We thank the members of our laboratory for critical discussion and helpful advice on the manuscript. We apologize for not having cited valuable contributions due to size limitation. This work is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - SFB 1218 - Projektnumber 269925409 and Cluster of Excellence EXC 229/ CECAD to TH. This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany&#180;s Excellence Strategy - EXC 2030 - 390661388 and - SFB 1218 - Projektnumber 269925409 to T.H. Diese Arbeit wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) im Rahmen der deutschen Exzellenzstrategie - EXC 2030 - 390661388 und - SFB 1218 - Projektnummer: 269925409 an T.H. gef&#246;rdert.

1. Preparation of buffers and reagents
NOTE: Buffers and reagents that were manually prepared in the laboratory are listed below. All other buffers and reagents used in the protocols were purchased from different sources and used according to the manufacturers&#39; instructions.
<ol>
	<li>Prepare 10x phosphate-buffered saline (10x PBS). For this purpose, mix 1.37 M sodium chloride (NaCl), 27 mM potassium chloride (KCl), 80 mM of disodium-hydrogen-phosphate dihydrate (Na2HPO4.2 H2O), and 20 mM of potassium-dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) in 1 L of double-distilled H2O (ddH2O). Autoclave the 10x PBS, and prepare a 1x PBS solution in ddH2O.
	<ol>
		<li>Autoclaving is carried out for 15 min at 121 &#176;C and 98.9 kPa. 
		NOTE: Autoclaving is carried out under these conditions for all buffers and solutions. If not indicated otherwise, solutions are stored at room temperature (RT).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Prepare 1 L of PBS-Tween (PBS-T) solution by adding 0.1% Tween to 1 L of 1x PBS.</li>
	<li>Prepare 10 mL of a 0.5 M L-lysine stock solution by dissolving L-lysine in ddH2O. Aliquot L-lysine in 1 mL portions, and store them at -20 &#176;C until further use. 
	NOTE: L-lysine can be frozen and thawed repeatedly.</li>
	<li>Prepare a 0.25 M ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) solution by dissolving EDTA in 200 mL of ddH2O.
	<ol>
		<li>Adjust the pH to 8.0 with sodium hydroxide (NaOH).</li>
		<li>Adjust the volume to 250 mL with ddH2O.</li>
		<li>Autoclave the solution.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Prepare 10 mL of a 20 mg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution by dissolving BSA in ddH2O. Store at -20 &#176;C in 200 &#181;L aliquots. 
	NOTE: BSA can be frozen and thawed repeatedly.</li>
	<li>Prepare 1 L of 2-(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid (MES) running buffer by dissolving 50 mM MES, 50 mM Tris base, 3.47 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 1.03 mM EDTA in 0.9 L of ddH2O. After mixing properly, adjust the volume to 1 L.
	<ol>
		<li>The pH of the 1x buffer is 7.6. Do not adjust the pH with acid or base.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Prepare 200 mL of blocking solution (5% milk) by dissolving 10 g milk powder in 1x PBS-T. Store the blocking solution at 4 &#176;C for up to one week.</li>
	<li>Prepare 1 L of transfer buffer (see the Table of Materials) according to the manufacturers&#39; instruction.</li>
	<li>Prepare 2x SDS sample buffer by dissolving 125 mM Tris base, 4% SDS, 4% glycerol, 0.03% bromophenol blue, and 50 &#181;L/mL of &#946;-mercaptoethanol in 50 mL ddH2O. Aliquot in 1 mL portions, and store at -20 &#176;C until use.</li>
</ol>
2. In vitro auto-ubiquitylation assay
<ol>
	<li>Assay preparation and execution
	<ol>
		<li>Calculate the volume of each reagent required per reaction based on the given molarities of the proteins and the protein concentrations of the protein solutions. Per auto-ubiquitylation reaction, use 100 nM E1, 1 &#181;M E2, 1 &#181;M E3, and 50 &#181;M Ub. Adjust the volume of the reaction to 20 &#181;L with ddH2O. 
		NOTE: ATP solution and ubiquitylation buffer were purchased as 10x stock solutions and used at 1x.</li>
		<li>Prepare a pipetting scheme for all reactions. Test nine different E2 enzymes for their ability to function (I) with CHIP, (II) with a catalytically inactive CHIP(H260Q) mutant, and (III) without CHIP in individual ubiquitylation reactions.</li>
		<li>To avoid pipetting errors, prepare a master mix on ice that contains the volume required for all reactions plus one extra reaction. Calculate the amount of master mix required per reaction. 
		NOTE: Master mix components are reagents that are equally required for each reaction, i.e., E1, E3, Ub, ATP, and ubiquitylation buffer.</li>
		<li>Add ddH2O and master mix to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tubes. Keep the tubes on ice.</li>
		<li>Before starting the ubiquitylation reactions by adding the E2 enzymes, set up a PCR thermal cycler with the following program: 2 h, 37 &#176;C followed by 4 &#176;C, infinitely.</li>
		<li>Add 1 &#181;M of the E2 enzymes in the respective tubes, and incubate the samples in the PCR thermal cycler for the indicated period of time.</li>
		<li>After 2 h, add SDS sample buffer to each reaction, and mix by pipetting up and down several times. 
		NOTE: The required volume of the sample buffer depends on the stock concentration of the sample buffer. Here, 20 &#181;L of 2x SDS sample buffer were added to each reaction.</li>
		<li>Boil the samples immediately at 95 &#176;C for 5 min, and continue with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Store the denatured proteins at -20 &#176;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Gel electrophoresis and western blot
	<ol>
		<li>After thawing, spin down the samples for approximately 10 s and load the SDS-PAGE gel. Use a protein ladder as size reference. 
		NOTE: Here, 4-12% Bis-Tris gradient gels and 3 &#181;L of protein ladder were used. Divide the sample volumes and load two gels equally using 20 &#181;L of each sample.</li>
		<li>Run the gel at 160-200 V for approximately 30-45 min so that the sample front reaches the bottom of the gel.</li>
		<li>Transfer each gel to a plastic container filled with semidry blotting buffer, and incubate it for 2-5 min at RT. Remove the stacking gel.</li>
		<li>Prepare two pieces of gel-sized blotting paper and a gel-sized nitrocellulose membrane per SDS gel and pre-soak in semidry blotting buffer. Assemble the western blot (WB) sandwich in a WB chamber from bottom to top in the following order: blotting paper, nitrocellulose membrane, SDS-PAGE gel, blotting paper.</li>
		<li>Remove air bubbles that may have been trapped between the sandwich layers. For this purpose, use a roller to carefully roll over the sandwich a few times.</li>
		<li>Close the chamber, and allow excess blot buffer to drain out.</li>
		<li>Place the chamber in the respective blotting device, and use the following program for semidry blotting: 25 V, 1.0 A, 30 min.</li>
		<li>Transfer the blotted membrane to a plastic container filled with blocking solution, and incubate for 30 min at RT.</li>
		<li>Prepare the primary antibody solution by adding the antibody to 10 mL of PBS-T containing a blocking reagent (see the Table of Materials). 
		NOTE: The working concentration of the antibody is antibody-specific. In this case, a monoclonal mouse anti-ubiquitin antibody was used at a dilution of 1:5,000. For the second gel, a monoclonal rabbit anti-CHIP antibody was used at 1:5,000 in PBS-T/blocking reagent.</li>
		<li>Replace the blocking solution with the primary antibody solution, and incubate overnight at 4 &#176;C on a rocker.</li>
