodamine 6G
Secure Soft Cloth Medical Tape - 3"	Primed	PM5-630709	Cloth tape
Silastic Medical Grade Tubing .040 in. ID x .085 in. OD	Dow Corning	602-205	1.0 mm I.D. polyethylene tubing
Somnosuite Low-Flow Anesthesia System	Kent Scientific Corporation	SS-01, SS-04-module	Small rodent ventilator, Low-flow anesthesia system, Heating pad, Rectal temperature probe, Pulse oximeter
Tissue Forceps, 12.5cm long, Curved, 1 x 2 Teeth	World Precision Instruments	501216	Toothed forceps
Transpore Medical Tape, 1527-1, 1 in x 10 yd (2.5 cm x 9.1 m)	3M	7000002795	Medical tape
Tubing,Clear,3/8 in Inside Dia.	Grainger Canada	USSZUSA-HT3314	1.0 cm I.D. polyethylene tubing
Whatman 6720-5002 50 mm In-Line Filters, PTFE, 0.2 µm	Cole-Parmer Canada Company	6720-5002	Inline 0.2µm filter