The current study was granted by &#34;Study on the key issues of curative effect of Koumiss on regional diseases of Mongolian medicine&#34; in 2018 Supported Project of the science and technology program of the Department of Science and Technology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

NOTE: See the Table of Materials for details related to all materials, instruments, and reagents used in this protocol.
1. Cell culture
<ol>
	<li>Culture HepG2 cells in culture flasks containing Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (containing 10% fetal bovine serum [FBS], 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 &#181;g/mL streptomycin). Maintain the culture flasks at 37 &#176;C in a 5% CO2 incubator.</li>
</ol>
2. Ef...

Oleic Acid-Induced HepG2 Cells for Metabolic Disease Analysis 

<ol>
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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonalcoholic+steatohepatitis:+summary+of+an+AASLD+Single+Topic+Conference.">Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: summary of an AASLD Single Topic Conference.</a> Hepatology. 37 (5), 1202-1219 (2003).</li><li>Du, J., Zhao, L., Kang, Q., He, Y., Bi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+optimized+method+for+Oil+Red+O+staining+with+the+salicylic+acid+ethanol+solution.">An optimized method for Oil Red O staining with the salicylic acid ethanol solution.</a> Adipocyte. 12 (1), 2179334 (2023).</li><li>Mehlem, A., Hagberg, C. E., Muhl, L., Eriksson, U., Falkevall, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+of+neutral+lipids+by+Oil+Red+O+for+analyzing+the+metabolic+status+in+health+and+disease.">Imaging of neutral lipids by Oil Red O for analyzing the metabolic status in health and disease.</a> Nat Protoc. 8 (6), 1149-1154 (2013).</li><li>Estes, C., Razavi, H., Loomba, R., Younossi, Z., Sanyal, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+the+epidemic+of+nonalcoholic+fatty+liver+disease+demonstrates+an+exponential+increase+in+burden+of+disease.">Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease.</a> Hepatology. 67 (1), 123-133 (2018).</li><li>Watkins, P. A., Ellis, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peroxisomal+acyl-CoA+synthetases.">Peroxisomal acyl-CoA synthetases.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1822 (9), 1411-1420 (2012).</li><li>Heeren, J., Scheja, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic-associated+fatty+liver+disease+and+lipoprotein+metabolism.">Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and lipoprotein metabolism.</a> Mol Metab. 50, 101238 (2021).</li><li>Kim, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+isoquercitrin+on+free+fatty+acid-induced+lipid+accumulation+in+HepG2+cells.">Effect of isoquercitrin on free fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells.</a> Molecules. 28 (3), 1476 (2023).</li><li>Lee, M. R., Yang, H. J., Park, K. I., Ma, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lycopus+lucidus+Turcz.+ex+Benth.+attenuates+free+fatty+acid-induced+steatosis+in+HepG2+cells+and+non-alcoholic+fatty+liver+disease+in+high-fat+diet-induced+obese+mice.">Lycopus lucidus Turcz. ex Benth. attenuates free fatty acid-induced steatosis in HepG2 cells and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.</a> Phytomedicine. 55, 14-22 (2019).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hesperetin+ameliorates+hepatic+oxidative+stress+and+inflammation+via+the+PI3K/AKT-Nrf2-ARE+pathway+in+oleic+acid-induced+HepG2+cells+and+a+rat+model+of+high-fat+diet-induced+NAFLD.">Hesperetin ameliorates hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation via the PI3K/AKT-Nrf2-ARE pathway in oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells and a rat model of high-fat diet-induced NAFLD.</a> Food Funct. 12 (9), 3898-3918 (2021).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protopanaxadiol+ameliorates+NAFLD+by+regulating+hepatocyte+lipid+metabolism+through+AMPK/SIRT1+signaling+pathway.">Protopanaxadiol ameliorates NAFLD by regulating hepatocyte lipid metabolism through AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway.</a> Biomed Pharmacother. 160, 114319 (2023).</li><li>Liu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zeaxanthin+prevents+ferroptosis+by+promoting+mitochondrial+function+and+inhibiting+the+p53+pathway+in+free+fatty+acid-induced+HepG2+cells.">Zeaxanthin prevents ferroptosis by promoting mitochondrial function and inhibiting the p53 pathway in free fatty acid-induced HepG2 cells.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 1868 (4), 159287 (2023).</li><li>Mun, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+extract+of+Curcuma+longa+L.+ameliorates+non-alcoholic+fatty+liver+disease.">Water extract of Curcuma longa L. ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.</a> Nutrients. 11 (10), 2536 (2019).</li><li>Park, M., Yoo, J. 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Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+and+mechanisms+of+oleic+acid-induced+steatosis+in+HepG2+cells.">Quantification and mechanisms of oleic acid-induced steatosis in HepG2 cells.</a> Am J Transl Res. 2 (1), 95-104 (2010).</li><li>Guo, X., Yin, X., Liu, Z., Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-alcoholic+fatty+liver+disease+(NAFLD)+pathogenesis+and+natural+products+for+prevention+and+treatment.">Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis and natural products for prevention and treatment.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 23 (24), 15489 (2022).</li><li>Rafiei, H., Omidian, K., Bandy, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dietary+polyphenols+protect+against+oleic+acid-induced+steatosis+in+an+in+vitro+model+of+NAFLD+by+modulating+lipid+metabolism+and+improving+mitochondrial+function.">Dietary polyphenols protect against oleic acid-induced steatosis in an in vitro model of NAFLD by modulating lipid metabolism and improving mitochondrial function.</a> Nutrients. 11 (3), 541 (2019).</li><li>Tie, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kaempferol+and+kaempferide+attenuate+oleic+acid-Induced+lipid+accumulation+and+oxidative+stress+in+HepG2+cells.">Kaempferol and kaempferide attenuate oleic acid-Induced lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 22 (16), 8847 (2021).</li><li>Fang, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diosgenin+ameliorates+palmitic+acid-induced+lipid+accumulation+via+AMPK/ACC/CPT-1A+and+SREBP-1c/FAS+signaling+pathways+in+LO2+cells.">Diosgenin ameliorates palmitic acid-induced lipid accumulation via AMPK/ACC/CPT-1A and SREBP-1c/FAS signaling pathways in LO2 cells.</a> BMC Complement Altern Med. 19 (1), 255 (2019).</li><li>Wu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MLKL-dependent+signaling+regulates+autophagic+flux+in+a+murine+model+of+non-alcohol-associated+fatty+liver+and+steatohepatitis.">MLKL-dependent signaling regulates autophagic flux in a murine model of non-alcohol-associated fatty liver and steatohepatitis.</a> J Hepatol. 73 (3), 616-627 (2020).</li><li>Scavo, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+oleic/palmitic+acid+imbalance+in+exosomes+isolated+from+NAFLD+patients+induces+necroptosis+of+liver+cells+via+the+elongase-6/RIP-1+pathway.">The oleic/palmitic acid imbalance in exosomes isolated from NAFLD patients induces necroptosis of liver cells via the elongase-6/RIP-1 pathway.</a> Cell Death Dis. 14 (9), 635 (2023).</li><li>Chavez-Tapia, N. 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MASLD is a clinicopathological syndrome characterized by excessive intracellular fat deposition in hepatocytes due to factors beyond alcohol and other established liver-damaging agents18. MASLD is intricately linked to acquired metabolic stress liver injury, notably associated with insulin resistance and genetic susceptibility. To effectively study and screen drugs for MASLD, it is crucial to select an appropriate experimental model. Establishing a cell model is particularly vital in MASLD researc...