		<li>Wash the membrane three times for 10 min with PBS-T.</li>
		<li>Prepare the secondary antibody solution by adding the respective antibody to 10 mL of PBS-T. 
		&#8203;NOTE: Here, goat anti-mouse and mouse anti-rabbit antibodies are used at a dilution of 1:10,000.</li>
		<li>Incubate the membrane with the secondary antibody for 1 h at RT on a rocker.</li>
		<li>Wash the membrane three times for 5 min with PBS-T.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Data analysis
	<ol>
		<li>Add western blot detection reagents for horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated antibodies to the washed membrane according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions, and capture the HRP signal by using X-ray films or a charge-coupled device camera (Figure 1).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. In vitro substrate ubiquitylation assay
<ol>
	<li>Assay preparation and execution
	<ol>
		<li>Calculate the volume of each reagent required per reaction, based on the given molarities of the proteins and the protein concentrations of the protein solutions. Per substrate ubiquitylation reaction, use 100 nM E1, 1 &#181;M E2, 1 &#181;M E3, 1 &#181;M substrate, and 50 &#181;M Ub. Use 10x ATP solution and 10x ubiquitylation buffer at 1x. Adjust the volume of the substrate ubiquitylation reaction to 20 &#181;L with ddH2O.</li>
		<li>Prepare a pipetting scheme for all reactions. Include proper control reactions verifying that the substrate ubiquitylation is E3-specific. Use the protein UNC-45B as a representative substrate of CHIP and a catalytically inactive CHIP mutant (H260Q) as a control. Prepare the following reactions: E1, E2, Ub mix (including Ub, ATP, ubiquitylation buffer); E1, E2, Ub mix, UNC-45B; E1, E2, Ub mix, CHIP(H260Q), UNC-45B; and E1, E2, Ub mix, CHIP, UNC-45B.</li>
		<li>To avoid pipetting errors, prepare a master mix on ice that contains the volume required for all reactions plus one extra reaction. Calculate the volume of the master mix that is required per reaction. 
		NOTE: Master mix components for this assay include E1, E2, Ub, ATP, and ubiquitylation buffer.</li>
		<li>Add reaction components in the following order: ddH2O, substrate, E3 ligase.</li>
		<li>Before starting the ubiquitylation reaction by addition of the master mix, set up a PCR thermal cycler with the following program: 2 h, 37 &#176;C followed by 4 &#176;C, infinitely.</li>
		<li>Add the master mix to each tube, and incubate the samples in the PCR thermal cycler for the indicated period of time.</li>
		<li>After 2 h, add 2x SDS sample buffer to each reaction, and mix by pipetting up and down several times.</li>
		<li>After the run, boil the samples immediately at 95 &#176;C for 5 min, and continue with PAGE. Alternatively, store the denatured proteins at -20 &#176;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Gel electrophoresis and western blot
	<ol>
		<li>Perform gel electrophoresis and western blot as described in section 2.2. Use specific antibodies for the detection of the substrate and the E3 ligase, respectively. 
		NOTE: Here, UNC-45B is fused to a polypeptide protein tag derived from the c-myc gene product allowing for the use of a monoclonal mouse anti-MYC antibody. Anti-MYC is used at 1:10,000.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Data analysis
	<ol>
		<li>Perform data analysis as described in section 2.3 (Figure 2).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Lysine discharge assay
<ol>
	<li>Assay preparation and execution
	<ol>
		<li>Charging of the E2 enzyme with Ub by E1
		<ol>
			<li>Calculate the volume of each reagent required per reaction based on the given molarities of the proteins and the protein concentrations of the protein solutions. Per charging reaction, use 2 &#181;M E1, 4 &#181;M E2, and 4 &#181;M lysine-free ubiquitin (Ub K0). Use 10x ATP and 10x ubiquitylation buffer at 1x. Adjust the volume of the charging reaction to 20 &#181;L with ddH20. 
			NOTE: The lysine-free Ub K0 mutant is used to enforce the exclusive production of mono-ubiquitylated E2. Wild-type Ub can also be used; however, this might lead to diverse E2~Ub modifications (e.g., poly-ubiquitylation of E2), which are more difficult to analyze. For first time use or when using a new E2 enzyme, determine the level of Ub charging on E2 that can be achieved by E1. To determine the yield of charging, visualize uncharged vs. charged E2 via Coomassie staining. Here, approximately half of Ub K0 was reliably converted to UBE2D2~Ub when using equimolar ratios of UBE2D2 and Ub K0 (Supplemental Figure S2A).</li>
			<li>Prepare a pipetting scheme for the charging reaction. Adjust the volume of the charging reaction to the subsequent discharge reactions of choice, e.g., use CHIP and CHIP(H260Q) in individual discharge reactions. Thus, prepare double the volume of one charging reaction. 
			NOTE: For first time use, test different concentrations of the E3 ligase of choice to monitor optimal discharge conditions, and analyze them by western blotting. In an ideal condition, the discharge of Ub from E2 will increase over time until the respective E2~Ub protein band disappears.</li>
			<li>Incubate the charging reaction for 15 min at 37 &#176;C.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Termination of the charging reaction
		<ol>
			<li>Stop the charging reaction by addition of apyrase at a final concentration of 1.8 U/mL. Carry out the incubation with apyrase for 5 min at RT, followed by addition of EDTA at a final concentration of 30 mM. Adjust the volume of the charging reaction to 30 &#181;L with ddH2O. 
			NOTE: Apyrase is used to convert ATP molecules to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) molecules. As the activity of the E1 enzyme is ATP-dependent, E1 can no longer charge E2. EDTA is additionally used to ensure that E1 is inhibited by quenching Mg2+ ions that are necessary co-factors for E1. The volume of apyrase that is required to stop the reaction can vary among assay conditions. Although apyrase alone already quenches available ATP molecules, a combination of apyrase and EDTA was more effective at stopping the charging reaction for the E1-UBE2D2 pair.&#160;As stopping the reaction is a critical factor for assay reproducibility, efficient stopping should be tested for new E1-E2 pairs. For this purpose, set up a charging reaction, stop it, and collect samples at specific time points, e.g., after 2, 5, 10, and 15 min. Non-changing levels of E2~Ub indicate that the reaction has stopped, and that the thioester was stable during that period of time (Supplemental Figure S2B).</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Discharging of E2~Ub by E3
		<ol>
			<li>Prepare four tubes corresponding to the different time points (t0, t1, t2, t3); add non-reducing sample buffer (6.7 &#181;L of 4x lithium dodecyl sulfate (LDS) buffer) to each tube. 
			NOTE: Do not use reducing agent in the sample buffer.</li>
			<li>Remove 6 &#181;L from the stopped charging reaction for t0,&#160;and adjust the volume to 20 &#181;L with ddH2O.</li>
			<li>Incubate the t0 sample for 10 min at 70 &#176;C. 
			NOTE: Do not boil the sample by extending the incubation time as thioesters are labile at higher temperatures.</li>
			<li>Calculate the volume of each reagent required per discharge reaction. Use the remaining 24 &#181;L of the charged E2, and add 10 mM L-lysine, 1 mg/ml BSA, and 500 nM of the E3 ligase. Use the ubiquitylation buffer at 1x, and adjust the volume to 80 &#181;L with ddH2O.</li>
