Rapid Viscoelastic Characterization of Airway Mucus Using a Benchtop Rheometer

Summary

The viscoelastic properties of mucus play a critical role in mucociliary clearance. However, traditional mucus rheological techniques require complex and time-consuming approaches. This study provides a detailed protocol for the use of a benchtop rheometer that can rapidly and reliably perform viscoelastic measurements.

Abstract

In muco-obstructive lung diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis) and other respiratory conditions (e.g., viral/bacterial infections), mucus biophysical properties are altered by goblet cell hypersecretion, airway dehydration, oxidative stress, and the presence of extracellular DNA. Previous studies showed that sputum viscoelasticity correlated with pulmonary function and that treatments affecting sputum rheology (e.g., mucolytics) can result in remarkable clinical benefits. In general, rheological measurements of non-Newtonian fluids employ elaborate, time-consuming approaches (e.g., parallel/cone-plate rheometers and/or microbead particle tracking) that require extensive training to perform the assay and interpret the data. This study tested the reliability, reproducibility, and sensitivity of Rheomuco, a user-friendly benchtop device that is designed to perform rapid measurements using dynamic oscillation with a shear-strain sweep to provide linear viscoelastic moduli (G', G", G^*, and tan δ) and gel point characteristics (γ_c and σ_c) for clinical samples within 5 min. Device performance was validated using different concentrations of a mucus simulant, 8 MDa polyethylene oxide (PEO), and against traditional bulk rheology measurements. A clinical isolate harvested from an intubated patient with status asthmaticus (SA) was then assessed in triplicate measurements and the coefficient of variation between measurements is <10%. Ex vivo use of a potent mucus reducing agent, TCEP, on SA mucus resulted in a five-fold decrease in elastic modulus and a change toward a more "liquid-like" behavior overall (e.g., higher tan δ). Together, these results demonstrate that the tested benchtop rheometer can make reliable measures of mucus viscoelasticity in clinical and research settings. In summary, the described protocol could be used to explore the effects of mucoactive drugs (e.g., rhDNase, N-acetyl cysteine) onsite to adapt treatment on a case-by-case basis, or in preclinical studies of novel compounds.

Introduction

Muco-obstructive airway diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), and other respiratory conditions, such as viral and bacterial pneumonia, are prevalent health concerns worldwide. While the pathophysiology varies greatly between each condition, a common key feature is abnormal mucociliary clearance. In healthy lungs, mucus lines the airway epithelium to trap inhaled particles and provide a physical barrier against pathogens. Once secreted, airway mucus, composed of ~97.5% water, 0.9% salt, ~1.1% globular proteins, and ~0.5% mucins, is gradually transported toward the glottis by the coordinated beating of cilia

Protocol

In the present study, samples were collected during a clinically indicated bronchoscopy after obtaining informed consent under a protocol approved by the UNC Institutional Review Board.

1. Sputum/mucus collection and storage

1. Collect airway mucus via sputum collection or bronchoscopy aspiration.
   1. Collect sputum either via spontaneous expectoration or induce sputum by 3% hypertonic saline inhalation. Alternatively, directly aspirate mucus from the airways during a bronchoscopy procedure.
   2. Store collected airway sputum/mucus in sterile specimen cups. In the case of sputum, rem....

Results

Figure 1 shows the accuracy and repeatability of rheological measurements using concentration-dependent curves of viscoelastic control, i.e., polyethylene oxide (PEO) solution, and status asthmaticus (SA) mucus. Measurements of viscoelastic characteristics of 8 MDa PEO at five different concentrations (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%) were directly compared between the evaluated benchtop rheometer and a traditional bulk rheometer (Table of Materials). In contrast with SA mucus, P.......

Discussion

The unique viscoelastic properties of mucus are essential in maintaining healthy airways. Internal and external factors can alter airway mucus biophysical properties, causing clinical complications characteristic of muco-obstructive diseases. Hence, monitoring changes in mucus viscoelasticity might be considered during assessments of disease status and exploration of therapies that reduce mucus viscoelasticity. Empirical studies from the 1980s demonstrated a strong correlation between mucus rheology and airway clearance .......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Capillary Pistons Tips	Gilson	CP1000
Discovery Hybrid Rheometer-3	TA Instruments		DHR-3 Bulk Rheometer manufactured by TA Instruments in New Castle, DE: Used to preform rheological tests.
Graphing Software	GraphPad Prism		GraphPad Software (San Diego, CA) used for data analysis
Microcentrifuge Tube	Costar	3621
Peltier plate	TA Instruments		Temperature control system manufactured by TA Instruments in New Castle, DE
Polyethylene oxide	Sigma	372838	8 MDa polymer used as mucus simulant
Positive Displacement Pipette	Gilson	M1000	Pipette used for handling viscous solutions
Rheomuco	Rheonova		Benchtop Rheometer manufactured by Rheonova in France: Used to preform rheological tests.
Rough Lower Geometries	Rheonova	D-1811-007	25mm Diameter
Rough Upper Geometries	Rheonova	U-1811-007	25mm Diameter
Smooth Upper Parallel Plate	TA Instruments		20mm Diameter
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine	Sigma	646547-10X1ML	TCEP: Potent reducing agent.