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This methodology allows applying a dental appliance on any specimen at any angle with standardized force and stability. This approach might be extensively used in health sciences to standardize the impacts of dental equipment with hand-holding elements such as micromotors, turbines, and ultrasonic scalers on varied surfaces.
Dental ultrasonic scalers are commonly employed in periodontal treatment; however, their ability to roughen tooth surfaces is a worry since roughness may increase plaque production, a key cause of periodontal disease. This research studied the influence of a piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler on the roughness of two distinct flowable composite filling materials. To do this, 10 disc-shaped samples were generated from each of the two flowable composite materials. After standardized polishing, samples were submerged in water for 24 h before the first surface examination using electron microscopy and profilometry. The ultrasonic scaler was applied to a specified location of each sample for 60 s under water cooling and regulated force. Post-scaler surface parameters were again examined. Following the application of the scaler, both composite materials exhibited a notable increase in surface roughness, as determined by profilometry (p < 0.01). Additionally, the observed surface roughness was also qualitatively visualized with scanning electron microscopy. While initial roughness levels were comparable across the two composites (p = 0.143) after scaler application, no substantial discrepancy in surface texture was noticed between them (p = 0.684). The use of a high-power piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler on routinely used flowable composite restorations might generate considerable surface roughness, possibly leading to increased plaque accumulation. Nevertheless, it might be postulated that nanohybrid flowable composite materials having conventional monomer ingredients may demonstrate comparable surface alterations within the limitations of this experiment.
Maintaining oral health is a cornerstone of comprehensive dental care, and the role of hygiene in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases is well-established. One tool employed during the hygiene phase is the dental ultrasonic scaler, which is used to remove dental calculus and plaque1. However, while the efficacy of the scaler in cleaning tooth surfaces is critical, its impact on restorative materials is a subject of ongoing research and interest within dental materials science. Surface roughness in particular has been shown to be a contributor to the accumulation and retention of plaque2, highlighting the need for an understanding of how commonly used dental instruments affect restorative materials.
Recent studies have conducted comparative analyses on the roughness effects of piezoelectric dental scalers on teeth or composite filling materials3,4,5. Mittal et al.5 found that root surfaces scaled with a piezoelectric scaler were less rough than those scaled with a magnetostrictive scaler, although the former lost more material and had more noticeable scratches. Arabacı et al.3 examined the influence of tip wear on root surface roughness using piezoelectric ultrasonic scalers and found differences in erosion ratio based on tip wear. Goldstein et al.4 reported that a magnetostrictive ultrasonic scaler had more adverse effects on the surface roughness of resin-based restorative materials compared to a sonic scaler. Recent research has shown that the use of ultrasonic scaling and air polishing can significantly increase the surface roughness of composite filling materials6,7. These findings are important as increased surface roughness can lead to bacterial adhesion and compromise the longevity of dental restorations. Therefore, it is crucial for dental professionals to consider the potential impact of these procedures on the surface roughness of composite filling materials.
This study seeks to expand the body of knowledge by investigating the roughness effect induced by piezoelectric ultrasonic dental scalers on restorative materials, specifically two different flowable composite filling materials. Given the prevalence of composite materials in restorative dentistry and their differentiation in terms of monomer content and technology, such as conventional composites versus giomer-based composites, it is imperative to assess whether the use of ultrasonic scalers differently affects these materials6,8,9,10. Flowable composites are defined by a reduced filler content, which ultimately results in diminished mechanical properties. Consequently, these materials are unsuitable for use in high-stress-bearing locations such as cervical tooth regions11. In recent decades, manufacturers have launched a new generation of flowable materials with increased mechanical and physical qualities. These materials are stated to be appropriate for use in a wide variety of direct anterior and posterior restorations, including those exposed to extreme stress. Consequently, it is of clinical value to examine the mechanical and physical qualities of several commercially available high-strength flowable dental composites12. By meticulously comparing the roughness effect of scalers on two distinct flowable composite filling materials, the study aims to inform clinical practice, ensuring that procedures optimize both oral health outcomes and the longevity and aesthetics of these recent restorative materials. In assessing the impact of dental instruments on various surfaces, standardization of application across all groups is crucial for ensuring the accuracy of the data obtained. Standardizing characteristics such as tip type, angulation, wear, applied force, movement in dental scaler applications, and similar initial surface characteristics would enhance the quality of these investigations3,13,14,15,16. The configurations established for similar investigations mostly include elements that feature a scale to quantify the applied force, an item to provide the requisite weight for the handpiece, and a limb or individual to carry and apply the hygiene equipment. Standardizing the setup for ultrasonic dental scalers enhances consistency, minimizes variability due to different individual parameters, and improves diagnostic accuracy for assessing surface alterations. The setup configuration revealed similar initial surface properties established in this study to reduce discrepancies in individual-specific applications and provide better outcomes. Additionally, it is distinctive regarding the various items utilized. Furthermore, the method is straightforward and can be readily adopted by a wide range of medical practitioners.
This investigation, through a standardized and controlled in vitro approach, strives to delineate the effects of ultrasonic dental scaler application that result in significant roughness, which is crucial for refining dental hygiene protocols and enhancing the sustainable health of restored teeth.
NOTE: This research employed two distinct kinds of flowable dental composite materials: nanohybrid Group P, and nanohybrid Group B manufactured using unique giomer technology. Casarin et al.'s study17 parameters (mean defect depth difference (Ra; µm): 15, standard deviation (µm): 10, alpha error: 0.05, beta error: 0.90) were utilized in a power analysis to estimate sample size.
1. Creation of composite specimens with similar initial surface roughness
2. Stabilization of the samples into acrylic blocks
3. Creating the setup for the scaler application
The statistical analyses were done using statistical analysis software. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was performed to assess changes within the group. The Mann Whitney-U Test was employed to undertake intergroup comparisons. The significance level was determined at p < 0.05.
In the intragroup profilometric comparison of both groups, it was noted that the scaler application resulted in a considerable roughness, which can be qualitatively visualized by electron microscope images (Group P, p...
Research consistently shows that both sonic and ultrasonic scaling can increase the surface roughness of tooth-colored restorative materials, with ultrasonic scaling having a more detrimental effect8,9. Ultrasonic scaling and air-powder polishing can further increase the roughness of composite resin and restoration margins, and the extent of damage is material-dependent6. The type of restorative material used can also impact the extent of ...
The author declares no conflict of interest.
I express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Oğuzhan Gündüz from Marmara University Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Application and Research Center/Marmara University Faculty of Technology Department of Metallurgy and Material Engineering; Prof. Dr. Pınar Yılmaz Atalı from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry; and Dr. Semra Ünal Yildirim from Marmara University Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center who provided valuable insights and expertise that seriously supported the investigation.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Beautifil Flow Plus | Shofu | United States | |
Evo MA10 Scanning Electron Microscope | Zeiss | Germany | |
EWO Typ 990 Paralellometer | Kavo | Germany | |
Finishing Discs | Bisco | United States | |
G4 Scaler Tip | Woodpecker | China | |
Premise Flowable | Kerr | United States | |
SC 7620 model sputter coater | Quorum Technologies | UK | |
Surftest SJ-210 | Mitutoyo | Japan | |
UDS-A-LED Dental Scaler | Woodpecker | China | |
Valo LED Cordless Curing Light | Ultradent | United States | |
Zetaplus Silicon Impression Material | Zhermack | Italy |
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