			<li>Prepare a pipetting scheme for all discharge reactions, and use CHIP(H260Q) as control in addition to CHIP(WT).</li>
			<li>Set up discharge reactions on ice by adding the required components in the following order: ddH2O, ubiquitylation buffer, BSA, lysine, E3 ligase, and the charged E2 to start the reaction.</li>
			<li>Incubate the discharge reaction at RT.</li>
			<li>Take samples after 5, 30, and 60 min by transferring 20 &#181;L of the discharge reaction into the respective sample tubes. 
			NOTE: Suitable time points that allow for proper monitoring of the discharge can vary between E2-E3 pairs.</li>
			<li>Vortex the sample immediately, and incubate it at 70 &#176;C for 10 min.</li>
			<li>Directly proceed with PAGE. 
			NOTE: E2~Ub thioesters can be labile even after denaturing in sample buffer. Thus, gel electrophoresis should be performed directly after assay execution.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Gel electrophoresis and western blot
	<ol>
		<li>Perform the gel electrophoresis and the western blotting as described in section 2.2. Use a Ub-specific antibody and, if available, also use an E3-specific antibody that was raised in a different species, allowing for simultaneous detection of the Ub and E3 ligase signal.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Data analysis
	<ol>
		<li>Perform data analysis as described in section 2.3 (Figure 3).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ubiquitin-selective+chaperone+CDC-48/p97+links+myosin+assembly+to+human+myopathy.">The ubiquitin-selective chaperone CDC-48/p97 links myosin assembly to human myopathy.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 9 (4), 379-390 (2007).</li><li>Donkervoort, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenic+variants+in+the+myosin+chaperone+UNC-45B+cause+progressive+myopathy+with+eccentric+cores.">Pathogenic variants in the myosin chaperone UNC-45B cause progressive myopathy with eccentric cores.</a> The American Journal of Human Genetics. 107 (6), 1078-1095 (2020).</li><li>Murata, S., Minami, Y., Minami, M., Chiba, T., Tanaka, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CHIP+is+a+chaperone-dependent+E3+ligase+that+ubiquitylates+unfolded+protein.">CHIP is a chaperone-dependent E3 ligase that ubiquitylates unfolded protein.</a> EMBO Reports. 2 (12), 1133-1138 (2001).</li><li>Jiang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CHIP+is+a+U-box-dependent+E3+ubiquitin+ligase:+identification+of+Hsc70+as+a+target+for+ubiquitylation.">CHIP is a U-box-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase: identification of Hsc70 as a target for ubiquitylation.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (64), 42938-42944 (2001).</li><li>Yang, Y., Yu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+apoptosis:+the+ubiquitous+way.">Regulation of apoptosis: the ubiquitous way.</a> The FASEB Journal. 17 (8), 790-799 (2003).</li><li>Lamothe, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TRAF6+ubiquitin+ligase+is+essential+for+RANKL+signaling+and+osteoclast+differentiation.">TRAF6 ubiquitin ligase is essential for RANKL signaling and osteoclast differentiation.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication. 359 (4), 1044-1049 (2007).</li><li>Amemiya, Y., Azmi, P., Seth, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoubiquitination+of+BCA2+RING+E3+ligase+regulates+its+own+stability+and+affects+cell+migration.">Autoubiquitination of BCA2 RING E3 ligase regulates its own stability and affects cell migration.</a> Molecular Cancer Research. 6 (9), 1385 (2008).</li><li>Brzovic, P. S., Lissounov, A., Christensen, D. E., Hoyt, D. W., Klevit, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+UbcH5/ubiquitin+noncovalent+complex+is+required+for+processive+BRCA1-directed+ubiquitination.">A UbcH5/ubiquitin noncovalent complex is required for processive BRCA1-directed ubiquitination.</a> Molecular Cell. 21 (6), 873-880 (2006).</li><li>Sakata, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystal+structure+of+UbcH5b~ubiquitin+intermediate:+Insight+into+the+formation+of+the+self-assembled+E2~Ub+conjugates.">Crystal structure of UbcH5b~ubiquitin intermediate: Insight into the formation of the self-assembled E2~Ub conjugates.</a> Structure. 18 (1), 138-147 (2010).</li><li>Eddins, M. J., Carlile, C. M., Gomez, K. M., Pickart, C. M., Wolberger, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mms2-Ubc13+covalently+bound+to+ubiquitin+reveals+the+structural+basis+of+linkage-specific+polyubiquitin+chain+formation.">Mms2-Ubc13 covalently bound to ubiquitin reveals the structural basis of linkage-specific polyubiquitin chain formation.</a> Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. 13 (10), 915-920 (2006).</li><li>Buetow, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+a+primed+RING+E3-E2+ubiquitin+complex+by+non-covalent+ubiquitin.">Activation of a primed RING E3-E2 ubiquitin complex by non-covalent ubiquitin.</a> Molecular Cell. 58 (2), 297-310 (2015).</li><li>Dou, H., Buetow, L., Sibbet, G. J., Cameron, K., Huang, D. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BIRC7-E2+ubiquitin+conjugate+structure+reveals+the+mechanism+of+ubiquitin+transfer+by+a+RING+dimer.">BIRC7-E2 ubiquitin conjugate structure reveals the mechanism of ubiquitin transfer by a RING dimer.</a> Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. 19 (9), 876-883 (2012).</li><li>McKenna, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noncovalent+interaction+between+ubiquitin+and+the+human+DNA+repair+protein+Mms2+is+required+for+Ubc13-mediated+polyubiquitination.">Noncovalent interaction between ubiquitin and the human DNA repair protein Mms2 is required for Ubc13-mediated polyubiquitination.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (43), 40120-40125 (2001).</li><li>Plechanovov&#225;, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+ubiquitylation+by+dimeric+RING+ligase+RNF4.">Mechanism of ubiquitylation by dimeric RING ligase RNF4.</a> Nature Structural Biology. 18 (9), 1052-1059 (2011).</li><li>Pierce, N. W., Kleiger, G., Shan, S. O., Deshaies, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+sequential+polyubiquitylation+on+a+millisecond+timescale.">Detection of sequential polyubiquitylation on a millisecond timescale.</a> Nature. 462 (7273), 615-619 (2009).</li><li>Jain, A. K., Barton, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+p53:+TRIM24+enters+the+RING.">Regulation of p53: TRIM24 enters the RING.</a> Cell Cycle. 8 (22), 3668-3674 (2009).</li><li>Swatek, K. N., Komander, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ubiquitin+modifications.">Ubiquitin modifications.</a> Cell Research. 26, 399-422 (2016).</li><li>Yan, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+K63-linked+polyubiquitination+in+cardiac+hypertrophy.">The role of K63-linked polyubiquitination in cardiac hypertrophy.</a> Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 22 (10), 4558-4567 (2018).</li><li>Dammer, E. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyubiquitin+linkage+profiles+in+three+models+of+proteolytic+stress+suggest+the+etiology+of+Alzheimer+disease.">Polyubiquitin linkage profiles in three models of proteolytic stress suggest the etiology of Alzheimer disease.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (12), 10457-10465 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest.