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) encompasses a range of conditions, including simple steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma1,2,3,4,5,6, all attributed to factors other than alcohol consuption7. MASLD is the most prevalent liver disease caused by metabolic liver injury, affecting nearly one-quarter of the global population8,9,10,11,12. While the precise pathogenesis of MASLD has not yet been elucidated, various theories attempt to explain its development. One prevailing notion suggests a departure from the classic &#34;two-hit&#34; theory towards a &#34;multiple-hit&#34; model1. Central to these hypotheses is the role of insulin resistance, which is believed to be pivotal in MASLD pathogenesis13. Research indicates that insulin resistance in hepatocytes leads to increased levels of free fatty acids, subsequently forming triglycerides stored within the liver14,15.
Researchers have used both in vivo and in vitro models to simulate fat deposition in MASLD; yet fully replicating its pathomechanism remains challenging. Despite this limitation, these models have been instrumental in studying potential therapeutic targets for MASLD. However, the development of a stable model of MASLD is crucial. While animal models are effective, they are time-consuming and expensive, thus highlighting the growing interest in in vitro cellular models. These models often use single or multiple free fatty acids such as oleic acid (OA) and palmitic acid to recreate diet-induced MASLD. Among these, the human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 is often used to establish in vitro cellular models of MASLD.
OA induction stimulates HepG2 cells to replicate fatty deposition akin to MASLD, a method with a well-established history. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the viability, Oil Red O (ORO) staining, lipid content, and triglyceride (TG) level of HepG2 cells treated with 0.25 mM OA. The objective of this experiment was to provide further evidence for the development of MAFLD modeling studies.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m filter</td>
			<td>Millex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (1x) Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.45 &#181;m filter</td>
			<td>Millex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL Crygenic Vials</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>430659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 cm2 Cell Culture Flask</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>430639</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well cell culture plate</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well cell culture plate</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>3599</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blood Count Plate</td>
			<td>Shanghai Jing Jing Biochemical Reagent &#38; Instrument Co.</td>
			<td>02270113</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Counting Kit-8 assays</td>
			<td>Beijing Solarbio Science &#38; Technology Co.,Ltd.&#160;</td>
			<td>CA1210-1000T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>NUAIRE</td>
			<td>NU-5710E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide&#160;</td>
			<td>Beijing Solarbio Science &#38; Technology Co.,Ltd.&#160;</td>
			<td>D8371</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>8122691</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enzyme Labeling Equipment</td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td>Spark</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum, Qualified</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10099141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HepG2 cells line</td>
			<td>Beijing North China Chuanglian Biotechnology Research Institute (BNCC)</td>
			<td>221031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Triglyceride (TG) ELISA instruction</td>
			<td>Nanjing Jiacheng Bioengineering Institute</td>
			<td>20170301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Microscope for Cell Culture</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DMi1&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Tianjin Zhiyuan Chemical Reagent Co.</td>
			<td>2021030141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oil Red Stain Kit, For Cultured Cells</td>
			<td>Beijing Solarbio Science &#38; Technology Co.,Ltd.&#160;</td>
			<td>G1262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oleic acid&#160;</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>A502071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS 24.0</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Statistics software</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro modeling of fat deposition in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has surged due to changes in economic and lifestyle patterns, leading to significant health challenges. Previous reports have studied the establishment of animal and cellular models for MASLD, highlighting differences between them. In this study, a cellular model was created by inducing fat accumulation in MASLD. HepG2 cells were stimulated with the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid at various concentrations (0.125 mM, 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM) to emulate MASLD. The model&#39;s efficacy was assessed using cell counting kit-8 assays, Oil Red O staining, and lipid content analysis. This study aimed to create a simple-to-operate cellular model for MASLD cells. Results from the cell counting kit-8 assays showed that the survival of HepG2 cells was dependent on the concentration of oleic acid, with a GI50 of 1.875 mM. Cell viability in the 0.5 mM and 1 mM groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P &#60; 0.05). Furthermore, Oil Red O staining and lipid content analysis examined fat deposition at varying oleic acid concentrations (0.125 mM, 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM) on HepG2 cells. The lipid content of the 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (P &#60; 0.05). Additionally, triglyceride levels in the OA groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P &#60; 0.05).

Author Spotlight: Establishing MASLD Cell Models for Investigating Disease Mechanisms and the Lipid-Lowering Effects of Koumiss

In Vitro Modeling of Fat Deposition in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease

Our research direction is the study of traditional Mongolian medicine by establishing a metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease cell model. The role and the mechanism of koumiss therapy are studied. The findings of the presence study will prove advantageous in the future, enabling the establishment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease cell models and the investigation of the disease underlying mechanisms.A future study will be conducted based on the metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease cell model to investigate the mechanism of action of the lipid-lowering effect of koumiss.

Effect of oleic acid on cell viability 
HepG2 cells were exposed to varying concentrations of OA (0 mM, 0.125 mM, 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM), resulting in a decrease in cell survival rates at 0.125 mM, 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM compared to 0 mM. Statistical significance was observed at 0.5 mM (P &#60; 0.05) and 1 mM (P &#60; 0.05) when compared to 0 mM. The results of OA&#39;s impact on cell viability, as assessed by the CCK-8 kit, are shown in Fig...

This article describes the use of oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells as a model for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.

The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has surged due to changes in economic and lifestyle patterns, leading ...

in-vitro-modeling-fat-deposition-metabolic-dysfunction-associated