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We present an ex vivo pig lung model for the demonstration of pulmonary mechanics and alveolar recruitment maneuvers for teaching purposes. The lungs can be used for more than one day (up to five days) with minimal changes in pulmonary mechanics variables.
Mechanical ventilation is widely used and requires specific knowledge for understanding and management. Health professionals in this field may feel insecure and lack knowledge because of inadequate training and teaching methods. Therefore, the objective of this article is to outline the steps involved in generating an ex vivo porcine lung model to be used in the future, to study and teach lung mechanics. To generate the model, five porcine lungs were carefully removed from the thorax following the guidelines of the Animal Research Ethics Committee with adequate care and were connected to the mechanical ventilator through a tracheal cannula. These lungs were then subjected to the alveolar recruitment maneuver. Respiratory mechanics parameters were recorded, and video cameras were used to obtain videos of the lungs during this process. This process was repeated for five consecutive days. When not used, the lungs were kept refrigerated. The model showed different lung mechanics after the alveolar recruitment maneuver every day; not being influenced by the days, only by the maneuver. Therefore, we conclude that the ex vivo lung model can provide a better understanding of lung mechanics and its effects, and even of the alveolar recruitment maneuver through visual feedback during all stages of the process.
Mechanical ventilation (MV) is widely used in intensive care units (ICUs) and surgical centers. Its monitoring is essential to help recognize asynchronies and prevent injuries for all patients, especially when the patient has serious lung injuries1,2,3,4,5,6. Monitoring respiratory mechanics can also contribute to the clinical understanding of the disease progression and therapeutic applications, such as the use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) or the alveolar re....
The protocol was approved by the Animal Research Ethics Committee of our Institution (protocol no. 1610/2021).
1. Anesthesia and animal preparation
We used five female pigs weighing between 23.4-26.9 kg and followed the described protocol for cardiopulmonary extraction and lung mechanics analysis. Our intention is that the model is useful for the study of lung mechanics by analyzing peak pressure, plateau pressure, resistance, driving pressure, and dynamic compliance variables collected directly from the mechanical ventilator screen. The model flowchart is shown in Figure 1.
The lungs were analyzed for five c.......
The described protocol is useful for producing an ex vivo porcine lung model under positive-pressure MV. It can be used for studying and teaching lung mechanics through visual feedback from the lungs during recruitment and analysis of the curves and values projected on the device screen. To achieve this result, pilot studies are needed to understand the behavior of the lungs outside the rib cage and to identify the need for adaptations.
We identified that the critical point was the fo.......
We thank all colleagues and professionals who contributed to and supported the construction of this ex vivo porcine lung model protocol.
This study had no funding sources.
....Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
0.9% Saline solution | 2500ml | ||
Anesthesia machine - Primus | Drager | REF 8603800-18 | Anesthesia work station used in the procedure |
Aspirator | For blood aspiration from thorax | ||
Bedside Monitor - Life Scope | Nihon Kohden | BSM-7363 | Multiparameter monitor used during the procedure |
Bonney Tissue Forceps | Any tissue forceps is suitable | ||
Disposable scalper, #23 | Any scalper is suitable | ||
Disposable syringe needles, 18G x 1 1/2", 23G x 1" | BD | 302814 | Widely available |
Disposable syringes, 10ml | Widely available | ||
Electrosurgical unit - SS-501 | WEM | For cutting and coagulation during thorax incision | |
Fentanyl | 10 mcg/kg bolus + 10 mcg/kg/hour continuous infusion | ||
Finochietto retractor | Any finochietto retractor is suitable | ||
heparin | 3ml | ||
Infusion set | Any infusion set is suitable | ||
Isoflurane | 1.5% | ||
Kelly Forceps Curved | Any kelly forceps is suitable | ||
Ketamine | 5mg/kg | ||
Lactated Ringer solution | 500ml | ||
Mechanical ventilator - Servo I | Maquet | REF 6449701 | Mechanical ventilator used in the procedure |
Metzenbaum Scissor (Straight and curved) | Any metzenbaum scissor is suitable | ||
Midazolam | 0.25mg/kg | ||
Orotracheal intubation cannula, #6.5 | Rusch | 112282 | Widely available |
Plexiglass | Custom made plexiglass box: 30x45x60cm | ||
Polyester suture, 2-0 | Widely available | ||
Potassium choride | 10 ml, 19.1% potassium chloride. | ||
propofol | 5mg/kg | ||
Three way stopcock | Widely available | ||
Venous catheter, G20 x 1" | BD | 38183314 | Widely available |
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