This paper describes basic in vitro ubiquitylation methods for the analysis of E3 ligase function. When performing in vitro ubiquitylation assays, it should be considered that some E2 enzymes can perform auto-ubiquitylation owing to the attack of their active cysteine on their own lysine residues that are located in close proximity to the active site30. To circumvent this problem, the use of an E2 mutant is recommended in which the respective lysine residue is exchanged for argin...

Ubiquitylation is the process by which Ub is covalently linked to a substrate protein1. The Ub modification is catalyzed by successive enzymatic reactions involving the action of three different enzyme classes, i.e., Ub-activating enzymes (E1s), Ub-conjugating enzymes (E2s), Ub ligases (E3s), and possibly Ub chain elongation factors (E4s)2,3,4,5. After adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- and magnesium (Mg2+)-dependent activation of Ub by E1, the active site cysteine of E1 attacks the C-terminal glycine of Ub, forming a thioester complex (Ub~E1). The energy drawn from ATP hydrolysis causes the Ub to attain a high energy transitional state, which is maintained throughout the following enzyme cascade. Next, the E2 enzyme transfers the activated Ub to its internal catalytic cysteine, thereby forming a transient Ub~E2 thioester bond. Subsequently, Ub is transferred to the substrate protein.
This can be done in two ways. Either the E3 ligase may first bind to E2, or the E3 ligase can directly bind Ub. The latter way results in the formation of an E3~Ub intermediate. In either case, Ub is linked to the substrate protein by formation of an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal carboxyl group of Ub and the lysine &#400;-amino group of the substrate6. The human genome encodes two E1s, approximately 40 E2s, and more than 600 putative ubiquitin ligases7. Based on the Ub transfer mechanism of the E3, Ub ligases are divided into three categories involving Homologous to E6AP C-Terminus (HECT)-type, Really Interesting New Gene (RING)/U-box-type, and RING between RING (RBR)-type ligases8. In this study, the U-box containing ligase, Carboxyl Terminus of HSC70-interacting Protein (CHIP), is used as a representative E3 enzyme. In contrast to HECT-type E3 enzymes that form Ub~E3 thioesters, the U-box domain of CHIP binds E2~Ub and promotes the subsequent Ub/substrate transfer directly from the E2 enzyme8,9. Based on the importance of the U-box for enzymatic function, an inactive CHIP U-box mutant, CHIP(H260Q), is utilized as a control. CHIP(H260Q) fails to bind to its cognate E2s, thus losing its E3 ligase activity10.
Protein ubiquitylation plays a crucial role in regulating a multitude of cellular events in eukaryotic cells. The diversity of cellular outcomes that are promoted by the reversible attachment of Ub molecules to substrate proteins can be attributed to the molecular characteristics of Ub. As Ub itself contains seven lysine (K) residues for further ubiquitylation, there is rich variety of Ub chain-types with different sizes and/or topologies11. For example, substrates can be modified by a single Ub molecule at one (mono-ubiquitylation) or multiple lysines (multi mono-ubiquitylation), and even by Ub chains (poly-ubiquitylation)11. Ub chains are either formed homo- or heterotypically via the same or different lysine residues of Ub, which could even result in branched Ub chains9. Thus, protein ubiquitylation leads to diverse arrangements of Ub molecules that provide specific information, e.g., for degradation, activation, or localization of conjugated proteins12,13. These different Ub signals enable fast reprogramming of cellular signalling pathways, which is an important requirement for the cell&#39;s ability to respond to changing environmental needs.
A central aspect of ubiquitylation is related to protein quality control. Misfolded or irreversibly damaged proteins must be degraded and replaced by newly synthesized proteins to maintain protein homeostasis or proteostasis14. The quality control E3 ligase, CHIP, collaborates with molecular chaperones in the Ub-dependent degradation of damaged proteins9,15,16,17. Apart from that, CHIP regulates the stability of the myosin-directed chaperone, UNC-45B (Unc-45 Homolog B), which is tightly coordinated with muscle function and deviations from the optimal levels lead to human myopathy18,19,20,21. Degradation of UNC-45B by the 26S proteasome is mediated by attachment of a K48-linked poly-Ub chain9. In the absence of substrate proteins, CHIP performs auto-ubiquitylation10,22,23, which is characteristic of RING/U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases24,25 and considered to regulate ligase activity26. Application of the in vitro ubiquitylation assay methods described in this paper helped to systematically identify E2 enzymes that team up with CHIP to promote the formation of free poly-Ub chains and/or auto-ubiquitylation of CHIP (protocol section 2). Furthermore, CHIP-dependent ubiquitylation of UNC-45B was observed, which is a known substrate of the E3 ligase18,19 (protocol section 3). Ultimately, CHIP-dependent transfer of activated Ub from the Ub~E2 thioester was monitored (protocol section 4).

<table><tbody><tr><td>Amershan Protran 0.1 &amp;micro;m NC</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>10600000</td><td>nitrocellulose membrane</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-CHIP</td><td>Cell Signaling</td><td>2080</td><td>Monoclonal rabbit anti-CHIP antibody, clone C3B6</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-MYC</td><td>Roche</td><td>OP10</td><td>Monoclonal mouse anti-MYC antibody, clone 9E10</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-ubiquitin</td><td>Upstate</td><td>05-944</td><td>Monoclonal mouse anti-Ub antibody, clone P4D1-A11</td></tr><tr><td>Apyrase</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A6535-100UN</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ATP (10x)</td><td>Enzo</td><td>12091903</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BSA</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A6003-10G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Roth</td><td>8043.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Roth</td><td>6781.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>K2HPO4</td><td>Roth</td><td>P749.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KH2PO4</td><td>Roth</td><td>3904.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LDS sample buffer (4x)</td><td>novex</td><td>B0007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Lysine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>L5501-5G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MES</td><td>Roth</td><td>4256.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MeOH</td><td>VWR Chemicals</td><td>2,08,47,307</td><td>100%</td></tr><tr><td>Milchpulver</td><td>Roth</td><td>T145.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Roth</td><td>P029.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NuPAGE Antioxidant</td><td>invitrogen</td><td>NP0005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NuPAGE Transfer buffer (20x)</td><td>novex</td><td>NP0006-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Page ruler plus</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>26619</td><td>Protein ladder</td></tr><tr><td>RotiBlock</td><td>Roth</td><td>A151.1</td><td>Blocking reagent</td></tr><tr><td>SDS (20%)</td><td>Roth</td><td>1057.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>S1000 Thermal Cycler</td><td>Bio Rad</td><td>1852196</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trans-Blot Turbo</td><td>Bio Rad</td><td>1704150EDU</td><td>Transfer system</td></tr><tr><td>Tris base</td><td>Roth</td><td>4855.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween 20</td><td>Roth</td><td>9127.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UbcH Enzyme Set</td><td>BostonBiochem</td><td>K-980B</td><td>E2 enzymes</td></tr><tr><td>Ubiquitin</td><td>BostonBiochem</td><td>U-100H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1</td><td>Enzo</td><td>BML-UW941U-0050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ubiquitylation buffer (10x)</td><td>Enzo</td><td>BML-KW9885-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Whatman blotting paper</td><td>Bio Rad</td><td>1703969</td><td>Extra thick filter paper</td></tr></tbody></table>

in vitro analysis of e3 ubiquitin ligase function

The covalent attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to internal lysine residue(s) of a substrate protein, a process termed ubiquitylation, represents one of the most important post-translational modifications in eukaryotic organisms. Ubiquitylation is mediated by a sequential cascade of three enzyme classes including ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1 enzymes), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2 enzymes), and ubiquitin ligases (E3 enzymes), and sometimes, ubiquitin-chain elongation factors (E4 enzymes). Here, in vitro protocols for ubiquitylation assays are provided, which allow the assessment of E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, the cooperation between E2-E3 pairs, and substrate selection. Cooperating E2-E3 pairs can be screened by monitoring the generation of free poly-ubiquitin chains and/or auto-ubiquitylation of the E3 ligase. Substrate ubiquitylation is defined by selective binding of the E3 ligase and can be detected by western blotting of the in vitro reaction. Furthermore, an E2~Ub discharge assay is described, which is a useful tool for the direct assessment of functional E2-E3 cooperation. Here, the E3-dependent transfer of ubiquitin is followed from the corresponding E2 enzyme onto free lysine amino acids (mimicking substrate ubiquitylation) or internal lysines of the E3 ligase itself (auto-ubiquitylation). In conclusion, three different in vitro protocols are provided that are fast and easy to perform to address E3 ligase catalytic functionality.

To identify E2 enzymes that cooperate with the ubiquitin ligase CHIP, a set of E2 candidates was tested in individual in vitro ubiquitylation reactions. Cooperating E2-E3 pairs were monitored by the formation of E3-dependent ubiquitylation products, i.e., auto-ubiquitylation of the E3 ligase and the formation of free Ub polymers. The ubiquitylation products were analyzed by western blotting. Data interpretation is based on the size comparison of the resulting protein bands with molecular weight markers....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function at JoVE.com

In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function

The present study provides detailed in vitro ubiquitylation assay protocols for the analysis of E3 ubiquitin ligase catalytic activity. Recombinant proteins were expressed using prokaryotic systems such as Escherichia coli culture.

In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function

The covalent attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to internal lysine residue(s) of a substrate protein, a process termed ubiquitylation, represents one of the ...

in-vitro-analysis-of-e3-ubiquitin-ligase-function

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Biology

5.0K Views.  University of Cologne. The present study provides detailed in vitro ubiquitylation assay protocols for the analysis of E3 ubiquitin ligase catalytic activity. Recombinant proteins were expressed using prokaryotic systems such as Escherichia coli culture.

Video: In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function

In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones

Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that plays important roles in various signaling pathways and is notably involved in the coordination of chromatin function and DNA-associated processes. This modification involves a sequential action of several enzymes including E1 ubiquitin-activating, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating and E3 ubiquitin-ligase and is reversed by deubiquitinases (DUBs). Ubiquitination induces degradation of proteins or alteration of protein function including modulation of enzymatic activity, protein-protein interaction and subcellular localization. A critical step in demonstrating protein ubiquitination or deubiquitination is to perform in vitro reactions with purified components. Effective ubiquitination and deubiquitination reactions could be greatly impacted by the different components used, enzyme co-factors, buffer conditions, and the nature of the substrate.&#160; Here, we provide step-by-step protocols for conducting ubiquitination and deubiquitination reactions. We illustrate these reactions using minimal components of the mouse Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1), BMI1, and RING1B, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that monoubiquitinates histone H2A on lysine 119. Deubiquitination of nucleosomal H2A is performed using a minimal Polycomb Repressive Deubiquitinase (PR-DUB) complex formed by the human deubiquitinase BAP1 and the DEUBiquitinase ADaptor (DEUBAD) domain of its co-factor ASXL2. These ubiquitination/deubiquitination assays can be conducted in the context of either recombinant nucleosomes reconstituted with bacteria-purified proteins or native nucleosomes purified from mammalian cells. We highlight the intricacies that can have a significant impact on these reactions and we propose that the general principles of these protocols can be swiftly adapted to other E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases.

Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that plays important roles in cellular processes and is tightly coordinated by deubiquitination. Defects in both reactions underlie human pathologies. We provide protocols for conducting ubiquitination and deubiquitination reaction in vitro using purified components.

Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that plays important roles in various signaling pathways and is notably involved in the coordination ...

Biochemistry

Profiling Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Dependent Post-translational Modifications and Identification of Significant Alterations

Ubiquitin (ub) and ubiquitin-like (ubl) dependent post-translational modifications of proteins play fundamental biological regulatory roles within the cell by controlling protein stability, activity, interactions, and intracellular localization. They enable the cell to respond to signals and to adapt to changes in its environment. Alterations within these mechanisms can lead to severe pathological situations such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. The aim of the technique described here is to establish ub/ubls dependent PTMs profiles, rapidly and accurately, from cultured cell lines. The comparison of different profiles obtained from different conditions allows the identification of specific alterations, such as those induced by a treatment for example. Lentiviral mediated cell transduction is performed to create stable cell lines expressing a two-tags (6His and Flag) version of the modifier (ubiquitin or a ubl such as SUMO1 or Nedd8). These tags permit the purification of ubiquitin and therefore of ubiquitinated proteins from the cells. This is done through a two-step purification process: The first one is performed in denaturing conditions using the 6His tag, and the second one in native conditions using the Flag tag. This leads to a highly specific and pure isolation of modified proteins which are subsequently identified and semi-quantified by liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology. Easy informatics analysis of MS data using Excel software enables the establishment of PTM profiles by eliminating background signals. These profiles are compared between each condition in order to identify specific alterations which will then be studied more specifically, starting with their validation by standard biochemistry techniques.

This protocol aims at establishing ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-likes (Ubls) specific proteomes in order to identify alterations of these kind of post-translational modifications (PTMs), associated with a specific condition such as a treatment or a phenotype.

Ubiquitin (ub) and ubiquitin-like (ubl) dependent post-translational modifications of proteins play fundamental biological regulatory roles within the ...

Detection of Protein Ubiquitination

Ubiquitination, the covalent attachment of the polypeptide ubiquitin to target proteins, is a key posttranslational modification carried out by a set of three enzymes. They include ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, and ubiquitin ligase E3. Unlike to E1 and E2, E3 ubiquitin ligases display substrate specificity. On the other hand, numerous deubiquitylating enzymes have roles in processing polyubiquitinated proteins. Ubiquitination can result in change of protein stability, cellular localization, and biological activity. Mutations of genes involved in the ubiquitination/deubiquitination pathway or altered ubiquitin system function are associated with many different human diseases such as various types of cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders. The detection of altered or normal ubiquitination of target proteins may provide a better understanding on the pathogenesis of these diseases. &nbsp;Here, we describe protocols to detect protein ubiquitination in cultured cells in vivo and test tubes in vitro. These protocols are also useful to detect other ubiquitin-like small molecule modification such as sumolyation and neddylation.

Ubiquitination is a key posttranslational modification carried out by a set of three enzymes. Mutations of genes involved in this modification are associated with many different human diseases. Here, we describe protocols to detect protein ubiquitination in cultured cells in vivo and test tubes in vitro.

Ubiquitination, the covalent attachment of the polypeptide ubiquitin to target proteins, is a key posttranslational modification carried out by a set of ...

Functional Characterization of RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro and In Planta

Ubiquitination, as a posttranslational modification of proteins, plays an important regulatory role in homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. The covalent attachment of 76 amino acid ubiquitin modifiers to a target protein, depending on the length and topology of the polyubiquitin chain, can result in different outcomes ranging from protein degradation to changes in the localization and/or activity of modified protein. Three enzymes sequentially catalyze the ubiquitination process: E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, and E3 ubiquitin ligase. E3 ubiquitin ligase determines substrate specificity and, therefore, represents a very interesting study subject. Here we present a comprehensive approach to study the relationship between the enzymatic activity and function of the RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase. This four-step protocol describes 1) how to generate an E3 ligase deficient mutant through site-directed mutagenesis targeted at the conserved RING domain; 2&#8211;3) how to examine the ubiquitination activity both in vitro and in planta; 4) how to link those biochemical analysis to the biological significance of the tested protein. Generation of an E3 ligase-deficient mutant that still interacts with its substrate but no longer ubiquitinates it for degradation facilitates the testing of enzyme-substrate interactions in vivo. Furthermore, the mutation in the conserved RING domain often confers a dominant negative phenotype that can be utilized in functional knockout studies as an alternative approach to an RNA-interference approach. Our methods were optimized to investigate the biological role of the plant parasitic nematode effector RHA1B, which hijacks the host ubiquitination system in plant cells to promote parasitism. With slight modification of the in vivo expression system, this protocol can be applied to the analysis of any RING-type E3 ligase regardless of its origins.

The goal of this manuscript is to present an outline for the comprehensive biochemical and functional studies of the RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases. This multistep pipeline, with detailed protocols, validates an enzymatic activity of the tested protein and demonstrates how to link the activity to function.

Ubiquitination, as a posttranslational modification of proteins, plays an important regulatory role in homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. The covalent ...

Ubiquitin Chain Analysis by Parallel Reaction Monitoring

Assessment of the global profile of ubiquitin chain topologies within a proteome is of interest to answer a wide range of biological questions. The protocol outlined here takes advantage of the di-glycine (-GG) modification left after the tryptic digestion of ubiquitin incorporated in a chain. By quantifying these topology-characteristic peptides the relative abundance of each ubiquitin chain topology can be determined. The steps required to quantify these peptides by a parallel reaction monitoring experiment are reported taking into consideration the stabilization of ubiquitin chains. Preparation of heavy controls, cell lysis, and digestion are described along with the appropriate mass spectrometer setup and data analysis workflow. An example data set with perturbations in ubiquitin topology is presented, accompanied by examples of how optimization of the protocol can affect results. By following the steps outlined, a user will be able to perform a global assessment of the ubiquitin topology landscape within their biological context.

This method describes the assessment of global changes in ubiquitin chain topology. The assessment is performed by the application of a mass spectrometry-based targeted proteomics approach.

Assessment of the global profile of ubiquitin chain topologies within a proteome is of interest to answer a wide range of biological questions. The ...

Using Phage Display to Develop Ubiquitin Variant Modulators for E3 Ligases

Ubiquitin is a small 8.6 kDa protein that is a core component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Consequently, it can bind to a diverse array of proteins with high specificity but low affinity. Through phage display, ubiquitin variants (UbVs) can be engineered such that they exhibit improved affinity over wildtype ubiquitin and maintain binding specificity to target proteins. Phage display utilizes a phagemid library, whereby the pIII coat protein of a filamentous M13 bacteriophage (chosen because it is displayed externally on the phage surface) is fused with UbVs. Specific residues of human wildtype ubiquitin are soft and randomized (i.e., there is a bias towards to native wildtype sequence) to generate UbVs so that deleterious changes in protein conformation are avoided while introducing the diversity necessary for promoting novel interactions with the target protein. During the phage display process, these UbVs are expressed and displayed on phage coat proteins and panned against a protein of interest. UbVs that exhibit favorable binding interactions with the target protein are retained, whereas poor binders are washed away and removed from the library pool. The retained UbVs, which are attached to the phage particle containing the UbV's corresponding phagemid, are eluted, amplified, and concentrated so that they can be panned against the same target protein in another round of phage display. Typically, up to five rounds of phage display are performed, during which a strong selection pressure is imposed against UbVs that bind weakly and/or promiscuously so that those with higher affinities are concentrated and enriched. Ultimately, UbVs that demonstrate higher specificity and/or affinity for the target protein than their wildtype counterparts are isolated and can be characterized through further experiments.

Ubiquitination is a critical protein post-translational modification, dysregulation of which has been implicated in numerous human diseases. This protocol details how phage display can be utilized to isolate novel ubiquitin variants that can bind and modulate the activity of E3 ligases that control the specificity, efficiency, and patterns of ubiquitination.

Ubiquitin is a small 8.6 kDa protein that is a core component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Consequently, it can bind to a diverse array of proteins ...

Evaluation of Substrate Ubiquitylation by E3 Ubiquitin-ligase in Mammalian Cell Lysates

Ubiquitylation is a post-translational modification which occurs in eukaryotic cells that is critical for several biological pathways' regulation, including cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. It is a reversible process that consists of a covalent attachment of ubiquitin to the substrate through a cascade reaction of at least three different enzymes, composed of E1 (Ubiquitin-activation enzyme), E2 (Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3 (Ubiquitin-ligase enzyme). The E3 complex plays an important role in substrate recognition and ubiquitylation. Here, a protocol is described to evaluate substrate ubiquitylation in mammalian cells using transient co-transfection of a plasmid encoding the selected substrate, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and a tagged ubiquitin. Before lysis, the transfected cells are treated with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 (carbobenzoxy-leu-leu-leucinal) to avoid substrate proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, the cell extract is submitted to small-scale immunoprecipitation (IP) to purify the polyubiquitylated substrate for subsequent detection by western blotting (WB) using specific antibodies for ubiquitin tag. Hence, a consistent and uncomplicated protocol for ubiquitylation assay in mammalian cells is described to assist scientists in addressing ubiquitylation of specific substrates and E3 ubiquitin ligases.

We provide a detailed protocol for a ubiquitylation assay of a specific substrate and an E3 ubiquitin-ligase in mammalian cells. HEK293T cell lines were used for protein overexpression, the polyubiquitylated substrate was purified from cell lysates by immunoprecipitation, and resolved in SDS-PAGE. Immunoblotting was used to visualize this post-translational modification.

Ubiquitylation is a post-translational modification which occurs in eukaryotic cells that is critical for several biological pathways' regulation, ...

Assessing DUB Variants in Neurodevelopmental Disorders Using a Cleavage Assay

Measuring Enzymatic Activity of Neurodevelopmental Disorder-Associated Deubiquitylating Enzymes via an In Vitro Ubiquitin Chain Cleavage Assay

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are associated with impairments in nervous system function but often remain poorly understood at the molecular level. Discrete disorders caused by single genes provide models to investigate mechanisms driving atypical neurodevelopment. Variants of genes encoding deubiquitylating enzyme (DUB) family proteins are associated with several NDDs, but there is a need to determine the pathogenic mechanisms of disorders driven by these gene variants. The impact of gene variants on DUB activity can be experimentally determined using a substrate-independent in vitro ubiquitin cleavage assay. This assay does not require knowledge of downstream substrates to directly measure catalytic activity. Here, the protocol for determining the impact of gene variants on enzymatic activity is modeled using the DUB Ubiquitin Specific Protease 27, X-linked (USP27X), which is mutated in X-linked intellectual disability 105 (XLID105). This experimental pipeline can be used to clarify the mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders driven by variants in DUB genes.

This protocol explains how to measure the effect of genetic variation associated with neurodevelopmental disorders on deubiquitylating enzyme activity by combining recombinant protein purification with ubiquitin chain cleavage assays.

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are associated with impairments in nervous system function but often remain poorly understood at the molecular level. ...

A Scalable, Cell-Based Method for the Functional Assessment of Ube3a Variants

The increased use of sequencing in medicine has identified millions of coding variants in the human genome. Many of these variants occur in genes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, but the functional significance of the vast majority of variants remains unknown. The present protocol describes the study of variants for Ube3a, a gene that encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase linked to both autism and Angelman syndrome. Duplication or triplication of Ube3a is strongly linked to autism, whereas its deletion causes Angelman syndrome. Thus, understanding the valence of changes in UBE3A protein activity is important for clinical outcomes. Here, a rapid, cell-based method that pairs Ube3a variants with a Wnt pathway reporter is described. This simple assay is scalable and can be used to determine the valence and magnitude of activity changes in any Ube3a variant. Moreover, the facility of this method allows the generation of a wealth of structure-function information, which can be used to gain deep insights into the enzymatic mechanisms of UBE3A.

A Scalable, Cell-Based Method for the Functional Assessment of Ube3a Variants

A simple and scalable method was developed to assess the functional significance of missense variants in Ube3a, a gene whose loss and gain of function are linked to both Angelman syndrome and autism spectrum disorder.

The increased use of sequencing in medicine has identified millions of coding variants in the human genome. Many of these variants occur in genes ...

Neuroscience

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification is an important post-translational modification (PTM) that mediates signal transduction primarily through modulating protein-protein interactions. Similar to ubiquitin modification, SUMOylation is directed by a sequential enzyme cascade including E1-activating enzyme (SAE1/SAE2), E2-conjugation enzyme (Ubc9), and E3-ligase (i.e., PIAS family, RanBP2, and Pc2). However, different from ubiquitination, an E3 ligase is non-essential for the reaction but does provide precision and efficacy for SUMO conjugation. Proteins modified by SUMOylation can be identified by in vivo assay via immunoprecipitation with substrate-specific antibodies and immunoblotting with SUMO-specific antibodies. However, the demonstration of protein SUMO E3 ligase activity requires in vitro reconstitution of SUMOylation assays using purified enzymes, substrate, and SUMO proteins. Since in the in vitro reactions, usually SAE1/SAE2 and Ubc9, alone are sufficient for SUMO conjugation, enhancement of SUMOylation by a putative E3 ligase is not always easy to detect. Here, we describe a modified in vitro SUMOylation protocol that consistently identifies SUMO modification using an in vitro reconstituted system. A step-by-step protocol to purify catalytically active K-bZIP, a viral SUMO-2/3 E3 ligase, is also presented. The SUMOylation activities of the purified K-bZIP are shown on p53, a well-known target of SUMO. This protocol can not only be employed for elucidating novel SUMO E3 ligases, but also for revealing their SUMO paralog specificity.

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

Unlike ubiquitin ligases, few E3 SUMO ligases have been identified. This modified in vitro SUMOylation protocol is able to identify novel SUMO E3 ligases by an in vitro reconstitution assay.

Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification is an important post-translational modification (PTM) that mediates signal transduction primarily ...

In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function

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Chapters in this video

In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones

Profiling Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Dependent Post-translational Modifications and Identification of Significant Alterations

Detection of Protein Ubiquitination

Functional Characterization of RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro and In Planta

Ubiquitin Chain Analysis by Parallel Reaction Monitoring

Using Phage Display to Develop Ubiquitin Variant Modulators for E3 Ligases

Evaluation of Substrate Ubiquitylation by E3 Ubiquitin-ligase in Mammalian Cell Lysates

Measuring Enzymatic Activity of Neurodevelopmental Disorder-Associated Deubiquitylating Enzymes via an In Vitro Ubiquitin Chain Cleavage Assay

A Scalable, Cell-Based Method for the Functional Assessment of Ube3a Variants

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity